WNT5A

WNT5A
Identifiers
Aliases	WNT5A, hWnt family member 5A
External IDs	OMIM: 164975 MGI: 98958 HomoloGene: 20720 GeneCards: WNT5A
Gene location (Human)
Chr.	Chromosome 3 (human)[1]
End	55,490,539 bp[1]
Gene location (Mouse)
Chr.	Chromosome 14 (mouse)[2]
End	28,527,448 bp[2]
Gene ontology
Molecular function	• protein domain specific binding; • GO:0001131, GO:0001151, GO:0001130, GO:0001204 DNA-binding transcription factor activity; • chemoattractant activity involved in axon guidance; • receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor binding; • receptor binding; • cytokine activity; • GO:0005110 frizzled binding; • receptor ligand activity; • GO:0001948 protein binding; • phospholipid binding;
Cellular component	• endocytic vesicle membrane; • endoplasmic reticulum lumen; • extracellular region; • cell surface; • extracellular exosome; • cell membrane; • Golgi lumen; • clathrin-coated endocytic vesicle membrane; • extracellular; • clathrin-coated vesicle membrane; • extracellular matrix; • collagen-containing extracellular matrix; • postsynapse; • glutamatergic synapse;
Biological process	• somitogenesis; • cellular response to retinoic acid; • planar cell polarity pathway involved in outflow tract morphogenesis; • excitatory synapse assembly; • non-canonical Wnt signaling pathway; • positive regulation of protein phosphorylation; • negative chemotaxis; • positive regulation of protein catabolic process; • paraxial mesoderm formation; • convergent extension involved in axis elongation; • positive regulation of protein kinase C activity; • cellular response to molecule of bacterial origin; • positive regulation of protein localization to synapse; • hindgut morphogenesis; • positive regulation of JNK cascade; • mesodermal to mesenchymal transition involved in gastrulation; • regulation of protein localization; • heart looping; • protein phosphorylation; • epithelial cell proliferation involved in mammary gland duct elongation; • face development; • establishment of epithelial cell apical/basal polarity; • notochord morphogenesis; • positive regulation of mesenchymal cell proliferation; • mesenchymal-epithelial cell signaling; • negative regulation of epithelial cell proliferation; • planar cell polarity pathway involved in cardiac muscle tissue morphogenesis; • cellular response to interferon-gamma; • positive regulation of thymocyte apoptotic process; • tube closure; • positive regulation of non-canonical Wnt signaling pathway; • type B pancreatic cell development; • negative regulation of mesenchymal cell proliferation; • primitive streak formation; • cellular response to transforming growth factor beta stimulus; • cellular response to calcium ion; • dopaminergic neuron differentiation; • positive regulation of type I interferon-mediated signaling pathway; • cell fate commitment; • negative regulation of fat cell differentiation; • limb morphogenesis; • activation of JUN kinase activity; • convergent extension; • lung development; • positive regulation of fibroblast proliferation; • optic cup formation involved in camera-type eye development; • hematopoietic stem cell proliferation; • embryonic digit morphogenesis; • regulation of branching involved in mammary gland duct morphogenesis; • regulation of cellular protein localization; • negative regulation of axon extension involved in axon guidance; • positive regulation of peptidyl-serine phosphorylation; • chemorepulsion of dopaminergic neuron axon; • positive regulation of transcription, DNA-templated; • negative regulation of prostatic bud formation; • planar cell polarity pathway involved in cardiac right atrium morphogenesis; • positive regulation of endocytosis; • morphogenesis of an epithelium; • JNK cascade; • cartilage development; • GO:0032320, GO:0032321, GO:0032855, GO:0043089, GO:0032854 positive regulation of GTPase activity; • axis elongation; • embryonic limb morphogenesis; • positive regulation of cartilage development; • neural tube development; • pericardium morphogenesis; • positive regulation of interleukin-6 production; • post-anal tail morphogenesis; • convergent extension involved in organogenesis; • digestive tract morphogenesis; • palate development; • cell differentiation; • neuron projection morphogenesis; • male gonad development; • positive regulation of inflammatory response; • lateral sprouting involved in mammary gland duct morphogenesis; • positive regulation of macrophage cytokine production; • positive regulation of epithelial cell proliferation; • urinary bladder development; • planar cell polarity pathway involved in