Udrea Băleanu

Alive at a time when Wallachia and Moldavia, the two Danubian Principalities, were tributary states of the Ottoman Empire, Udrea was the scion of a high-ranking boyar family. The clan, which may have been ultimately related to the ruling House of Basarab,[1] could document its ancestry to a Borcea of Slătioare, a Vornic of the 15th-century Wallachian Prince Dan II.[2] They had a long-standing association with Dâmbovița County, owning an eponymous estate therein. Their indirect ancestor, Jupân Gherghina, was also ktitor of Nucet Monastery.[3]

Udrea's father, Radu Băleanu, was the great Clucer (master of the Wallachian court) under Prince Petru Cercel; Radu's sister Voica was mother of another Prince, Pătrașcu the Good, alleged father of Michael the Brave.[4] Udrea's uncle, Pătru, a Great Logothete, was father of another Vornic, Ivașco Băleanu.[5] Through his mother Maria, Udrea was grandson of Stolnic Badea Aiaz Izvoranu. Maria and Radu also had a daughter, Grăjdana, who went on to marry Comis (stable-master) Leca of Cătun.[6] Another son, Badea, never rose to high office, while two of Udrea's sisters, Zamfira and Melania, respectively married the boyars Hrizea and Para.[7]

Udrea is first mentioned as an office bearer under Prince Mihnea Turcitul, serving as Comis between April 13, 1586 and May 22, 1588.[8] According to later documents, he had inherited from his father a number of estates, including those at Bălteni, Stâlpeni, and Leurdeni.[9] He is next mentioned a decade later, with the advent of Michael the Brave, when he climbed through the ranks of the military boyardom: on May 4, 1596, he was assigned the rank of Armaș, or chief warden of the prisons. He had lost this title by August 21, 1598, as specified in his will, completed on that date; the document also mentions his wife, Mușa, as well as the couple's patronage of Panaghia Monastery in Gorgota.[10] By that moment, Michael the Brave had rebelled against the Ottomans, leading Wallachia into the Long Turkish War, part of a Holy League headed by the Holy Roman Empire. In 1596, the Wallachian military assisted the Bulgarian rebels, with Băleanu directing the raid on Nikopol.[11] On September 1, 1598, he was promoted to Great Ban of Oltenia, holding that title to June 14, 1599.[12]

For a while in 1599, Băleanu may have sided with dissident boyars, asking for Simion Movilă, brother of the Moldavian Prince Ieremia Movilă, to take the Wallachian throne from Prince Michael.[13] In autumn of the same year, however, he resumed his activity as Michael's general: Michael led the main Wallachian thrust into Transylvania, while Băleanu and Radu Buzescu led a supporting march from Oltenia.[14] Their force, also comprising hajduk irregulars under the command of Starina Novak, climbed up the Olt River by way of Rothenturm, joining up with Michael's forces before the Wallachian victory at Șelimbăr.[15] According to scholar Octav-George Lecca, Băleanu may have also been designated as governor of Muntenia while Buzescu took over the administration of Oltenia.[16]

Michael then conquered Moldavia from the Movilăs, and Băleanu was again a prominent participant in the events. In May 1600, Michael made him Moldavia's Hetman, as well as one of the country's regents, alongside the Spatharios Negrea, the Armaș Sava, and the Vistier Andronikos Kantakouzenos.[17] By July, Michael's nephew, Marcu Cercel, was groomed to take over as Prince of that country.[18] Also in July, Ban Udrea left his post in Suceava and led the Moldavian military forces into Transylvania, aiding Michael in his feud with a former Holy-League ally, Giorgio Basta.[19] Another war erupted between Michael and Transylvania's Hungarian nobility, which recognized Sigismund Báthory as Prince of Transylvania. It began in September, when the aristocrats refused to attend a Transylvanian Diet at Sebeșul Săsesc (Szászsebes) (see battle of Mirăslău).[20] At one point in this development, the noblemen asked for Băleanu, Sava and Preda Buzescu to be taken as hostages and guarantees of a truce.[21]

Wallachian horseman, as depicted by Abraham de Bruyn

Băleanu's absence from Suceava also led to a reemergence of the Movilă brothers Ieremia and Simion, who were backed by the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth—leading to one of the several, recurrent, Polish interventions in Moldavia. The poet Stanislaw Bartholan, who saw action with the Commonwealth army under Stanisław Żółkiewski, later claimed that Udrea (or Udra) was still in Moldavia with Deli-Marko, and only withdrew after Żółkiewski crossed the Dniester.[22] Historian Constantin Rezachevici argues that this is merely a chronological error.[23]

