Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory

Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory is a 1971 American musical fantasy film directed by Mel Stuart and starring Gene Wilder as Willy Wonka. It is an adaptation of the 1964 novel Charlie and the Chocolate Factory by Roald Dahl. The film tells the story of a poor child named Charlie Bucket who, after finding a Golden Ticket in a chocolate bar, visits Willy Wonka's chocolate factory along with four other children from around the world.

Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory
Theatrical release poster
Directed byMel Stuart
Produced by
Screenplay byRoald Dahl[lower-alpha 1]
Based onCharlie and the Chocolate Factory
by Roald Dahl
Starring
Music by
CinematographyArthur Ibbetson
Edited byDavid Saxon
Production
company
Distributed byParamount Pictures
Release date
  • June 30, 1971 (1971-06-30)
Running time
100 minutes[1]
Country
  • United States[2]
LanguageEnglish
Budget$3 million[3]
Box office$4.5 million[3][4]

Filming took place in Munich from August to November 1970. Dahl was credited with writing the film's screenplay; however, David Seltzer, who went uncredited in the film, was brought in to re-work the screenplay against Dahl's wishes, making major changes to the ending and adding musical numbers. These changes and other decisions made by the director led Dahl to disown the film.[5][6] The musical numbers were written by Leslie Bricusse and Anthony Newley while Walter Scharf arranged and conducted the orchestral score.

The film was released by Paramount Pictures on June 30, 1971. With a budget of just $3 million, the film received generally positive reviews and earned $4 million by the end of its original run. The film gained a cult following and became highly popular in part through repeated television airings and home entertainment sales.[7] In 1972, the film received an Academy Award nomination for Best Original Score, and Wilder was nominated for a Golden Globe as Best Actor in a Musical or Comedy, but both nominations lost to Fiddler on the Roof. The film also introduced the song "The Candy Man", which went on to become a popular hit when recorded by Sammy Davis Jr. and has since been covered by numerous artists.

In 2014, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".[8][9]

Plot

In a small town, Charlie Bucket, a poor paperboy, watches children visit a candy shop. Walking home, he passes Willy Wonka's chocolate factory. A mysterious tinker recites the first lines of William Allingham's poem "The Fairies" and tells Charlie that "nobody ever goes in, and nobody ever comes out." Charlie rushes home to his widowed mother and bedridden grandparents. That night, Charlie tells his Grandpa Joe what the tinker said, and Joe reveals that Wonka locked the factory because other candy makers, including his rival Arthur Slugworth, sent in spies to steal his recipes. Wonka shut down the factory but resumed selling candy after three years. The origin of Wonka's labor force is unknown.

Wonka announces he has hidden five "Golden Tickets" in chocolate Wonka Bars. Finders of the tickets will receive a factory tour and a lifetime supply of chocolate. The first four tickets are found by the gluttonous Augustus Gloop, the spoiled Veruca Salt whose family is wealthy in the nut business, the gum-chewing Violet Beauregarde, and the television-obsessed Mike Teevee. As each winner is announced on television, a sinister-looking man whispers to them. A subsequent news report reveals the fifth ticket was found in Paraguay by a millionaire/casino-owner, causing Charlie to lose hope. The next day, Charlie finds money in a gutter and uses it to buy a Wonka Scrumdiddlyumptious bar; with the change, he buys a regular Wonka Bar for Joe. While walking home, Charlie overhears that the millionaire forged the fifth ticket. Charlie opens the Wonka Bar and finds the fifth ticket. Rushing home, he encounters the same man seen whispering to the other winners, who introduces himself as Slugworth and offers a reward for a sample of Wonka's latest creation, the Everlasting Gobstopper.

