Wikimedia Foundation v. NSA

Wikimedia Foundation, et al. v. National Security Agency, et al. is a lawsuit filed by the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) on behalf of the Wikimedia Foundation and several other organizations against the National Security Agency (NSA), the United States Department of Justice (DOJ), and other named individuals, alleging mass surveillance of Wikipedia users carried out by the NSA.[2][3][4] The suit claims the surveillance system, which NSA calls "Upstream", breaches the First Amendment to the United States Constitution, which protects freedom of speech, and the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which prohibits unreasonable searches and seizures.[5]

Wikimedia Foundation v. NSA
CourtUnited States District Court for the District of Maryland
Full case nameWikimedia Foundation, et al. v. National Security Agency, et al.
DefendantNational Security Agency / Central Security Service, United States Department of Justice, Adm. Michael S. Rogers in his official capacity as Director of the National Security Agency and Chief of the Central Security Service, Office of the Director of National Intelligence, Daniel R. Coats in his official capacity as Director of National Intelligence, and Jefferson B. Sessions III in his official capacity as Attorney General of the United States
Counsel for plaintiff(s)American Civil Liberties Union, Cooley LLP
Plaintiff(s)Wikimedia Foundation, National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers, Human Rights Watch, Amnesty International USA, PEN American Center, Global Fund for Women, The Nation, Rutherford Institute, Washington Office on Latin America
Citation(s)No. 15-2560
Case history
Prior action(s)Dismissal of all plaintiffs' complaints by the US District Court for the District of Maryland
Subsequent action(s)Dismissal appealed by the Wikimedia Foundation
Affirmation of dismissal of 8 of the 9 plaintiffs' complaints (Wikimedia excluded) by US Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit; Dismissal of Wikimedia Foundation's allegations concurrently vacated and remanded
Court membership
Judge(s) sittingT. S. Ellis III[1]

The suit was filed in the United States District Court for the District of Maryland as the NSA is based in Fort Meade, Maryland.[6] The suit was dismissed in October 2015 by Judge T. S. Ellis III; this decision was appealed four months later to the Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals by the Wikimedia Foundation.[7] The Court of Appeals found that the dismissal was valid for all of the plaintiffs except the Foundation, whose allegations the court found "plausible" enough to have legal standing for the case to be remanded to the lower court.[8]

The original plaintiffs besides the Wikimedia Foundation were the National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers, Human Rights Watch, Amnesty International USA, the PEN American Center, the Global Fund for Women, The Nation magazine,[9] the Rutherford Institute, and the Washington Office on Latin America.[5][10]

Background
NSA slide referring to Wikipedia as a surveillance target

Upstream surveillance was first revealed in May 2013 by Edward Snowden, a former NSA analyst.[11] A previous challenge by the ACLU, Clapper v. Amnesty International USA, failed for lack of standing. In the light of some of the leaks by Snowden, which included an above Top Secret NSA slide that specifically referred to Wikipedia as a target for HTTP surveillance, the Wikimedia Foundation pushed forward with a legal complaint against the NSA for violating its users' First and Fourth Amendment rights.[12]

Since Clapper, the government itself has confirmed many of the key facts about NSA's Upstream surveillance, including that it conducts suspicionless searches.[13] ACLU attorney Patrick Toomey noted the lawsuit is particularly relevant as the plaintiffs engage in "hundreds of billions of international communications" annually. Any program of Upstream surveillance must necessarily sweep up a substantial part of these communications.[13][14]

Litigation
The Wikimedia Foundation and eight other organizations appeal the dismissal of their complaint challenging Upstream surveillance, an electronic surveillance program operated by the National Security Agency (the "NSA"). The district court, relying on the discussion of speculative injury from Clapper v. Amnesty International USA, 133 S. Ct. 1138 (2013), held that the allegations in the complaint were too speculative to establish Article III standing. We conclude that Clapper's analysis of speculative injury does not control this case, since the central allegations here are not speculative. Accordingly, as for Wikimedia, we vacate and remand because it makes allegations sufficient to survive a facial challenge to standing. As for the other Plaintiffs, we affirm because the complaint does not contain enough well-pleaded facts entitled to the presumption of truth to establish their standing.

—United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit (May 23, 2017), Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of Maryland, at Baltimore. T. S. Ellis, III, Senior District Judge. (1:15−cv−00662−TSE)[15]

On August 6, 2015, the defendants (National Security Agency, et al.) brought a motion to dismiss, arguing that the plaintiffs have not plausibly shown that they have been injured by Upstream collection of data and thus lack standing to sue. In response, the Electronic Frontier Foundation filed an amicus brief on behalf of a group of libraries and booksellers.[16] Both sides presented oral arguments at a hearing on September 25, 2015.[17]

On October 23, 2015, the District Court for the District of Maryland dismissed the suit on grounds of standing. US District Judge T. S. Ellis III ruled that the plaintiffs could not plausibly prove they were subject to Upstream surveillance, echoing the 2013 decision in Clapper v. Amnesty International US.[18][19] The Wikimedia Foundation said it expected to appeal the decision. The Foundation said its complaint had merit, and that there was no question that Upstream surveillance captured the communications of both its user community and the Wikimedia Foundation itself.[20] The Electronic Frontier Foundation, who had filed an amicus brief in support of the plaintiffs, said it was perverse to dismiss a suit for lack of proof (standing) when the surveillance program complained of was secret, and urged federal courts to tackle the serious constitutional issues that Upstream surveillance presents.[21] The plaintiffs filed an appeal with the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit on February 17, 2016.[22]

