Września

Września [ˈvʐɛɕɲa] (German: Wreschen) is a town in west-central Poland with 28,600 inhabitants (1995). It is situated in the Września County, Greater Poland Voivodeship (since 1999), previously in Poznań Voivodeship (1975–1998), on the Wrześnica River.

Września
Town hall
Coat of arms
Września
Coordinates: 52°20′N 17°35′E
Country Poland
VoivodeshipGreater Poland
CountyWrześnia County
GminaGmina Września
Established1256
Town rights1375
Government
 • MayorTomasz Kałużny
Area
 • Total12.73 km2 (4.92 sq mi)
Highest elevation
110 m (360 ft)
Lowest elevation
90 m (300 ft)
Population
 (2006)
 • Total28,617
 • Density2,200/km2 (5,800/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+1 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)
Postal code
62-300
Area code(s)+48 61
Car platesPWR
Websitehttp://www.wrzesnia.pl

History
Gothic Church of the Assumption of Mary

Września was first mentioned in 1256 in a document issued in Poznań.[1] Early sources speak of Wressna (1317) or Wresna (1364). Września was granted town privileges before 1357.[1] It was a private town, owned by various Polish nobles families,[1] administratively located in the Kalisz Voivodeship of the Greater Poland Province of the Polish Crown. The coat of arms of Września is the Poraj coat of arms of the Poraj family, the first owners of the town.[1] Annual fairs and weekly markets took place in the town.[1] The town was burned down 1664 (other sources speak of 1656) in the war against Sweden. The majority of inhabitants were Poles, but since mid-17th century there have also been German settlers.

The town was annexed by the Kingdom of Prussia in 1793, following the Second Partition of Poland. In 1807 it became part of the Duchy of Warsaw, but fell back to Prussia in 1815. To resist Germanisation policies local Poles founded numerous organizations, and also took part in the Greater Poland uprising (1848) and January Uprising (1863).[1] On May 2, 1848, the Polish insurgents fought a victorious battle against the Prussians in the nearby village of Sokołowo, just north of Września. In 1875 Września gained a railway connection with Gniezno and Wrocław, and in 1882 also with Poznań.[1]

Main article: Września children strike
Children from Września who participated in the school strike in response to the banning of the Polish language.

Września is known in Poland for a school strike by Polish children in May 1901 in response to the intensification of Germanization (i.e. prohibition of the Polish language at school). The Polish language had long been tolerated in the schools, so the introduction of German as mandatory language led to protests. The controversy led to drawn-out protests between parents and authorities. For refusing to speak German, Polish children were severely beaten by Prussian teachers for several hours. Parents who tried to break into the school and protect their children from Prussian teachers were punished later by a Prussian court stating that their actions were "atrocious acts against the state".[2] The strike spread to neighboring cities and eventually ended in 1904.

In 1905 the town was inhabited by about 7000 people of which 65.4% were Poles, 28.9% Germans and 5.5% Jews. In the surrounding county, Poles comprised 85.6% of the population. The hundred-year-long Prussian rule came to an end with the outbreak of the Wielkopolska Uprising in 1918, shortly after Poland regained independence, and in 1920, the town officially once again became part of Poland. About 800 local Poles formed the Września Volunteer Legion (Legia Ochotnicza Wrzesińska) under the command of Stanisław Mycielski to fight against the Soviet invasion.[1] It was around this time that construction of the district office building was completed. The 68th Infantry Regiment was stationed in Września in the interbellum.

Memorial to the 68th Infantry Regiment, which fought in the Polish 1939 defensive war

With the invasion of Poland and the outbreak of the Second World War, the German Wehrmacht occupied the city on September 10, 1939. It was incorporated into Reichsgau Wartheland as a part of the district or county (kreis) of Wreschen. The Germans carried out mass arrests of local Poles, who were afterwards imprisoned in the local prison, and soon murdered in large massacres in nearby forests in October and November 1939.[3] Poles were also subjected to mass expulsions, however the Polish resistance movement remained active throughout the war.[1] The synagogue was destroyed in 1940 and a camp for French POWs operated in the area. Additionally, from April 1941 to 1943 a forced labor camp for Jews operated in the vicinity of the town.[4] Following the arrival of the Red Army and the end of the war the town was made part of the People's Republic of Poland.

In Września there is an antique coach house at the Kosciuszko Street. In 1979, the Maria Konopnicka Monument designed by Mieczysław Welter was unveiled to pay tribute to poet and writer Maria Konopnicka for her support of the Września schoolchildren during the Września school strike (1901-1904).[5]

Jewish community

Among the members of the community special mention may be made of Rabbi Ẓebi Hirsch, and his father Rabbi Aaron Mirels,[6] and the Bible commentator Rabbi Meïr Löb Malbim.

Ẓebi Mirels, was the author of the "Mispar Ẓeba'am", and presented a Hebrew hymn to General Möllendorf when the latter was sent by king Frederick William II of Prussia to receive the allegiance of the new province of southern Prussia.[7] Rabbi Aaron Mirels, the author of the "Bet Aharon", is buried in the cemetery at Jelenia Góra in Silesia. In Września, Malbim wrote his first work, the collection of annotations on the first chapters of the Shulḥan 'Aruk, Oraḥ Ḥayyim, which laid the foundation of his renown as a scholar. The musical director, Louis Lewandowski was also born in Września on April 3, 1821.

Sights and monuments
Various sights of Września
Market Square
Wrzesińskie Lake with the Holy Cross church in the background
Monument to Września Children
Poniński Palace

Education
  • Wyższa Szkoła Handlu i Rachunkowości w Poznaniu, Wydział Zamiejscowy we Wrześni

Transport
Września railway station

The Września railway station is located in the town, and there are also two defunct narrow-gauge railway stations, Września Miasto and Września Wąskotorowa.

Notable people

See also

References
  1. "Historia miasta". Wrzesnia.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 17 May 2020.
  3. Maria Wardzyńska, Był rok 1939. Operacja niemieckiej policji bezpieczeństwa w Polsce. Intelligenzaktion, IPN, Warszawa, 2009, p. 201 (in Polish)
  4. Zwangsarbeit in NS-Staat German Federal Archive (Bundesarchiv) Accessed 9-30-11.
  5. "Wernisaż wystawy pt. Mieczysław Welter. Rzeźba". Retrieved 1 April 2020.
  6. Kaufmann, "Die Letzte Vertreibung der Juden aus Wien und Niederösterreich", pp. 79 et seq., Vienna, 1889
  7. Das Jahr 1793", p. 16, note, Posen, 1895
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