Returning home with the Golden Ticket, Charlie chooses Joe, who, in excitement, rises out of bed for the first time in 20 years, as his chaperone. The next day, Wonka greets the ticket winners and leads them inside, where each signs a contract before the tour. The factory includes a candy land with a river of chocolate and other sweets. The visitors meet Wonka's labor force, small men known as Oompa-Loompas. Despite being asked not to by Wonka, Augustus drinks directly from the chocolate river, but falls in and is sucked up by a pipe to the Fudge Room. Wonka takes the remaining guests on a surreal boat ride, leading to the Inventing Room, where everyone receives an Everlasting Gobstopper. Violet blows up into a large blueberry after chewing an experimental piece of three-course dinner gum over Wonka's warnings and must be squeezed before she explodes. The remaining group samples some lickable wallpaper and then reaches the Fizzy Lifting Drinks Room, where Charlie and Joe ignore Wonka's warning and sample the drinks. They float and have a near-fatal encounter with an exhaust fan before their burping "deflates" them and lets them descend back to the ground. In the Golden Eggs Room, Veruca demands a golden goose for herself before falling into a garbage chute that leads to the furnace, with her father falling in trying to rescue her. The rest of the group tests out Wonka's Wonkavision, which is used to teleport chocolate bars, and Mike teleports himself, becoming only a few inches tall.

As the tour ends, Charlie and Joe, the only two remaining guests, ask about the other ticket winners, and Wonka assures them that they will return to normal. Wonka then retreats to his office without awarding them the promised lifetime supply of chocolate. Grandpa Joe and Charlie enter his office to ask about this, where Wonka angrily informs them that by stealing Fizzy Lifting Drinks, they have violated the contract, thereby forfeiting their prize. Joe denounces Wonka and suggests to Charlie that he should give Slugworth the Gobstopper as revenge, but Charlie returns the candy to Wonka. Wonka declares Charlie the winner and reveals that "Slugworth" is an employee, Mr. Wilkinson; the offer to buy the Gobstopper was a morality test for the kids, which only Charlie passed. The trio enter the "Wonkavator", a multi-directional glass elevator that flies out of the factory. Soaring over the city, Wonka reveals he created the contest to find someone worthy enough to assume control of his factory when he retires, and he gives it to Charlie and his family.

Cast
Main article: List of Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory characters
The main cast during filming in 1970. Back row (left to right): Michael Boellner (Augustus Gloop), Ursula Reit (Mrs. Gloop), Gene Wilder (Willy Wonka) Second row (left to right): Leonard Stone (Sam Beauregarde), Roy Kinnear (Henry Salt), Nora Denney (Mrs. Teavee), Jack Albertson (Grandpa Joe) Front row (left to right): Denise Nickerson (Violet Beauregarde), Julie Dawn Cole (Veruca Salt), Paris Themmen (Mike Teavee), Peter Ostrum (Charlie Bucket)

Oompa Loompas

Production

Development

The idea for adapting the book into a film came about when director Mel Stuart's ten-year-old daughter read the book and asked her father to make a film out of it, with "Uncle Dave" (producer David L. Wolper, who was not related to the Stuarts) producing it. Stuart showed the book to Wolper, who happened to be in the midst of talks with the Quaker Oats Company regarding a vehicle to introduce a new candy bar from its Chicago-based Breaker Confections subsidiary (since renamed the Willy Wonka Candy Company and sold to Nestlé). Wolper persuaded the company, which had no previous experience in the film industry, to buy the rights to the book and finance the picture for the purpose of promoting a new Quaker Oats Wonka Bar.[11]

David L. Wolper and Roald Dahl agreed that the film would be a musical, and that Dahl himself would write the screenplay.[11] However, Wolper changed the title to Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory.

Screenwriter David Seltzer conceived a gimmick exclusively for the film that had Wonka quoting numerous literary sources, such as Arthur O'Shaughnessy's Ode, Oscar Wilde's The Importance of Being Earnest, Samuel Taylor Coleridge's The Rime of the Ancient Mariner and William Shakespeare's The Merchant of Venice. Seltzer also worked Slugworth (only mentioned as a rival candy maker in the book) into the plot as an actual character (only to be revealed to be Wilkinson, one of Wonka's agents, at the end of the film).[11]

