Zadock Pratt

Zadock Pratt was born on October 30, 1790, in Stephentown, New York, to Hannah Pratt (née Pickett) and Zadock Pratt Sr. He was the 5th of 7 children.[2] In 1797, Pratt moved with his father's family to Midleburg, New York.[3] In 1802, at age 12, Pratt moved with his parents to Windham, New York, which soon became Lexington, and is current day Jewett. As a child, he received limited schooling at the public school, and instead worked much on his father's farm and in his tannery.[4] In his father's yard there were "two limes" and eight vats, and the bark was ground with a circular millstone by horse power.[3]

In 1810, at age 20, Pratt became an apprentice to Luther Hayes, a sadler in Durham. Following his apprenticeship, he became a traveling saddler for a year, during which he saved $100.[5] In 1812, he returned to Lexington where he continued his work as a saddler, working fourteen-hour days. In 1814, Pratt built a general store in Prattsville where he would barter with residents for goods, and would make periodic trips to New York City to trade the goods.[6]

Pratt volunteered for the War of 1812 in 1814. He was a Steward of a company stationed at Brooklyn Heights. He was awarded $11 for his claim of arms and clothing which were destroyed during the war. In 1857, he would receive a warrant of 160 acres (0.65 km²) of land for his service.[7] In 1815, after war ended, he returned to Lexington, sold his store.[6] On May 7, 1817, he entered the tanning business with his older brother Ezra, and his younger brother Bennett.[8] October 18, 1818, Pratt married Beda Dickerman of Hamden, Connecticut, who died of tuberculosis six months later on April 19, 1819. Pratt and his brother Ezra then bought out Bennett's share of the tanning business for $2200.[9]

During the winter of 1819–20, Pratt and three of his neighbors went on a trading expedition to Canada to sell their leather and other goods. They were successful, and traded their leather for gold and furs from Canadian settlers, and from Native Americans at Rice Lake.[11] On his return, he stopped at the bank in Catskill, New York, where he learned that his tannery had burned down in his absence[10] The building was uninsured, and was a loss of $1000; the cause was never determined.[12] However, he resolved to rebuild it.[10] Friends of Pratt's and his brothers donated money for the rebuilding, and it was quickly built.[13]

In 1821, Pratt was appointed a magistrate of Lexington.[14] In 1823, Pratt married Esther Dickerman, sister of his first wife. Esther died less than a year later on April 22, 1824, also of tuberculosis.[15]

Military and second, third, and fourth wives

Zadock's first son George W. Pratt died of wounds suffered in the Second Battle of Bull Run.

On April 25, 1820, Pratt was chosen as Captain of the Fifth regiment of New York State Artillery, which consisted of 130 men. Acquired a cannon that had been used at the Battle of Plattsburgh for the regiment.[12] On July 12, 1822, he became a Colonel for New York's 116th Infantry.

1825, commanded the escort of Lafayette into Catskill.[1]

On October 12, 1827, Pratt married his third wife, Abagail P. Watson of Rensselaer, and their son was State Senator George W. Pratt (1830–1862).

In 1828, his house was built.[22]

November 20, 1832, applied to the State Legislature to divide Windham, and on March 8, 1833, Prattsville was divided off from Windham. At the time it had a population of around 1500.[23]

On January 26, 1834, Pratt's second daughter Abigail was born.[23]Pratt's wife died 10 days later on February 5, aged 26.[23]

On March 16, 1835, Pratt married his fourth wife, Mary E. Watson, sister of his third wife.

On July 17, 1868, Mary Pratt died in Providence, New York.[24]

1836, elected to New York's 8th District, and in the same election, was voted to be and elector for New York.

1839, Westkill Lexington tannery burnt. Lost $10,000, insured for $7,000.[25]

Offered to endow Prattsville Academy with $5,000 if the sum was matched by a Christian church.[26]

In 1842, was elected to New York's 11th District.

1842, Established newspaper Prattsville Advocate, of which J. L. Hackstaff was the editor.[26] In the same year, the Prattsville Academy was built. The land was donated by Pratt, and he provided half of the building costs.[26]

1848, received and honorary Master of the Arts degree from Union College.

1852, elected as a delegate to the 1852 Democratic Convention.