ventricular septum morphogenesis; • positive regulation of JUN kinase activity; • establishment of planar polarity; • hypophysis morphogenesis; • negative regulation of synapse assembly; • wound healing; • positive regulation of macrophage activation; • negative regulation of apoptotic process; • positive regulation of ossification; • planar cell polarity pathway involved in axis elongation; • negative regulation of melanin biosynthetic process; • positive regulation of angiogenesis; • embryonic skeletal system development; • cervix development; • uterus development; • Wnt signaling pathway, planar cell polarity pathway; • Wnt signaling pathway, calcium modulating pathway; • activation of MAPK activity; • positive regulation of NF-kappaB transcription factor activity; • epithelial–mesenchymal transition; • canonical Wnt signaling pathway; • planar cell polarity pathway involved in pericardium morphogenesis; • positive regulation of protein binding; • negative regulation of transcription, DNA-templated; • ameboidal-type cell migration; • midbrain development; • planar cell polarity pathway involved in gastrula mediolateral intercalation; • positive regulation of protein kinase activity; • positive regulation of cell-cell adhesion mediated by cadherin; • neurogenesis; • activation of protein kinase B activity; • positive regulation of endothelial cell proliferation; • axonogenesis; • non-canonical Wnt signaling pathway via JNK cascade; • GO:0032861, GO:0032862, GO:0032856 activation of GTPase activity; • positive regulation of cytokine production; • vagina development; • positive regulation of protein kinase C signaling; • development of primary male sexual characteristics; • mammary gland branching involved in thelarche; • positive regulation of interferon-gamma production; • somite development; • keratinocyte differentiation; • planar cell polarity pathway involved in neural tube closure; • axon guidance; • negative regulation of BMP signaling pathway; • positive regulation of endothelial cell migration; • genitalia development; • negative regulation of fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway; • positive regulation of response to cytokine stimulus; • multicellular organism development; • cellular protein localization; • inhibitory synapse assembly; • neural tube closure; • determination of left/right symmetry; • lens development in camera-type eye; • positive regulation of peptidyl-threonine phosphorylation; • cochlea morphogenesis; • inner ear morphogenesis; • positive regulation of T cell chemotaxis; • olfactory bulb interneuron development; • positive regulation of cell proliferation; • positive regulation of neuron projection development; • positive regulation of meiotic nuclear division; • melanocyte proliferation; • cellular response to lipopolysaccharide; • cell migration; • anterior/posterior axis specification, embryo; • chemoattraction of serotonergic neuron axon; • positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter; • anterior/posterior pattern specification; • midgut development; • planar cell polarity pathway involved in midbrain dopaminergic neuron differentiation; • midbrain dopaminergic neuron differentiation; • neuron differentiation; • Wnt signaling pathway involved in midbrain dopaminergic neuron differentiation; • negative regulation of cell proliferation in midbrain; • negative regulation of canonical Wnt signaling pathway; • planar cell polarity pathway involved in axon guidance; • Wnt signaling pathway; • response to organic substance; • positive regulation of timing of anagen; • membrane organization; • positive regulation of canonical Wnt signaling pathway; • presynapse assembly; • postsynapse assembly; • regulation of receptor activity; • positive regulation of gene expression; • regulation of I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB signaling; • positive regulation of G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway; • regulation of inflammatory response; • regulation of synapse organization; • secondary palate development; • regulation of postsynapse organization; • regulation of postsynaptic cytosolic calcium ion concentration; • positive regulation of neuron projection arborization; • positive regulation of neuron death;
	Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs
	7474
	22418
	ENSG00000114251
	ENSMUSG00000021994
	P41221
	P22725
	NM_001256105; NM_003392; NM_001377271; NM_001377272
	NM_001256224; NM_009524
	NP_001243034; NP_003383; NP_001364200; NP_001364201
	NP_001243153; NP_033550
	Wikidata
View/Edit Human	View/Edit Mouse

