Wolf's Head (secret society)

Before the founding in 1780 at Yale of the Alpha chapter (which still practices a secret handshake among members),[13] of Phi Beta Kappa in Connecticut (the second chapter established after that society's founding in 1776), Yale College students established and joined literary societies.[14] By the 1830s, the campus literary societies Linonia, Brothers in Unity, and Calliopean had lost stature. Calliopean folded in 1853, and the others shut down after the American Civil War.[15] Calliopean, Linonia, and Brothers in Unity existed respectively: 1819–1853, 1768–1878, and 1735–1868.[16]

From the mid-1840s until 1883, several societies were started, but each failed to sustain the interest of Academical Department, or liberal arts, students at Yale College.[17] Star and Dart, Sword and Crown, Tea-Kettle, Spade and Grave, and E.T.L. disbanded.[18]

Phi Beta Kappa was inactive at Yale from 1871 to 1884.[19] In the 1820s, Anti-Masonic agitation across the United States prompted PBK to examine the role of secrecy in its proceedings. Secrecy was soon shelved at the Yale chapter.[20] Associated with PBK's national reorganization in 1881, secrecy disappeared as a signature among all chapters, quelling rivalry with collegiate fraternities, clubs and societies.[21] PBK exists today, without any secrecy, as an academic honor society.

Beginning in the 1850s, the Yale undergraduate student body grew more diverse. The college was becoming an institution of national rather than regional importance. Students who hailed from environs beyond New England or who were not Congregationalist or Presbyterian entered the college in large numbers.[22]

The faculty and administration were dominated by alumni of Bones, numbering four out of five faculty members between 1865 and 1916. Bones alumni were university secretaries from 1869 to 1921. Bones alumni were university treasurers for forty-three of the forty-eight years between 1862 - 1910.[23][24] Five of the first six Yale Corporation elected Alumni Fellows were members of Bones.[25]

In 1873, The Iconoclast, a student paper published once, 13 October, advocated for the abolition of the society system. It opined: "Out of every class Skull and Bones takes its men...They have obtained control of Yale. Its business is performed by them. Money paid to the college must pass into their hands, and be subject to their will....It is Yale College against Skull and Bones!! We ask all men, as a question of right, which should be allowed to live?"[26][27] The Yale Daily News first appeared January 28, 1878. A memoir of the first college daily's birth records the first year strategy was to "rag" the societies.[28]

The Class of 1884 agreed to support another revolt against the society system with a vote of no confidence to coincide with its graduation. It had been understood that the society system was beyond reform and might well be abolished.

A spirited defense of the society system appeared in the May 1884 issue of The New Englander, written and published by members of Scroll and Key. Several periodicals reported regularly on the situation.[29]

The initial delegation, including ten Class Day officers from the Class of 1884 and led by Edwin Albert Merritt, met in secret during their senior year with the aid of members of the Class of 1883 who were "eager to start a society provided the evil features of the old societies would be eliminated. [The graduating and rising seniors] were unanimous on this point." Included among the supporters from the Class of 1883 were members touted as sure selections to Bones or Keys by the publishers of the Horoscope, an undergraduate publication that provided feature material on the most likely taps. The pro-society seniors won the Class Day vote, 67 - 50.[30]

The new society was conceived on or about June 5, 1883. Among undergraduates the fledgling group was known as the "Fox and Grapes" for the Aesopian fable of jealousy.[31]

The two older societies suffered by comparison with Wolf's Head.[32] The New Haven Register reported in 1886: "Wolf's Head is not as far out of the world, in respect to its public doings, as are [Bones and Keys]. There is a sufficient veil of secrecy drawn around its mechanism, however, to class it with the secret societies, and this gives it a stability and respectability in Yale College circles that it might not have otherwise...."[33] The society was managed similarly to finals clubs associated with the Sheffield Scientific School; however, it soon took on almost all aspects of the older societies.[6]

The Third Society sat at the apex of a social pyramid bricked by junior societies (sophomore societies were abolished in 1875, freshman societies in 1880),[34] campus organizations, athletic teams, clubs, and fraternities.[35][36]

In 1888, the society changed its name to Wolf's Head Society, consonant with the approval among undergraduates of the society's pin, a stylized wolf's head on an inverted ankh, an Egyptian hieroglyphic known as the Egyptian Cross or "the key of life". The earliest undergraduate members allowed fellow schoolmates to handle the pin, a specific refutation of pin display by the older societies. Eternal life is symbolized rather than death or erudition. A Roman fasces had been considered as a design element for the pin.[6][37]

Many pioneering and subsequent members mocked as "poppycock" (from the Dutch for "soft excrement")[38] the seemingly Masonic-inspired rituals and atmosphere associated with Skull and Bones. In their The Pirates of Penzance prank, Wolf's Head members persuaded the thespian pirate king to display the numbers 322 (part of the emblem of Skull and Bones) below a skull and crossbones at a local theatre.[39] In another example, Yale President A. Whitney Griswold's deprecated the rituals as "bonesy bullshit" and "Dink Stover crap" coloring undergraduate life.[40]

Wolf's Head did maintain many traditional practices, such as the Thursday and Sunday meetings, which were common among its peers. Paul Moore, Jr., long-time Senior Fellow and successor trustee (1964 - 1990) for the Yale Corporation and long-tenured bishop in the Episcopal Church (United States), recalled the night before he first encountered combat in World War II: "I spent the evening on board ship being quizzed by [a friend from Harvard] about what went on in Wolf's Head. He could not believe I would hold back such irrelevant secrets the night before I faced possible death."[41][42]

The "Old Hall" was erected within months of the founding. The older Academical Department societies met originally for decades in rented quarters near campus. Skull and Bones opened its tomb in 1856, more than two decades after its founding.[43] Scroll and Key did likewise; it opened its tomb in 1869 more than two decades after the society's founding.

