Ware Group
The Ware Group was a covert organization of Communist Party USA operatives within the United States government in the 1930s, run first by Harold Ware (1889–1935) and then by Whittaker Chambers (1901–1961) after Ware's accidental death on August 13, 1935.[1][2]
| Ware Group | |
|---|---|
| Leaders | Harold Ware, Whittaker Chambers, reporting to J. Peters |
| Dates of operation | 1933-1938 |
| Headquarters | New York City |
| Active regions | United States with operations including Washington, DC |
| Ideology | Communist |
| Size | unknown |
| Part of | Soviet intelligence |
| Allies |  GRU, OGPU, Comintern |
| Opponents |  Government of the United States |
History
Background
Harold Ware founded this group under the auspices of J. Peters by Summer 1933. Ware was a Communist Party (CP) official working for the federal government in Washington, D.C..[3][4]
The first known meeting of the Ware Group occurred in late 1933 with eight members: John Abt, Henry Collins, Alger Hiss, Victor Perlo, Lee Pressman, Nathaniel Weyl, and Nathan Witt.[3]
Initially, Peters instructed that members make "exceptional money sacrifices" to the Party, study Marxist theory and Party doctrine, observe "strictest secrecy," and to obtain "any government documents" available to them. (Known members later claimed that it was merely a Marxist study group.)[3]
Known active years
By 1934, the group had grown to some 75 members, divided into cells. Members initially joined Marxist study groups and then into activities on behalf of the Party. They shared a belief that Marxist ideologies were the correct way to approach the problems of the ongoing Great Depression. Chambers also stated that Ware could have been acting "pursuant to orders from the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the United States."[2][5]
The Ware group started among young lawyers and economists hired by the Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA). This New Deal agency reported to the Secretary of Agriculture but was operated independently of Department of Agriculture bureaucracy. All the members of the Ware Group were dues paying members of the Communist Party. J. Peters considered the Ware Group one of his major sources of income.[6] Nathaniel Weyl felt that members of the Ware Group were acquiring "the training in the complex business of running a state that would be in high demand and short supply when the United States chose Socialism" and that "in a Communist regime they would be poised to move to the head of the table."[3][5]
Ware died of injuries sustained in an automobile accident near Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, in August 1935. J. Peters, who had introduced Whittaker Chambers to Harold Ware the year before, placed Chambers in charge of the Ware Group.[3][5]
Members of the group joined other "apparatuses" under Chambers.[5]
The group may have folded as such upon Chambers' defection from the Soviet underground in 1938. Some members seemed to have joined other groups, as attested by Elizabeth Bentley, including Victor Perlo and George Silverman.[3][5]
Hiss Case
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On July 31, 1948. Bentley testified before the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) regarding communist spy rings of which she knew. She named Chambers as someone who might corroborate. On August 3, 1948, Chambers testified under subpoena before HUAC about the existence of what he called the "Ware Group".[3][5]
During August 1948, the only remaining member who continued to face serious investigation was Alger Hiss, convicted in January 1950 on two counts of perjury.
Corroboration
In the early 1950s, two members corroborated at least some of Chambers' account:
- 1950: Lee Pressman: Testified to Congress and confirmed his membership in the Ware Group.[4][7][8]
- 1952: Nathaniel Weyl: Also testified and confirmed his membership in the group, as well as saying that Hiss had been a fellow member.[4][9][10]
By 1958, Stanford University professor Herbert L. Packer noted that "the others named as members of the Ware group have consistently invoked the fifth amendment when questioned about Communist affiliations."[4]
Packer also noted that "Hiss obliquely recognizes the fact of the Ware group's existence, but relies on the post-trial testimony of Pressman to establish that he was not a member. Indeed, that testimony was one of the grounds relied on in his motion for new trial."[4]
During the 1990s, two more members admitted their membership in respective memoirs:
- 1993: John Abt: Wrote in his memoirs that the Ware Group was a Communist Party unit and that he had been a member.[11]
- 1994: Hope Hale Davis: Acknowledged in her memoir that the Ware Group was a CPUSA unit and that she had known most of the people Chambers had named as fellow Communists and unit members.[12]
Members
Alleged members of the Ware Group included:
Harry Dexter White, then Director of the Division of Monetary Research in the United States Department of the Treasury, was also allegedly affiliated with the group.[3][5]
Legacy
In 1958, Packer recommended "...Inquiry should also extend to the loose ends. Each of the persons named by Chambers as a member of the Ware group should be required to tell what he knows."[4]
Such inquiry has not occurred to date, though in 2011 Thomas L. Sakmyster's book Red Conspirator about J. Peters included extensive discussion about the Ware Group.[3]
See also
References
- Gall, Gilbert J. "A Note on Lee Pressman and the FBI." Labor History. 32:4 (Autumn 1991).