In 1836, Pratt earned the Democratic nomination for New York's 8th congressional district. He won general election by just short of 3,000 votes.[27] On September 10, 1837 Pratt was appointed to the Committee of the Militia, and on December 11, was appointed to the committee on public buildings.[28]

On March 19, 1838, Pratt introduced a bill to drastically lower postage rates, and argued that high postage costs disproportionately affected the poor, and that it was effectively a tax on intelligence, as it hindered the free passage of information.[29] The bill was passed. He felt so strongly about the price of postage that on his grave he had inscribed "WHILE MEMBER OF CONGRESS; MOVED THE REDUCTION OF POSTAGE; A.D. 1838".

On February 25, 1839, Pratt suggested that public buildings no longer be built out of sandstone, but instead granite of marble, because they absorb very little water compared to sandstone, and therefore required less maintenance He also noted that marble was cheaper than granite, when including building costs.[30]

On July 4, 1838, he announced that he declined re-election, although his constituents strongly wanted him to serve another term.[31]

March 18, 1839, Dry Dock in Brooklyn vs. Philadelphia.

Mint in New York vs. Philadelphia.

During his first term, Pratt never missed a session.[32]

A full-length portrait of Pratt that was engraved on steel in 1845.

Pratt did not intend to run for Congress again after declining to run for re-election following his first term as Congressman.[33] However, in 1842 he accepted the nomination.

As a congressman, Pratt pushed for legislation.

• Reduce the cost of postage from $.25 to $.05 in 1838.
• Create the Bureau of Engraving and Printing.
• Construct public buildings in Washington, DC, of marble or granite, not sandstone.
• Construct the Dry Dock in Brooklyn.
• Initiate first survey for the Transcontinental Railroad 1844.
• While in Congress he began a movement to complete the Washington Monument, and he also started a practice of hanging the Presidential Portraits in the Rotunda.

The epitaph on Pratt's gravestone reads:

WHILE MEMBER OF CONGRESS
MOVED THE REDUCTION OF POSTAGE
A.D. 1838
AND THE SURVEY FOR A RAILROAD
TO THE PACIFIC A.D. 1844

member of the State Senate in 1830; elected as a Democrat to the Twenty-fifth Congress (March 4, 1837 – March 3, 1839); elected to the twenty-eighth Congress (March 4, 1843 – March 3, 1845); chairman, Committee on Public Buildings and Grounds (twenty-eighth Congress).

Pratt had five wives throughout his life.

His first wife was Beda Dickerman, whom he married in 1818. She died of tuberculosis seven months later. In 1821 Pratt married his first wife's sister, Esther Dickerman. Esther died two and a half years later, also from tuberculosis. Pratt married his third wife, Abigail P. Watson of Rensselaerville, on January 12, 1829. Pratt had his only children with Abigail, a boy and a girl. George Watson Pratt was born on April 18, 1831. Three years later Julia P. Pratt was born on January 26, 1834. On February 5, 1834 Abigail, Pratt's third wife, died at twenty-eight years old from complications from the birth of her daughter. Some time later, Pratt married Abigail's sister Mary. They were married until July 17, 1868 when Mary died of unknown causes. One year later Pratt married his fifth wife, Susie A. Grimm of Brooklyn, October 16, 1869. They were married in Grace Episcopal Church, Prattsville; Zadock had given the land and half the money to build the church. They remained married until Zadock's death.

Jay Gould in 1855, one year before he met Pratt.

An undated photo of an aged Zadock Pratt.

In 1856, Zadock Pratt, at 66 years old, met a teenage Jay Gould, and hired him to survey a tanning site in Pennsylvania.[35][36] Gould found large tracts of hemlock forest for sale, which impressed Pratt,[35] who then made Gould a partner and manager of the new tannery.[36] By another account, Gould decided that he wanted to build a tannery, found a site, and then sought out Pratt's assistance.[37]

There was $120,000 capital for the project, all of which came from Pratt.[38] He left the tannery to Gould, which expanded rapidly, and the surrounding settlement was called Gouldsboro[38] (also spelled Gouldsborough).[39] However, Pratt became dissatisfied with the returns on his investment, and was concerned that Gould was embezzling.[40] Gould had become acquainted with Charles M. Leupp, a rich merchant from New York City, and had convinced Leupp to loan him the money to buy out Pratt's share. Gould offered Pratt $60,000 for his share of the tannery, which Pratt accepted, transferring Pratt's stake to Leupp.[40]

In 1861, Pratt donated to Prattsville the 20 acres (81,000 m²) where Pratt Rock now is.[41]

Media related to Zadock Pratt at Wikimedia Commons

• The Zadock Pratt Museum
• Zadock Pratt Biographical Information