"Old Hall" - designed by McKim, Mead and White, completed in 1884. Purchased by University in 1924.

• McKim, Mead and White, firm of. 1884, former or "Old Hall" at 77 Prospect Street, across the street from the Grove Street Cemetery, commissioned for the Phelps Trust Association, Richardsonian Romanesque. Purchased by the University in 1924, rented to Chi Psi fraternity (1924–29), Book and Bond (defunct society) (1934–35), and Vernon Hall (now Myth and Sword) (1944–54). Currently houses the Yale Institution for Social and Policy Studies.[44]

A building with narrow windows, the "Old Hall" was noted as "the most modern and handsomest" of the society domiciles by The New York Times in 1903. The building was erected in 1884 soon after the founding members secured financing.[6]

• Bertram Goodhue, architect, designed "New Hall", ca. 1924; built posthumously. Goodhue was a protege of James Renwick Jr., architect of the first St. Anthony Hall chapter house in New York City.[45]

The building has stone wall and wrought iron fencing, and is central to the largest secret society compound on campus. The compound commands the most prominent location on campus beyond Harkness Tower, the very icon of Yale,[46] and the Memorial Quadrangle.

The "New Hall" opened in the mid 1920s and sits fronted by York Street surrounded by the Yale Daily News Briton Hadden Memorial building, and the Yale Drama School and theatre, both gifts to Yale from Edward Harkness.[45] It is near the former homes of the Fence Club (or Psi Upsilon, 224 York Street), DKE (232 York Street) and Zeta Psi (212 York Street).

Goodhue's evocative Wolf's Head Society building, shown behind its high stone enclosure.

The society has been reputed to tap the gregarious "prep school type".[47][48] Past members were associated intimately with the: coeducation of Yale College,[49] establishment of the Yale residential college system and the Harvard house system,[50] founding of the Elizabethan Club,[51] and founding of the Yale Political Union.[52] This was Yale's last all-male society; it has tapped women since the spring of 1992.[53]

Edward John Phelps, Envoy to the Court of St. James's, accepted the offer in 1885 to be namesake to the Wolf's Head alumni association.[6] The Phelps Association, as of January 2016, holds in trust nearly seven million dollars, second among Yale societies or clubs.[54]

Yale societies contrast sharply with Harvard finals clubs on membership criteria. Contributions to undergraduate life has been historically among the criteria for membership in Yale societies. Finals clubs overlook that quality among prospective members.[55][56]

Malcolm Baldrige, Jr.,[57] Leigh Bardugo,[58] Donald Beer,[59] Stephen Vincent Benet,[60] Clarence Winthrop Bowen,[61] David Josiah Brewer,[62] John Charlesworth,[63] Thomas Charlton,[64] Sam Chauncey,[65] John Proctor Clarke,[66] Alexander Smith Cochran,[67] Erastus Corning 2nd,[68] Parker Corning,[69] Robert Fiske,[70] William Clay Ford,[71] Richard Gilder,[72]Paul Goldberger,[73] A. Conger Goodyear,[74] A. Whitney Griswold,[75] Ashbel Green Gulliver,[60] Charles Harkness,[76] Edward Harkness,[77] Robert Maynard Hutchins,[78] Charles Edward Ives,[79] Dick Jauron,[80] William Woolsey Johnson,[81] Rasheed Khalidi,[73] Lewis Lehrman,[82] Christopher Lydon,[73] Douglas MacArthur II,[83] Wayne MacVeagh,[84] Edwin Merritt,[85] Clark Millikan,[86][87] Roger Milliken,[88] Douglas Moore,[89] Paul Moore,[90] Paul Moore, Sr.,[91] Jack Morrison,[92] Rogers C.B. Morton,[93] Thruston Morton,[94] Edward John Phelps,[95] Philip W. Pillsbury,[86][96] Ducky Pond,[97] Benno C. Schmidt, Jr.,[98] Kurt Schmoke,[99] Edmund Clarence Stedman,[81] Tom Steyer,[100] William Earl Dodge Stokes,[101] Sam Wagstaff,[102] Rusty Wailes,[103] Arthur Williams Wright,[84] Doug Wright,[104] and William Wrigley III.[105]

• Skulls and Keys, David Alan Richards, Pegasus Books Ltd., 2017. ISBN 978-1-68177-517-3
• Insiders and Outsiders in American Historical Narrative and American History, R. Laurence Moore, The American Historical Review (Apr. 1982).
• Secrets of the Tomb: Skull and Bones, the Ivy League, and the Hidden Paths of Power, Alexandra Robbins, Little, Brown, Boston, MA, 2002. ISBN 0-3167-3561-2
• The Power Elite, C. Wright Mills, Oxford University Press, 1956. ISBN 0-19-513354-4, ISBN 978-0-19-513354-7
• Tycoons: How Andrew Carnegie, John D. Rockefeller, Jay Gould, and J.P. Morgan invented the American supereconomy, Charles R. Morris, H. Holt and Co., New York, 2005. ISBN 0-8050-7599-2
• On Bullshit, Harry G. Frankfurt, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 2005. ISBN 1-400-82653-5
• My Harvard, My Yale, Diana DuBois, editor, Random House, NY, NY, 1982. ISBN 978-0394519203
• Dear Wolf's Head, by Karolina Ksiazek, Yale Daily News weekend section, datelined Thursday, May 2, 2013.