Casting

All six members of Monty Python, Graham Chapman, John Cleese, Eric Idle, Terry Gilliam, Terry Jones, and Michael Palin, expressed interest in playing Wonka, but at the time they were deemed not big enough names for an international audience. Cleese, Idle, and Palin were later considered for the same role in Tim Burton's version.[12][13]

Before Wilder was officially cast for the role, producers considered Fred Astaire, Joel Grey, Ron Moody, and Jon Pertwee.[13][14] Spike Milligan was Roald Dahl's original choice to play Willy Wonka.[13] Peter Sellers even begged Dahl for the role.[15]

When Wilder was cast for the role, he accepted it on one condition:

When I make my first entrance, I'd like to come out of the door carrying a cane and then walk toward the crowd with a limp. After the crowd sees Willy Wonka is a cripple, they all whisper to themselves and then become deathly quiet. As I walk toward them, my cane sinks into one of the cobblestones I'm walking on and stands straight up, by itself; but I keep on walking, until I realize that I no longer have my cane. I start to fall forward, and just before I hit the ground, I do a beautiful forward somersault and bounce back up, to great applause.

— Gene Wilder[16]

The reason why Wilder wanted this in the film was that "from that time on, no one will know if I'm lying or telling the truth".[16]

Jean Stapleton turned down the role of Mrs. Teevee.[17][18] Jim Backus was considered for the role of Sam Beauregarde.[19] Sammy Davis Jr. wanted to play Bill, the candy store owner, but Stuart did not like the idea because he felt that the presence of a big star in the candy store scene would break the reality,[12] though Davis would make Bill's signature song, The Candy Man, into his only number 1 hit, and it would spend three weeks at the top of the Billboard Hot 100 chart starting June 10, 1972, and two weeks at the top of the easy-listening chart.[20] Anthony Newley also wanted to play Bill, but Stuart also objected to this for the same reason.[19]

Filming

Principal photography commenced on August 31, 1970, and ended on November 19, 1970.[21] The primary shooting location was Munich, Bavaria, West Germany, because it was significantly cheaper than filming in the United States and the setting was conducive to Wonka's factory; Stuart also liked the ambiguity and unfamiliarity of the location. External shots of the factory were filmed at the gasworks of Stadtwerke München (Emmy-Noether-Straße 10); the entrance and side buildings still exist. The exterior of Charlie Bucket's house, a set constructed solely for the film, was filmed at Quellenstraße in Munich. Charlie's school was filmed at Katholisches Pfarramt St. Sylvester, Biedersteiner Straße 1 in Munich. Bill's Candy Shop was filmed at Lilienstraße, Munich. The closing sequence, in which the Wonkavator is flying above the factory, is footage of Nördlingen, Bavaria, and the elevator rising shot showing that it shoots out of the factory was from Bößeneckerstraße 4, 86720 Nördlingen, Germany, now the location of a CAP-Märkte

  • Munich Gasworks as it appeared in 2011 (building on the left)
  • Munich Gasworks as it appeared in 2011 (building on the right)
  • Nördlingen, the town seen from above at the end of the film

Production designer Harper Goff centered the factory on the massive Chocolate Room. According to Paris Themmen, who played Mike Teevee, "The river was made of water with food coloring. At one point, they poured some cocoa powder into it to try to thicken it but it didn't really work. When asked [what the river was made of], Michael Böllner, who played Augustus Gloop, answers, 'It vas dirty, stinking vater.'"[22]

In addition to the main scenes set in town and at the factory, several comic interludes were also shot. Uncredited screenwriter Robert Kaufman wrote several short humorous scenes related to the Wonka Bar hysteria. Stuart lamented in his book Pure Imagination: The Making of Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory, that his favorite scene was cut due to poor test screenings. In the scene, which took a lot of preparation and money to film, an English explorer climbs a holy mountain to ask a guru the meaning of life. The guru requests a Wonka Bar. Finding no golden ticket, he says, "Life is a disappointment." Stuart loved the scene, but few laughed. He invited a psychologist friend to a preview, where again, the audience reaction was muted. The psychologist told him, "You don't understand, Mel. For a great many people, life is a disappointment."[23]