Protein Wnt-5a is a protein that in humans is encoded by the WNT5A gene.[5][6]

Function

The WNT gene family consists of structurally related genes that encode secreted signaling lipid modified glycoproteins. These proteins have been implicated in oncogenesis and in several developmental processes, including regulation of cell fate and patterning during embryogenesis.[7] This gene is a member of the WNT gene family. The WNT5A is highly expressed in the dermal papilla of depilated skin. It encodes a protein showing 98%, 98%, and 87% amino acid identity to the mouse, rat and the xenopus Wnt5a protein, respectively. Wnts, specifically Wnt5a, have also been positively correlated and implicated in inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, tuberculosis, and atherosclerosis. A central player and active secretor of Wnt5a in both cancer and these inflammatory diseases are macrophages.[8][9] Experiments performed in Xenopus laevis embryos have identified that human frizzled-5 (hFz5) is the receptor for the Wnt5a ligand and the Wnt5a/hFz5 signaling mediates axis induction.[6] However, non-canonical Wnt5a has also been shown to bind to Ror1/2, RYK, and RTK depending on cell and receptor context to mediate a variety of functions ranging from cell proliferation, polarity, differentiation and apoptosis.[10][11]

Development

The Wnt5a gene is also a key component in posterior development of the female reproductive tract, development of the uterine glands postnatally, and the process of estrogen mediated cellular and molecular responses.[12] Wnt5a is expressed throughout the endometrial stroma of the mammalian female reproductive tracts and is required in the development of the posterior formation of the Müllerian ducts (cervix, vagina).[13] A Wnt5a absence study was performed by Mericskay et al. on mice and showed the anterior Müllerian-derived structures (oviducts and uterine horns) could easily be identified, and the posterior derived structures (cervix and vagina) were absent showing that this gene is a requirement for its development.[12] Other members of the WNT family that are required for the development of the reproductive tract are Wnt4 and Wnt7a.[13] Failure to develop reproductive tract will result in infertility. Not only is the WNT5A gene responsible for this formation but also is significate in the postnatal production of the uterine glands otherwise known as adenogenesis which is essential for adult function.[12] In addition to these two developments Wnt5a it needed for the complete process of estrogen mediated cellular and molecular responses.[12]

Wnt ligands

Wnt ligands are classically described as acting in an autocrine/paracrine manner.[14][15][16] Wnts are also hydrophobic with significant post-translational palmitoylation and glycosylation.[17][18] These post-translational modifications are important for docking to extracellular lipoprotein particles allowing them to travel systemically.[19][20] Additionally, due to the high degree of sequence homology between Wnts many are characterized by their downstream actions.

Clinical significance

Cancer

Wnt5a is implicated in many different types of cancers.[21] However, no consistent correlation occurs between cancer aggressiveness and Wnt5a signaling up-regulation or down-regulation. The WNT5A gene has been shown to encode two distinct isoforms, each with unique functions in the context of cancer.[22] The two isoforms are termed Wnt5a-long (Wnt5a-L) and Wnt5a-short (Wnt5a-S) because Wnt5a-L is 18 amino acids longer than Wnt5a-S.[22] These 18 amino acids appear to have contrasting roles in cancer. Specifically, Wnt5a-L inhibits proliferation and Wnt5a-S increases proliferation.[22] This may account for the discrepancies as to the role of Wnt5a in various cancers; however, the significance of these two isoforms is not completely clear.[23] Elevated levels of beta-catenin in both primary and metastases of malignant melanoma have been correlated to improved survival and a decrease in cell markers of proliferation.[24]

Cardiovascular Disease

Increasing evidence has implicated Wnt5a in chronic inflammatory disorders.[25] In particular Wnt5a has been implicated in atherosclerosis.[26] [27]It has been previously reported that there is an association between Wnt5a mRNA and protein expression and histopathological severity of human atherosclerotic lesions as well as co-expression of Wnt5a and TLR4 in foam cells/macrophages of murine and human atherosclerotic lesions.[28][29] However, the role of Wnt proteins in the process and development of inflammation in atherosclerosis and other inflammatory conditions is not yet clear.