- White, G. Edward (2015). Alger Hiss's Looking-glass Wars: The Covert Life of a Soviet Spy. Oxford University Press. pp. 30, 36–38. ISBN 9780195182552. Retrieved 18 August 2019.
- Sakmyster, Thomas L. (2011). Red Conspirator: J. Peters and the American Communist Underground. University of Illinois Press. pp. 75–92, 94–97, 104, 119, 131, 138, 146, 175. ISBN 9780252035982.
- Packer, Herbert L. (May 1958). "A Tale of Two Typewriters". Stanford Law Review. 10 (3): 409–440, 431-2 (formation), 432 (Pressman, Weyl), 433 (Fifth), 433 fn 37 (Hiss). doi:10.2307/1226822. JSTOR 1226822.
- Chambers, Whittaker (1952). Witness. New York: Random House. pp. White on 29, 40, 67–68, 69, 70, 334, 370 383–384, 386, 405, 414–416, 419–421, 423, 426, 427, 429–432, 442, 470, 492, 500, 510–512, 544, 554, 600–, handover from Ware to Chambers on 31, 204, 332–348, 350, 352, 361, 370, 377, 378, 467, 542, 543, 552, 553, 624, 685, 686. LCCN 52005149.
- Alger Hiss: Why He Chose Treason. Christina Shelton. Simon and Schuster. 2012.
- Hearings Regarding Communism in the United States Government — Part 2, pg. 2845.
- Gall, Gilbert J. (1998). Pursuing Justice: Lee Pressman, the New Deal, and the CIO. SUNY Press. pp. 34–43 (Ware Group). Retrieved 5 September 2017.
- "Another Witness". TIME. March 3, 1952. Retrieved 2014-09-02.
- Hewitt, Alan (January 9, 1953). "I Was in a Communist Unit with Hiss". U.S. News and World Report. Retrieved 2014-09-02.
- Abt, John (1993). Advocate and Activist: Memoirs of an American Communist Lawyer. Champaign, IL: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-2520-2030-8.
- Davis, Hope Hale (1994). Great Day Coming. Hanover NH: Steerforth Press. ISBN 978-1-8836-4217-4.
Sources
- Chambers, Whittaker (1952). Witness. New York: Random House. pp. White on 29, 40, 67–68, 69, 70, 334, 370 383–384, 386, 405, 414–416, 419–421, 423, 426, 427, 429–432, 442, 470, 492, 500, 510–512, 544, 554, 600–, handover from Ware to Chambers on 31, 204, 332–348, 350, 352, 361, 370, 377, 378, 467, 542, 543, 552, 553, 624, 685, 686. LCCN 52005149.
- Davis, Hope Hale (1994). Great Day Coming. Hanover NH: Steerforth Press. ISBN 978-1-8836-4217-4.
- Sakmyster, Thomas L. (2011). Red Conspirator: J. Peters and the American Communist Underground. University of Illinois Press. pp. 75–92, 94–97, 104, 119, 131, 138, 146, 175. ISBN 9780252035982.
Further reading
- Caballero, Raymond. McCarthyism vs. Clinton Jencks. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2019.