When interviewed for the 30th anniversary special edition, Gene Wilder stated that he enjoyed working with most of the child actors, but said that he and the crew had some problems with Paris Themmen, claiming that he was "a handful".[24][25]

Promotion

Before its release, the film received advance publicity through TV commercials offering a "Willy Wonka candy factory kit" for sending $1.00 and two seals from boxes of Quaker cereals such as King Vitaman, Life and any of the Cap'n Crunch brands.[26]

Release

Television

The film made its television debut on Thanksgiving Night, November 28, 1974 on NBC.[27]

The film was repeated the following year on November 23, 1975, on NBC. There was some controversy with the broadcast, as a football game between the Oakland Raiders and Washington Redskins (26–23) went into overtime, and the first 40 minutes of the film were cut.[28] The film placed 19th in the television ratings for the week ending November 23, beating out The Streets of San Francisco and Little House on the Prairie.[29] The next television showing of the film was on May 2, 1976,[30] where it placed 46th in the ratings. Some television listings indicate the showing was part of The Wonderful World of Disney time slot.

Home media

The film was first released on DVD in 1997 in a "25th anniversary edition"[31] as a double sided disc containing a widescreen and "standard" version. The "standard" version is an open matte print, where the mattes used to make the image widescreen are removed, revealing more picture at the top and bottom that was masked off from viewers.[32] VHS and Betamax copies were also available, but only containing the "standard" version.

A special edition DVD was released, celebrating the film's 30th anniversary, on August 28, 2001, but in full screen only. Due to the lack of a letterboxed release, fan petitioning eventually led Warner Home Video to issue a widescreen version on November 13, 2001. It was also released on VHS, with only one of the special features (a making-of feature). Several original cast members reunited to film documentary footage for this special edition DVD release. The two editions featured restored sound, and better picture quality. In addition to the documentary, the DVD included a trailer, a gallery, and audio commentary by the cast.

In 2007, Warner Home Video released the film on HD DVD with all the bonus features from the 2001 DVD.[33] The film was released on Blu-ray on October 20, 2009.[34] It includes all the bonus features from the 2001 DVD and 2007 HD-DVD as well as a 38-page book.

In 2011, a new deluxe-40th-anniversary edition Blu-ray/DVD set was released on November 1, consisting of the film on Blu-ray Disc and DVD as well as a bonus features disc. The set also included a variety of rarities such as a Wonka Bar-designed tin, four scented pencils, a scented eraser, a book detailing the making of the film, original production papers and a Golden Ticket to win a trip to Los Angeles.[35]

Reception

Willy Wonka was released on June 30, 1971. The film was not a big success, being the 53rd highest-grossing film of the year in the U.S., earning just over $2.1 million on its opening weekend.[36] However, it received generally positive reviews from critics. Roger Ebert gave the film a perfect four out of four stars, calling it:

Probably the best film of its sort since The Wizard of Oz. It is everything that family movies usually claim to be, but aren't: Delightful, funny, scary, exciting, and, most of all, a genuine work of imagination. Willy Wonka is such a surely and wonderfully spun fantasy that it works on all kinds of minds, and it is fascinating because, like all classic fantasy, it is fascinated with itself.[37]

Charles Champlin of the Los Angeles Times praised the film as "lively and enjoyable" and called Wilder's performance "a real star turn", but thought the songs were "instantly forgettable" and that the factory looked "a lot more literal and industrial and less empathic than it might have".[38] Variety called the film "an okay family musical fantasy" that had "good" performances but lacked any tunes that were "especially rousing or memorable".[39] Howard Thompson of The New York Times panned it as "tedious and stagy with little sparkle and precious little humor".[40] Gene Siskel gave the film two stars out of four, writing, "Anticipation of what Wonka's factory is like is so well developed that its eventual appearance is a terrible letdown. Sure enough there is a chocolate river, but it looks too much like the Chicago River to be appealing. The quality of the color photography is flat. The other items in Wonka's factory—bubblegum trees and lollypop flowers—also look cheap. Nothing in the factory is appealing."[41] Jan Dawson of The Monthly Film Bulletin wrote that after a slow start the second half of the film was "an unqualified delight—one of those rare, genuinely imaginative children's entertainments at which no adult need be embarrassed to be seen".[42]