On May 23, 2017, the Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals vacated the dismissal by the lower court of Wikimedia's complaints.[23][24] The Court of Appeals ruled that the Foundation's allegations of the NSA's Fourth Amendment violations were plausible enough to "survive a facial challenge to standing", finding that the potential harm done by the NSA's collection of private data was not speculative.[7][23] The court thereby remanded the suit by the Foundation and ordered the District Court of Maryland to continue the proceedings.[8] The court inversely affirmed the dismissal by Ellis of the suits by the other plaintiffs; in its finding the court noted that the non-Wikimedia plaintiffs had not made a strong enough case that their operations were affected by Upstream's scope.[7][23]

On December 16, 2019, the District Court held that the Wikimedia Foundation did not have standing to proceed with its claims. On February 14, 2020, the Wikimedia Foundation filed a notice of appeal in this case before the Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit.[25]

See also

National Security Agency surveillance
Map of global NSA data collection, with states subject to the most data collection shown in red
Programs
Pre-1978
Since 1978
Since 1990
Since 2001
Since 2007
Databases, tools etc.
GCHQ collaboration
Legislation
Institutions
Lawsuits
Whistleblowers
Publication
Related
Concepts
Collaboration
United States
Five Eyes
Other

References
  1. "Wikimedia v. NSA - D. Md. Opinion | American Civil Liberties Union". Aclu.org. American Civil Liberties Union. Retrieved 2015-10-26.
  2. "Wikimedia v. NSA: Challenge to Mass Surveillance Under the FISA Amendments Act". aclu.org. American Civil Liberties Union.
  3. Paulson, Michelle. "Wikimedia v. NSA: Wikimedia Foundation files suit against the NSA to challenge Upstream mass surveillance". Wikimedia Foundation. Retrieved 10 March 2015.
  4. Wales, Jimmy; Tretikov, Lila (2015-03-10). "Stop Spying on Wikipedia Users". New York Times. Retrieved 10 March 2015.
  5. "ACLU, Wikimedia file lawsuit challenging NSA mass surveillance". Reuters. Reuters. 2015-03-10. Retrieved 2015-03-10.
  6. David Ingram, NSA sued by Wikimedia, rights groups over mass surveillance, Reuters (March 10, 2015).
  7. Savage, Charlie (23 May 2017). "Federal Court Revives Wikimedia's Challenge to N.S.A. Surveillance". The New York Times. Retrieved 24 May 2017.
  8. Nelson, Steven (23 May 2017). "Appeals Court: Wikimedia Can Fight NSA's 'Not Speculative' Internet Surveillance". U.S. World and News Report. Retrieved 24 May 2017.
  9. "Why 'The Nation' Is Suing the Federal Government". thenation.com. The Nation.
  10. Lomas, Natasha (10 March 2015). "Wikimedia Sues NSA Over Mass Surveillance". TechCrunch. Retrieved 11 March 2015.
  11. Schneider, Marc. "Wikimedia vs NSA: ACLU Files Lawsuit to End Spy Agency's 'Upstream Surveillance'". billboard.com. Billboard.
  12. Cohn, Carolyn. "Wikipedia feels 'targeted' by NSA, co-founder says". reuters.com. Reuters.
  13. Geoff Brigham and Michelle Paulson. "Wikimedia v. NSA: Standing and the Fight for Free Speech and Privacy". just security.org. Just Security.
  14. Gass, Nick (10 March 2015). "Wikimedia sues NSA, DOJ over mass surveillance". Politico. Retrieved 11 March 2015.
  15. US Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit; MOTZ and DIAZ, Circuit Judges; DAVIS, Senior Circuit Judge. "Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of Maryland, at Baltimore. T. S. Ellis, III, Senior District Judge. (1:15−cv−00662−TSE)". Retrieved 24 May 2017.
  16. Crocker, Andrew. "EFF Asks Court on Behalf of Libraries and Booksellers to Recognize Readers' Right to Be Free of NSA's Online Surveillance". Electronic Frontier Foundation.
  17. Nicky Woolf (25 September 2015). "Court hears first arguments in case challenging bulk data collection by NSA". The Guardian. Retrieved 11 October 2015.
  18. Farivar, Cyrus. "Judge tosses Wikimedia's anti-NSA lawsuit because Wikipedia isn't big enough". Ars Technica.
  19. "Wikimedia v. NSA - D. MD. Opinion". ACLU.
  20. Michelle Paulson, Geoff Brigham. "District court grants government's motion to dismiss Wikimedia v. NSA, appeal expected". Wikimedia Foundation.
  21. Rumold, Mark. "Wikimedia v. NSA: Another Court Blinds Itself to Mass NSA Surveillance". Electronic Frontier Foundation.
  22. "Appeal No. 15-2560. Brief for plaintiffs–appellants" (PDF). ACLU. February 17, 2016. Retrieved March 5, 2016.
  23. Buatti, Jim; Palmer, Aeryn (23 May 2017). "Victory at the Fourth Circuit: Court of Appeals allows Wikimedia Foundation v. NSA to proceed". Wikimedia Blog. Retrieved 23 May 2017.
  24. Stempel, Jonathan (23 May 2017). "Wikipedia can pursue NSA surveillance lawsuit: U.S. appeals court". Reuters. Retrieved 24 May 2017.
  25. Buatti, Jim; Palmer, Aeryn (17 December 2019). "District Court rules for government in Wikimedia Foundation's mass surveillance case against the NSA". Wikimedia Foundation. Retrieved 28 January 2020.
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