Triệu Việt Vương

Little is recorded about Triệu Việt Vương's (born Triệu Quang Phục) early life other than the fact that he is the son of Triệu Tục, a senior military leader under Lý Nam Đế.[2] He was born in 26 January 524 in Zhu Jian (today Hưng Yên province).

Part of a series on the
History of Vietnam
Ancient Hồng Bàng dynasty 2879 BC–258 BC Thục dynasty 257 BC–179 BC Triệu dynasty 204 BC–111 BC
Dominated 1st Chinese domination 111 BC–40 AD Trung sisters' rebellion 40–43 2nd Chinese domination 43–544 Early Lý dynasty 544–602 3rd Chinese domination 602–938
Dynastic Ngô dynasty 939–967 Đinh dynasty 968–980 Early Lê dynasty 980–1009 Later Lý dynasty 1009–1225 Trần dynasty 1225–1400 Hồ dynasty 1400–1407 4th Chinese domination 1407–1427 Later Lê dynasty 1428–1527 Mạc dynasty 1527–1592 Later Lê Restoration 1533–1788 Tây Sơn dynasty 1788–1802 Nguyễn dynasty 1802–1945
Colonial French Cochinchina 1862–1945 / 1945–1949 French Annam 1883–1945 / 1945–1948 French Tonkin 1883–1945 / 1945–1948 French Indochina 1887–1945 / 1945–1954 Empire of Vietnam 1945
Republic North Vietnam (Democratic Republic of Vietnam) 1945–1976 Provisional Central Government 1948–1949 South-North division 1954-1976 State of Vietnam 1949–1955 South Vietnam (Republic of Vietnam) 1955–1975 Provisional Revolutionary Government (Republic of South Vietnam) 1969–1976 Socialist Republic of Vietnam 1976–present
By Topic Dynasties Economy Historical capitals Military Monarchs Names Naval
Timeline
Vietnam portal

During the 530s, the then-Chinese province of Giao Chỉ (covering much of ancient Vietnam) was governed by Xiao Zi (蕭諮), a nephew of the Liang emperor. Xiao Zi's rule marked by corruption and cruelty.[3] Lý Bí (known posthumously as Lý Nam Đế), a Chinese descent military overseer of the Duc province, sought to remove Xiao Zi and secede Giao Chỉ from the Liang Empire. In late 540, Lý Bí recruited and rallied the support of local Việt imperial officials and military to support his cause for independence, among these supporters was Triệu Tục (Triệu Việt Vương's father), a military commander from a nearby province who was discontent with Xiao Zi's governing. Lý Bí's forces sacked the provincial capital Long Bien (Hanoi) within months in the spring of 541, and Xiao Zi managed to escape to Kuang Province, the Liang imperial capital.[3] The Liang Dynasty unsuccessfully sent another governor to Giao Chỉ afterwards. In 544, Lý Bí announced Giao Chỉ's secession from the Liang empire and proclaimed himself "The Emperor of Vạn Xuân" (10,000 Springs).[4]

After hearing news of the rebellion, Emperor Wu, the Liang Emperor, sent an army southward in attempt to crush the rebellion led by Lý Bí.[4] Lý Bí made use of tactical withdrawals against the Liang forces, and were defeated by Lý's army according to historical Chinese sources in the early stages. In 548, Lý Bí was killed by treacherous Laotian tribesmen while on retreat from the Hong River Plain.[5] Facing an inevitable defeat and dwindling military supplies, Triệu Tuc realized he could not endure the long campaign and therefore he appointed his trusted son Triệu Quang Phục in charge of the resistance military forces after Lý Bí's death. By this time, Triệu Quang Phục was in his ather's footsteps as a notable resistance leader in the Hong River Plain.

Recognizing the superior strength of the Liang army, Triệu Quang Phục often retreated to more favorable terrains, mainly in the swamps and marshlands areas and stationed his armed forces in the forests for tactical advantages, where he was able to employ guerrilla warfare and wage a war of attrition against the Liang army.[6] Triệu Quang Phục was the first general to understand and make extensive use of tactical guerrilla and attrition warfare methods as a means of decimating and slowly demoralizing the enemy . Triệu would rest his army during the day and attack the Liang army at night, seizing goods and killed many Chinese soldiers. Afterwards, he quickly retreated back to his stronghold before the Chinese could reassemble their army to counter-attack.[2]

After the assassination of Lý Nam Đế in 548, his elder brother, Lý Thiên Bảo, became the de facto ruler of Vạn Xuân. Lý Thiên Bảo died of an illness in 555 and left no heirs, this prompted the military and officials elected Triệu Quang Phục as leader and de facto ruler. However, his election to lead the war against the Liang was not undisputed as other prominent family members of Lý Nam Đế began to challenge Triệu Quang Phục leadership. The remaining Lý family members and Triệu Quang Phục alliance began to fall apart as both sides claim legitimacy. While Triệu Quang Phục claimed rightful succession garnered through court officials, military, and the general populace. On the other hand, Lý family members claimed rightful leadership must be upheld through traditional hereditary as they were still considered to be the ruling family in name.

As strong as the Chinese were, they could not make any headway against the type of warfare devised by the generalissimo Triệu Việt Vương. This indecisive period lasted until 557 when finally a respite came for the Vạn Xuân (northern Vietnamese) country. China at this time was under the civil war during the Southern and Northern Dynasties and the famous Chinese general Chen Batian's (Trần Bá Tiên) skills and troops were needed in his homeland to quell a revolt. The Vietnamese forces, however, had no time to rejoice at the news of this temporary respite.

Shortly after Lý Thiên Bảo died, a Lý family member, Lý Phật Tử (Lý Thiên Bảo's cousin) made claim to the imperial throne and challenged Triệu Quang Phục. Both sides vied against one another and civil war broke out for the throne with no decisive victory. Wary about engaging in internal fighting that would only frustrate the people, Triệu Việt Vương negotiated a truce and peace. From Long Biên northward would be under Lý Phật Tử's rule and the land south of Long Biên would belong to Triệu Việt Vương.

In 571, Lý Phật Tự broke the truce and attacked Triệu Quang Phục's domain. Since Triệu Quang Phục's domain was not prepared or imagined Lý Phật Tự would attack, therefore they were easily defeated. His capital was sacked and burned by Lý Phật Tự's forces, however he managed to escape. During his retreat, Triệu Quang Phục committed suicide. Triệu Quang Phục's remaining forces and territories surrendered and were incorporated into Lý Phật Tự's domains.[7]

• Taylor, Keith Weller. (copyright 1983). The Birth of Vietnam. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-07417-3
• Woods, Shelton. (copyright 2002). Vietnam: An Illustrated History. Hippocrene Books, Inc. ISBN 0-7818-0910-X
• Tran Trong Kim. (1953). Viet Nam Su Luoc.