The Poles then moved into Wallachia, where they installed Simion Movilă as Prince. Băleanu, who still considered himself Moldavia's Hetman in diplomatic letters he sent to Żółkiewski,[24] led the returning Wallachian loyalists into battle with the Poles. These were sent in to aid Michael and Novak, whose troops were defeated in a string of battles: at Năeni, Ceptura, and finally at Bucov.[25] On November 25, 1600,[26] a decisive clash occurred outside Curtea de Argeș. Udrea led four suicidal attacks into the Polish lines, losing some 1,500 men in all, but allowing Michael's main column the time to retreat.[27]

According to historian Nicolae Bănică-Ologu, Băleanu was still free after the battle, joining Michael, Novak and the Buzescus one final time in Râmnicu Vâlcea. There, Michael is believed to have asked his Wallachian generals to save themselves by traveling back home and rendering fealty to Prince Simion.[28] Captured by Starost Jan Potocki of Kamenets, Băleanu appealed to Prince Simion's forgiveness, promising to become his "servant and slave".[29] In one of his messages from captivity, the Ban clarified that he was still hoping to preserve "my inheritance and my estate in this country [of Wallachia]".[30] Several sources, including the chronicler Miron Costin[31] and Rezachevici[32] suggest that the prisoner had effectively betrayed Prince Michael. O.-G. Lecca argues differently, proposing that Băleanu remained loyal to the end of his life.[33] Likewise, Bănică-Ologu sees Băleanu's action as a fulfilment of Michael's last order.[34]

Ban Udrea was eventually handed over to the Movilăs by the Poles, though the latter still vouched for his safety.[35] He was then nevertheless executed, on Simion's orders, at some point before July 1601—possibly in May, alongside his fellow Moldavian regent, the Spatharios Negrea.[36] Lecca, who believes that Băleanu was more likely killed in 1600, records the method employed as a beheading.[37] Bănică-Ologu believes that the beheading took place months later. In his reading, Simion had allowed Negrea and Băleanu to walk free, but both had then rebelled against him with Michael's consent, which prompted severe retaliation; though the initial leaders did not survive, the revolt was embraced by Buzescu, who eventually managed to topple Simion.[38] Nevertheless, the execution perplexed Simion's Polish partners, with Jan Zamoyski complaining about the expediency of the procedure, carried out "with no trial and no form of justice".[39]

Udrea's fellow combatant, Novak, had returned to Transylvania and surrendered to Basta. Captured by the Hungarian nobles, he was tried, and then impaled, at Cluj (Kolozsvár).[40] By the presumed moment of Băleanu's execution, Michael the Brave was in Cassovia, where Ferrante Gonzaga arranged his reconciliation with Basta and the resumption of the Holy League.[41] There followed a return into Transylvania, which included a victory against Báthory at Guruslău. The march, involving troops commanded by Udrea's brother-in-law Leca of Cătun,[42] ended in August 1601, when Michael was assassinated, on Basta's orders, at Câmpia Turzii. Of the two surviving Moldavian regents, Sava is known to have been captured and tortured.[43]

With no children to survive him, Băleanu's estate went to furnishing his monastery in Gorgota, where he was buried.[44] Panaghia's other ktitor was the Comis Leca.[45] He achieved a dominant position as Spatharios under Radu Șerban, joining the latter in exile to Moldavia. Leca was then executed for treason and his estate was confiscated by a new Prince, Radu Mihnea.[46] Grăjdana recovered possession of Leurdeni, which in the 18th century became property of the Manu boyars.[47]

The Băleanu family still survived through collateral lines, including one represented by Ban Udrea's nephew, Ivașco I Băleanu. The latter was a prominent Wallachian courtier in the 1630s, having supported the successful pretender Matei Basarab.[48] A similar role was played by his son, Gheorghe Băleanu, who fought alongside Constantin Șerban in Moldavia, in 1659, and then spent two years in Ottoman slavery.[49] He is remembered as one of the leading actors in Wallachian politics throughout most of the 1660s and 1670s, when he presided the political party which resisted the rise of Andronikos' family, the Cantacuzinos; that civil strife ended in 1679, with his son Ivașco II's expulsion.[50]