Wilfred Arthur

Flight Lieutenant Arthur draped in a German flag following action on 30 November 1941, when he shot down four enemy aircraft to win the DFC

Promoted to flying officer, Arthur was posted to No. 3 (Army Cooperation) Squadron and departed with the unit for North Africa in July 1940. Piloting a Gloster Gladiator biplane, he scored his first aerial victory by shooting down an Italian Fiat CR.42 north-west of Sofafi, Egypt, on 12 December.[8][12] The next day he himself was shot down by a CR.42 and had to bail out, narrowly avoiding disaster when he became entangled first with his oxygen hose and then with the Gladiator's wing-bracing wires; he was only torn loose at a height of 1,000 feet (300 m) by the force of rushing air as his stricken plane fell to earth.[7][13] Arthur claimed one further victim in a Gladiator before his unit re-equipped with Hawker Hurricanes in January 1941.[13][14] He was flying a Hurricane when he shot down a Messerschmitt Bf 110 in April.[8][15]

No. 3 Squadron began replacing its Hurricanes with P-40 Tomahawks in May 1941.[14] In October, Arthur was promoted to flight lieutenant and appointed a flight commander.[8] He shot down four enemy aircraft in a single sortie near Bir El Gubi on 30 November.[11] Flying one of No. 3 Squadron's new Tomahawks, he claimed two Junkers Ju 87 Stukas, one Fiat G.50 and one Macchi MC.200.[2][16] He destroyed the last of the four after his plane had been damaged and he was on his way back to base; he had to land in the desert and make his way to the airfield on foot.[8][16] His "great skill and gallantry" in this action earned him the Distinguished Flying Cross (DFC), which was gazetted on 20 January 1942.[17]

Around this time, Arthur met his future wife, Lucille, in a shop in Alexandria. They married on 24 December 1941 and honeymooned in Palestine and Syria. The sudden romance came as a shock to Arthur's parents; he later recalled, "the first letter I got was a fair imitation of panic I think". While on leave, he was also able to make contact with his brother Norman, who was serving as a military policeman in Beirut.[19][20] Completing his tour with No. 3 Squadron, Arthur was repatriated to Australia with his new bride in March 1942. Their ship journeyed to Melbourne via Bombay and Colombo, where it picked up many refugees following the recent fall of Singapore.[8][21] The couple eventually had four children.[22]

P-40 Kittyhawk "Polly", which Squadron Leader Arthur was flying when he earned the DSO in April 1943

As the Japanese advanced in the South West Pacific during early 1942, the RAAF hurriedly established three new fighter units for Australia's northern defence, Nos. 75, 76 and 77 Squadrons.[23] Arthur was posted to No. 76 Squadron in April, flying P-40 Kittyhawks in New Guinea.[11] His brother Norman was killed in action on 9 November 1942 while serving with the 2/31st Infantry Battalion in Papua.[20] Promoted to squadron leader, in February 1943 Wilf succeeded Les Jackson as commanding officer of No. 75 Squadron, based at Milne Bay under the control of No. 9 Operational Group RAAF.[24][25] Arthur developed a reputation for diligence, courtesy, and concern for the welfare of his men. Despite the fact that, at 23, he was the youngest officer in his new squadron, he commanded the respect of his fellows because, he believed, "they like that I work hard; they like that I am not frightened of anything (i.e. Pretends not to be) and above those, they like that I don't boast".[26] Having shot down a Mitsubishi G4M "Betty" bomber on 10 March,[27] Arthur was awarded the Distinguished Service Order for his "gallantry, matchless leadership and devotion to duty" on 14 April 1943.[28][29] On this occasion, in spite of his guns jamming, he led 34 Allied aircraft, including Kittyhawks of Nos. 75 and 77 Squadrons and P-38 Lightnings of the USAAF, in "a determined head-on attack" to intercept 100 Japanese raiders, 14 of which were destroyed by the defenders.[29][30] Arthur described the situation of being in combat but unable to shoot as "sort of awkward. Fortunately nobody else would know except me."[31] To compensate for his lack of offensive weaponry, he repeatedly made as though attempting to ram one of the raiders, to try and force it down into the sea.[8]

Promoted acting wing commander in June 1943, Arthur became wing leader of No. 71 Wing, which controlled No. 75 Squadron and three other combat units.[9][24] On 5 November, he was involved in a collision at Kiriwina Airfield with a Spitfire of No. 79 Squadron. The Spitfire pilot was killed, and Arthur received serious burns.[32] He later recalled, "... I felt my hands disappear, felt my face go but the rest of my body was ... was just flames ... And then all of a sudden the flames dropped down a bit and I got out and went like mad and I was running away from the aircraft and trying to guess how far I could go before I'd try to put the flames out ..."[33] Although his family was informed that his injuries were "of a very slight nature" and that he had been "burnt but not badly", Arthur was close to death for weeks while he was treated in Kiriwina.[34] He was finally repatriated to Sydney where he underwent plastic surgery at Yaralla Military Hospital (now Concord Hospital). After his recovery in April 1944, he attended a staff course before taking over command of No. 2 Operational Training Unit at Mildura, Victoria.[1][35] In August, at the age of 24, he was promoted to temporary group captain, the youngest in the RAAF. That December he took command of No. 81 Wing of the Australian First Tactical Air Force (No. 1 TAF), based at Noemfoor and Labuan in the Dutch East Indies.[1][8]

In April 1945, having recently assumed command of No. 1 TAF's No. 78 Wing, Arthur helped trigger an incident that became known as the "Morotai Mutiny" (a phrase originating in one of his aide memoires at the time). He was one of eight senior pilots, including Australia's top-scoring ace, Group Captain Clive Caldwell, and fellow veterans from the North African campaign, Bobby Gibbes and John Waddy, who attempted to resign their commissions in protest at the relegation of RAAF fighter squadrons to apparently worthless ground attack missions. Frustrated at the lack of attention paid by Headquarters No. 1 TAF to a "balance sheet" he produced showing that operational losses outweighed results, Arthur later said that his object for the "mutiny" was to "make as big a fuss as I possibly could with the object of getting the position corrected." A government inquiry into the incident exonerated the pilots, finding their motives in tendering their resignations to be sincere.[1][37] Arthur remained in charge of No. 78 Wing for the Battle of Tarakan, which commenced on 1 May.[38] He handed over command of the wing on 24 May, but remained on Tarakan until the end of the war.[39][40]

In addition to receiving the DFC and DSO, Arthur was twice mentioned in despatches during the war.[41][42] His official final tally of victories was ten enemy aircraft destroyed,[8][43] though this has also been reported as eight confirmed kills and two "probables".[11][44] Reflecting later on being a fighter pilot throughout his military career, Arthur said that he was glad to have flown single-seat aircraft rather than bombers, because "I would always have felt very uncomfortable with anybody else for whom I'd be responsible".[45]