Therapeutics

Some of the benefits of targeting this signaling pathway include:[30]

• Many of the current DNA-targeting anticancer drugs carry the risk of giving rise to secondary tumors or additional primary cancers.

• Preferentially killing rapidly replicating malignant cells via cytotoxic agents cause serious side effects by injuring normal cells, particularly hematopoietic cells, intestinal cells, hair follicle and germ cells.

• Differentiated tumor cells in a state of quiescence are typically not affected by drugs can may account for tumor recurrence.

References

GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000114251 - Ensembl, May 2017
GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000021994 - Ensembl, May 2017
"Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
"Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
Clark CC, Cohen I, Eichstetter I, Cannizzaro LA, McPherson JD, Wasmuth JJ, Iozzo RV (November 1993). "Molecular cloning of the human proto-oncogene Wnt-5A and mapping of the gene (WNT5A) to chromosome 3p14-p21". Genomics. 18 (2): 249–60. doi:10.1006/geno.1993.1463. PMID 8288227.
"Entrez Gene: WNT5A wingless-type MMTV integration site family, member 5A".
Bhatt PM, Malgor R (November 2014). "Wnt5a: a player in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and other inflammatory disorders". Atherosclerosis. 237 (1): 155–62. doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2014.08.027. PMC 4252768. PMID 25240110.
Blumenthal, Antje; Ehlers, Stefan; Lauber, Jörg; Buer, Jan; Lange, Christoph; Goldmann, Torsten; Heine, Holger; Brandt, Ernst; Reiling, Norbert (2006-08-01). "The Wingless homolog WNT5A and its receptor Frizzled-5 regulate inflammatory responses of human mononuclear cells induced by microbial stimulation". Blood. 108 (3): 965–973. doi:10.1182/blood-2005-12-5046. ISSN 0006-4971. PMID 16601243. S2CID 13491469.
Sen, Malini; Chamorro, Mario; Reifert, Jack; Corr, Maripat; Carson, Dennis A. (2001-04-01). "Blockade of Wnt-5A/Frizzled 5 signaling inhibits rheumatoid synoviocyte activation". Arthritis & Rheumatism. 44 (4): 772–781. doi:10.1002/1529-0131(200104)44:4<772::aid-anr133>3.0.co;2-l. ISSN 1529-0131. PMID 11315916.
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Mericskay M, Kitajewski J, Sassoon D (May 2004). "Wnt5a is required for proper epithelial-mesenchymal interactions in the uterus". Development. 131 (9): 2061–72. doi:10.1242/dev.01090. PMID 15073149.
Hayashi K, Yoshioka S, Reardon SN, Rucker EB, Spencer TE, DeMayo FJ, Lydon JP, MacLean JA (February 2011). "WNTs in the neonatal mouse uterus: potential regulation of endometrial gland development". Biology of Reproduction. 84 (2): 308–19. doi:10.1095/biolreprod.110.088161. PMC 3071266. PMID 20962251.
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Bhatt, Pooja M.; Malgor, Ramiro (2014). "Wnt5a: A player in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and other inflammatory disorders". Atherosclerosis. 237 (1): 155–162. doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2014.08.027. PMC 4252768. PMID 25240110.
Akoumianakis, Ioannis; Sanna, Fabio; Margaritis, Marios; Badi, Ileana; Akawi, Nadia; Herdman, Laura; Coutinho, Patricia; Fagan, Harry; Antonopoulos, Alexios S. (2019-09-18). "Adipose tissue–derived WNT5A regulates vascular redox signaling in obesity via USP17/RAC1-mediated activation of NADPH oxidases". Science Translational Medicine. 11 (510): eaav5055. doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.aav5055. hdl:1983/a397d5fa-6ef7-474a-a60f-4f8bb2bd4986. ISSN 1946-6234. PMC 7212031. PMID 31534019.
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Mericskay M, Kitajewski J, Sassoon D (May 2004). "Wnt5a is required for proper epithelial-mesenchymal interactions in the uterus". Development. 131 (9): 2061–72. doi:10.1242/dev.01090. PMID 15073149.
Hayashi K, Yoshioka S, Reardon SN, Rucker EB, Spencer TE, DeMayo FJ, Lydon JP, MacLean JA (February 2011). "WNTs in the neonatal mouse uterus: potential regulation of endometrial gland development". Biology of Reproduction. 84 (2): 308–19. doi:10.1095/biolreprod.110.088161. PMC 3071266. PMID 20962251.
"Wnt5a". Signaling Gateway Molecule Pages.
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Nishioka K, Dennis JE, Gao J, Goldberg VM, Caplan AI (April 2005). "Sustained Wnt protein expression in chondral constructs from mesenchymal stem cells". Journal of Cellular Physiology. 203 (1): 6–14. doi:10.1002/jcp.20196. PMID 15389636. S2CID 35609184.
Blanc E, Roux GL, Bénard J, Raguénez G (February 2005). "Low expression of Wnt-5a gene is associated with high-risk neuroblastoma". Oncogene. 24 (7): 1277–83. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1208255. PMID 15592517.
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Wang Q, Symes AJ, Kane CA, Freeman A, Nariculam J, Munson P, Thrasivoulou C, Masters JR, Ahmed A (May 2010). Hotchin NA (ed.). "A novel role for Wnt/Ca2+ signaling in actin cytoskeleton remodeling and cell motility in prostate cancer". PLOS ONE. 5 (5): e10456. Bibcode:2010PLoSO...510456W. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010456. PMC 2864254. PMID 20454608.

