Vietnamese calligraphy

Vietnamese calligraphy (Vietnamese chữ Quốc ngữ: thư pháp Việt Nam, Hán Nôm: 越南書法) relates to the calligraphic traditions of Vietnam. It includes calligraphic works using a variety of scripts, including chữ Hán (Chinese characters), Chữ nôm, and the Latin-based chữ Quốc ngữ. Historically, calligraphers used the former two scripts. However, due to the adoption of the Latin-based chữ Quốc ngữ, modern Vietnamese calligraphy also uses Roman script.

These chữ Quốc ngữ (Latin) syllables[N 1] arranged into Han character-style blocks.

Calligraphic fonts from Vietnam

Traditional Vietnamese calligraphy is strongly affected by that of China. As part of the East Asian cultural sphere, Classical Chinese was often used as the written medium of communication, and as a result, Vietnamese calligraphy also follows Chinese calligraphy’s standard and uses chữ Hán in many of its writings. For example, during the Lý dynasty, its style was very similar to China’s Tang dynasty (618-907). During the Trần dynasty, it was influenced strongly by China’s Song (960-1279) and Yuan (1271-1368) dynasties.[1]

Nonetheless, over time, Vietnam developed its own styles of calligraphy historically for writing both Classical Chinese and Chữ nôm. In the later Lê dynasty, Vietnam developed a unique style of calligraphy called "Nam tự" (南字, lit. 'southern script') by Phạm Đình Hổ (範廷琥) in his book Vũ Trung Tùy Bút (雨中隨筆).[2] It was first used in bureaucracy only but later became popular for all writing purposes. It was also called "Lệnh Thư" (令書, lit. 'script for decrees') in Việt Sử Toát Yếu (越史撮要) because of its initial bureaucratic characteristic.[3]

In modern times, calligraphy has been done frequently in the Latin-based Vietnamese alphabet chữ Quốc ngữ script, as Chữ Nôm and Chinese characters have largely fallen out of use.[4] Chữ quốc ngữ calligraphy gained popularity during the New Poetry and Free Poetry Movements, due to the increasing popularity of using the Vietnamese vernacular, as well as influence from French literature. Modern Vietnamese calligraphy is influenced by modern Latin cursive but is written using the calligraphy brush, rather than quill or reed pens as is done in Western calligraphy. However, although in a Roman/Latin alphabet, Vietnamese characters can also imitate the form of Han characters (shown in the picture above). Vietnamese calligraphy can be used to write poems, festive banners, signage, and so on.

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  "Boat People" (Thuyền nhân)
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