Zarmandukht

Zarmandukht (fl. 383) [1] also known as Zarmanduxt[2] was a Queen of Arsacid Armenia by marriage to Papas (Pap) who ruled from 370 until 374.[3] She was regent of Armenia during the minority of her sons, Arsaces III (Arshak III) and his co-ruler Vologases who ruled from 378 until 386/387.

Life

Little is known on her origins as the historical sources from this period provide no information on her life prior to marrying Papas. For Zarmandukht to have married a King of Armenia, she must have been a noblewoman of some social status and may have come from a family of some aristocratic and political influence. There is a possibility that Zarmandukht may have been a daughter of a nakharar and could have been betrothed to Papas, during the kingship of the father of Papas, Arsaces II (Arshak II) who reigned from 350 until 368.

Queen of Armenia

Zarmandukht was the wife of Papas[4] as they married at an unknown date in his kingship. She bore Papas two sons[5] Arsaces III and Vologases. Little is known on her relationship with Papas. Through her marriage to Papas, Zarmandukht became an Armenian Queen consort; a very powerful, wealthy, influential woman in Armenian society and through marriage was a relation to the Arsacid dynasty of Armenia.

Following the assassination of Papas in 374, as her sons with Papas were too young to rule on the Armenian throne, the Roman emperor Valens had sent the nephew of Papas, Varasdates to occupy the Armenian throne. Zarmandukht's nephew-in-marriage was a young man highly reputed for his mental and physical gifts had lived in Rome for an unknown period of time. Varasdates began to rule under the regency of Mushegh I Mamikonian, whose family were pro-Roman. It is unknown what became of Zarmandukht and her sons during Varasdates' reign.

Regency

In 378 with the failed reign of Varasdates and the murder of his regent Mushegh Mamikonian, the latter's brother, Manuel Mamikonian,[6] filled his late brother's position of Sparapet. Manuel, furious at the Armenian King, with a military force drove out Varasdates from Armenia[7] back to Rome. Manuel raised Arsaces III and Vologases to the throne as co-kings of Armenia, under the nominal regency of Zarmandukht.[8]

To end the political anarchy in the country as Manuel being now the powerful regent-in-charge of Armenia, Manuel married Arsaces III to his daughter Vardandukht[9] and he married Vologases to the daughter of Sahak from the Bagratuni Dynasty.[10] The Mamikonian government brought peace, stability to Armenia in which Manuel guided the country wisely.[11] Manuel treated Zarmandukht and her sons with honor.[12] He raised Arsaces III and Vologases[13] and Manuel nurtured them as if they were his own children.[14]

Manuel had given Zarmandukht the title of Queen and received the highest honors in Armenia due to her promoted status.[15] In the year 383,[16] the Sassanid King Shapur III had sent various royal gifts to Manuel and various members of the Armenian aristocracy. This included a crown on a mantle to a royal standard to Zarmandukht[17] and a body of cavalry commanded by Suren Marzban. Manuel remained neutral to the Romans and the Sassanid ruling monarchs. After this moment no more is known on Zarmandukht and the date of her death is unknown.

In the arts
  • Zarmandukht is a character in the tragedy Nerses The Great, Patron of Armenia written in 1857, by the Anatolian Armenian Playwright, Actor & Editor of the 19th century, Sargis Vanadetsi also known as Sargis Mirzayan.

See also

References
  1. Kurkjian, A History of Armenia, p.266
  2. Topchyan, The Problem of the Greek Sources of Movses Xorenac'i's History of Armenia, p.42
  3. Kurkjian, A History of Armenia, p.266
  4. Kurkjian, A History of Armenia, p.266
  5. Faustus of Byzantium, History of the Armenians, Book V, Chapter 37
  6. Adalian, Historical Dictionary of Armenia, p.177
  7. Adalian, Historical Dictionary of Armenia, p.177
  8. Hovannisian, The Armenian People From Ancient to Modern Times, Volume I: The Dynastic Periods: From Antiquity to the Fourteenth Century, p.92
  9. Faustus of Byzantium, History of the Armenians, Book V, Chapter 44
  10. Kurkjian, A History of Armenia, p.107
  11. Topchyan, The Problem of the Greek Sources of Movses Xorenac'i's History of Armenia, p.42
  12. Topchyan, The Problem of the Greek Sources of Movses Xorenac'i's History of Armenia, p.42
  13. Adalian, Historical Dictionary of Armenia, p.xxxiii
  14. Topchyan, The Problem of the Greek Sources of Movses Xorenac'i's History of Armenia, p.42
  15. Faustus of Byzantium, History of the Armenians, Book V, Chapter 44
  16. Kurkjian, A History of Armenia, p.266
  17. Kurkjian, A History of Armenia, p.266

Sources
  • Faustus of Byzantium, History of the Armenians, 5th century
  • Female Armenian names – Zarmandukht
  • R.G. Hovannisian, The Armenian People From Ancient to Modern Times, Volume I: The Dynastic Periods: From Antiquity to the Fourteenth Century, Palgrave Macmillan, 2004
  • A. Topchyan, The Problem of the Greek Sources of Movses Xorenac'i's History of Armenia, Peeters Publishers, 2006
  • V.M. Kurkjian, A History of Armenia, Indo-European Publishing, 2008
  • R.P. Adalian, Historical Dictionary of Armenia, Scarecrow Press, 2010
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