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[refGRCh38Ensembl-1] GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000114251 - Ensembl, May 2017

[refGRCm38Ensembl-2] GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000021994 - Ensembl, May 2017

[3] "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.

[4] "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.

[pmid8288227-5] Clark CC, Cohen I, Eichstetter I, Cannizzaro LA, McPherson JD, Wasmuth JJ, Iozzo RV (November 1993). "Molecular cloning of the human proto-oncogene Wnt-5A and mapping of the gene (WNT5A) to chromosome 3p14-p21". Genomics. 18 (2): 249–60. doi:10.1006/geno.1993.1463. PMID 8288227.

[entrez-6] "Entrez Gene: WNT5A wingless-type MMTV integration site family, member 5A".

[Bhatt2014-7] Bhatt PM, Malgor R (November 2014). "Wnt5a: a player in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and other inflammatory disorders". Atherosclerosis. 237 (1): 155–62. doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2014.08.027. PMC 4252768. PMID 25240110.

[8] Blumenthal, Antje; Ehlers, Stefan; Lauber, Jörg; Buer, Jan; Lange, Christoph; Goldmann, Torsten; Heine, Holger; Brandt, Ernst; Reiling, Norbert (2006-08-01). "The Wingless homolog WNT5A and its receptor Frizzled-5 regulate inflammatory responses of human mononuclear cells induced by microbial stimulation". Blood. 108 (3): 965–973. doi:10.1182/blood-2005-12-5046. ISSN 0006-4971. PMID 16601243. S2CID 13491469.

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Signaling pathway: Wnt signaling pathway
Ligand	WNT1 WNT2 WNT2B WNT3 WNT3A WNT4 WNT5A WNT5B WNT6 WNT7A WNT7B WNT8A WNT8B WNT9A WNT9B WNT10A WNT10B WNT11 WNT16
Receptor	Frizzled LRP5 LRP6
Second messenger	Dishevelled GSK-3 APC Beta-catenin