By the mid-1980s, Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory had experienced a spike in popularity thanks in large part to repeated television broadcasts and home video sales. Following a 25th anniversary theatrical re-release in 1996, it was released on DVD the next year, allowing it to reach a new generation of viewers. The film was released as a remastered special edition on DVD and VHS in 2001 to commemorate the film's 30th anniversary. In 2003, Entertainment Weekly ranked it 25th in the "Top 50 Cult Movies" of all time.

The tunnel scene during the boat ride has been cited as the scariest of scenes in "kids films" by many websites, due to its surreal visuals for their traumatizing nature. Willy Wonka was ranked No. 74 on Bravo's 100 Scariest Movie Moments for the tunnel scene.[43]

On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a 90% approval rating and an average rating of 7.74/10 based on 48 reviews. The site's critical consensus states: "Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory is strange yet comforting, full of narrative detours that don't always work but express the film's uniqueness."[44]

Dahl's reaction

Dahl disowned the film, the script of which was partially rewritten by David Seltzer after Dahl did not meet deadlines. Dahl said he was "disappointed" because "he thought it placed too much emphasis on Willy Wonka and not enough on Charlie", as well as the casting of Gene Wilder instead of Spike Milligan.[5] Dahl was also "infuriated" by the deviations in the plot Seltzer devised in his draft of the screenplay, including the conversion of Slugworth, a minor character in the book, into a spy (so that the film could have a villain) and the "fizzy lifting drinks" scene along with music other than the original Oompa Loompa compositions (including "Pure Imagination" and "The Candy Man"), and the ending dialogue for the film.[45] In 1996, Dahl's second wife, Felicity, commented on her husband's objections towards film adaptations of his works, saying "they always want to change a book's storyline. What makes Hollywood think children want the endings changed for a film, when they accept it in a book?"[46]

Music

The Academy Award-nominated original score and songs were composed by Leslie Bricusse and Anthony Newley, and musical direction was by Walter Scharf. The soundtrack was first released by Paramount Records in 1971. On October 8, 1996, Hip-O Records (in conjunction with MCA Records, which by then owned the Paramount catalog), released the soundtrack on CD as a "25th Anniversary Edition". In 2016, UMe and Geffen Records released a 45th Anniversary Edition LP.

The music and songs, in order of appearance, are as follows:

  1. "Main Title" – Instrumental medley of "(I've Got A) Golden Ticket" and "Pure Imagination"
  2. "The Candy Man" – Aubrey Woods
  3. "Cheer Up, Charlie" – Diana Lee (dubbing over Diana Sowle)
  4. "(I've Got A) Golden Ticket" – Jack Albertson and Peter Ostrum
  5. "Pure Imagination" – Gene Wilder
  6. "Oompa Loompa (Augustus)" – The Oompa Loompas
  7. "The Wondrous Boat Ride" / "The Rowing Song" – Gene Wilder
  8. "Oompa Loompa (Violet)" – The Oompa Loompas
  9. "I Want it Now!" – Julie Dawn Cole
  10. "Oompa Loompa (Veruca)" – The Oompa Loompas
  11. "Ach, so fromm" (alternately titled "M'appari", from Martha) – Gene Wilder
  12. "Oompa Loompa (Mike)" – The Oompa Loompas
  13. "End Credits" – "Pure Imagination"

Soundtrack

The track listing for the soundtrack, originally released on Paramount Records, is as follows:

  1. "Main Title" ("Golden Ticket"/"Pure Imagination")
  2. "The Candy Man"
  3. "Charlie's Paper Run"
  4. "Cheer up, Charlie"
  5. "Lucky Charlie"
  6. "(I've Got A) Golden Ticket"
  7. "Pure Imagination"
  8. "Oompa Loompa"
  9. "The Wondrous Boat Ride"
  10. "Everlasting Gobstoppers/Oompa Loompa"
  11. "The Bubble Machine"
  12. "I Want it Now/Oompa Loompa"
  13. "Wonkamobile, Wonkavision/Oompa Loompa"
  14. "Wonkavator/End Title" ("Pure Imagination")
  • The animated TV shows Futurama ("Fry and the Slurm Factory", season 1, episode 13, first broadcast November 14, 1999), Family Guy ("Wasted Talent", season 2, episode 20, July 25, 2000), and American Dad ("Jeff and the Dank Ass Weed Factory", season 16, episode 5, May 13, 2019) have all done parodies of the film, involving, respectively, "Slurm", an addictive alien drink; the "Pawtucket Pat" brewery; and a marijuana factory run by Snoop Dogg.
  • In 2017, an animated adaptation of the film with Tom and Jerry was released. Tom and Jerry: Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory stars JP Karliak as Willy Wonka and is dedicated to Gene Wilder, who died less than a year before the release.
  • Josh Gad recreated Gene Wilder's introductory somersault on the 2013 TV show 1600 Penn in the episode "Skip the Tour".
  • In the 2010s, a still from the movie has become a popular Internet meme known as Condescending Wonka.[47]

See also

Notes
  1. Though Dahl is the sole credited screenwriter, David Seltzer, who went uncredited in the film, was brought in to re-work the screenplay against Dahl's wishes, making major changes.

References
  1. "Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory". British Board of Film Classification. August 20, 1971. Archived from the original on May 12, 2016. Retrieved August 9, 2015.
  2. "Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory (1971)". British Film Institute. Archived from the original on September 27, 2016. Retrieved September 21, 2016.
  3. "Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory (1971) – Financial Information". The-numbers.com. Archived from the original on September 9, 2016. Retrieved February 15, 2017.
  4. "Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved September 15, 2019.
  5. Falky, Ben (September 12, 2016). "Why Roald Dahl Hated The Willy Wonka And The Chocolate Factory Film". Yahoo! Movies. Archived from the original on September 13, 2018. Retrieved September 30, 2018.
  6. "Willy Wonka's Everlasting Film Plot". BBC News. July 11, 2005. Archived from the original on December 5, 2010. Retrieved March 7, 2010. "He thought it placed too much emphasis on Willy Wonka and not enough on Charlie," said Liz Attenborough, trustee of the Roald Dahl Museum and Story Centre in Buckinghamshire.
  7. "Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory". AFI Catalog of Feature Films. Archived from the original on August 8, 2016. Retrieved August 30, 2016.
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  10. "Oompa Loompa Albert Wilkinson stars in Mansfield panto".
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  24. Stuart, Mel; Young, Josh (2005). Pure Imagination: The Making of Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory. St. Martin's Press. pp. 85–ff. ISBN 978-0-312-35240-0.
  25. "The Willy Wonka Kids Remember Gene Wilder; Where Are They Now?". August 30, 2016. Retrieved May 27, 2019.
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  29. "4 Movies Shake Up Week's Nielsen List". Los Angeles Times. November 26, 1975. p. 15.
  30. "TV Guide Listings". Los Angeles Times. May 2, 1976. p. 10.
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  38. Champlin, Charles (July 28, 1971). "'Wonka' Fare for Families". Los Angeles Times. Part IV, p. 1, 10.
  39. "Willy Wonka And The Chocolate Factory". Variety: 13. May 26, 1971.
  40. Thompson, Howard (July 1, 1971). "Chocolate Factory". The New York Times: 61.
  41. Siskel, Gene (July 18, 1971). "There's Gold in Willy Wonka Chocolate Bars". Chicago Tribune. Section 5, p. 1.
  42. Dawson, Jan (December 1971). "Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory". The Monthly Film Bulletin. 38 (455): 253.
  43. "Bravo's 'The 100 Scariest Movie Moments'". Archived from the original on August 1, 2007.
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  47. Chester, Tim. "How beloved actor Gene Wilder became an internet meme". Mashable. Retrieved November 21, 2020.
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