Valère Basilica

The Valère basilica (French: Basilique de Valère), also called Valère castle (French: Château de Valère), is a fortified church situated in Sion in the canton of Valais in Switzerland. It is situated on a hill and faces the Château de Tourbillon, located on the opposite hill. It is a Swiss heritage site of national significance.[1]

Valère Basilica
Basilique Notre-Dame de Valère
Valère Castle seen from Tourbillon Castle.
Valère Basilica
Location of Valère Basilica in Switzerland
CountrySwitzerland
DenominationRoman Catholic
WebsiteValeria
History
StatusMinor Basilica
Founded1200–1300
Architecture
Functional statusActive
Heritage designationSwiss Inventory of Cultural Property of National and Regional Significance
StyleRomanesque/Gothic
Administration
DioceseRoman Catholic Diocese of Sion

Geography

Location
The Valère and Tourbillon castles as seen from Uvrier.

The castle of Valère is located on the Valère hill at 615 meters (2,018 ft) above sea level and dominates the town of Sion in the canton of Valais, Switzerland.[2] The castle's church is located at the top of the hill, while the fortified village and its walls surround it. The relief of the Valère hill is very uneven and access to the castle is only possible from the north-east.[3]

Fauna and Flora

Since 1977, the site has been included in the Federal Inventory of Sites and Monuments of National Importance due to the large number of protected species present on Valère Hill.[4] The fauna of the hill includes the European green lizard (Lacerta viridis), the European mantis (Mantis religiosa), the scarce swallowtail (Iphiclides podalirius), the green-underside blue (Glaucopsyche alexis), the blue-winged grasshopper (Oedipoda caerulescens), the rock bunting (Emberiza cia), the common redstart (Phoenicurus phoenicurus), the common raven (Corvus corex) and the common kestrel (Falco tinnunculus). Valère's flora is composed of feather grass (Stipa), Ephedra distachya, Indian fig (Opuntia humifusa), hoary berteroa (Berteroa incana), early star-of-Bethlehem (Gagea bohemica), cotton thistle (Onopordum acanthium), motherwort (Leonurus cardiaca) and patience dock (Rumex patientia).[5]

4.9 hectares (530,000 sq ft) of the Tourbillon Hill are also included in the catalogue of protected places in the category of dry meadows and pastures of national importance. This area was classified in 2017 with the aim of conserving Switzerland's dry meadows and pastures, almost 95% of which have disappeared since 1900.[6]

History
11th century Byzantine robe, silk with griffins. Valère treasury.

The Diocese was founded in Octodurum, now called Martigny, in the early 4th century. In 589 the bishop, St. Heliodorus, transferred the see to Sion, as Octodurum was frequently endangered by the inundations of the Rhone and the Drance. Very little is known about the early Bishops and the early churches in Sion. However, in the late 10th century the last King of Upper Burgundy Rudolph III, granted the County of Valais to Bishop Hugo (998–1017). The combination of spiritual and secular power made the Prince-Bishops the most powerful nobles in the Upper Rhone valley. Sion became the political and religious center of the region. By the 12th century they began building impressive churches and castles in Sion to represent their power and administer their estates.[7] Valère, as the residence of the cathedral chapter in Sion, was one-third of the administrative center of the powerful Diocese of Sion. In the 12th century the Cathedral Notre Dame de Sion (du Glarier) was built in the town below Valère hill.[8] Glarier Cathedral became the seat of the Diocese of Sion, while the Prince-Bishop of Sion lived in Tourbillon Castle.

The name Valère is first mentioned in 1049 as the site of the cathedral chapter in Sion. The first parts of the church were built between 1100 and 1130 in the Romanesque style. The next construction phase began after 1130 and included the semi-circular apse, the walls and windows and a roof. The third phase saw the church expand and the style changed to the new Gothic style. Between 1235 and 1267 the nave expanded and was flanked with two aisles. During the 13th century, the choir was covered with a Gothic ribbed vault and a rood screen was installed to separate the chancel from the nave. The famous organ was installed around 1430–1435 and other than a modification in the 1700s is essentially unchanged. The murals date from about 1435 as well.[9] The Gothic marble statue of the Madonna with the baby Jesus was added in the 15th century over the high altar. The current choir stalls were added in the mid-17th century.[10]

The church obtained the rank of minor basilica on 7 October 1987, during the visit of Pope John Paul II.[11]

Valère organ

The organ on the west side of the Valère basilica, believed to have been built in 1435, is one of the oldest functioning in the world. It was probably brought to the church by Guillaume de Rarogne, who eventually ended up as the bishop of Sion. Its pipes are arranged to form a rough outline of a church; the larger pipes form two towers, and the smaller ones create a triangular church roof. The organ was modified in the 1700s to play Baroque music, but otherwise remains essentially unchanged.[9] It was renovated in 1954, around the time that another famous early model – the Rysum organ – was repaired.

References
  1. "Kantonsliste A-Objekte". KGS Inventar (in German). Federal Office of Civil Protection. 2009. Archived from the original on 28 June 2010. Retrieved 25 April 2011.
  2. "Map of Switzerland - Valère Castle". map.geo.admin.ch (in French). Retrieved 2020-11-19.
  3. Elsig 2000, p. 11-12.
  4. Vanay, Joanna. "Site monumental et naturel - Musées cantonaux du Valais". www.musees-valais.ch (in French). Retrieved 2020-11-10.
  5. "Valère côté nature" (PDF). musees-valais.ch (in French). Retrieved 2020-11-10.
  6. "Biotopes d'importance nationale". www.bafu.admin.ch (in French). Retrieved 2020-11-10.
  7.  Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Sion". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  8. Diocese of Sion - Cathedral Archived 2013-10-09 at the Wayback Machine (in German and French) accessed 19 March 2014
  9. Couto, Rodrigo Carrizo (21 December 2009). "A magic sound across the centuries". Swiss Info. Retrieved March 19, 2014.
  10. Diocese of Sion website-Valère Archived 2013-10-09 at the Wayback Machine (in German and French) accessed 19 March 2014
  11. "ValereBasilicaPlaque". Wikimedia Commons. 3 Jan 2021. Retrieved 5 Jan 2021.
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