Zhang Fang

Zhang Fang was born in a poor family in Sima Yong's princely fief, Hejian commandery. Despite his upbringing, he was talented and brave enough to capture the attention of the prince, who employed him into his administration. He soon climbed through the ranks and became his General of Inspiring Martial Might by 301.[1] That same year he saw his first recorded activity in which he captured Xiahou Shi (夏侯奭), a former Army Advisor who was raising an army in Shiping (始平, in modern Xingping, Shaanxi) to join the anti-Sima Lun coalition. Zhang was intended to join Sima Lun, who had usurped the throne earlier that year, in Luoyang to reinforce him but was called back after Yong decided to join Sima Ying and Sima Jiong in overthrowing Sima Lun.[2]

Zhang Fang was present during the coalition against Sima Jiong (now Emperor Hui of Jin's regent) in 302. He led the vanguard to Luoyang and later occupied Xin'an, where he ostensibly proclaimed that the Prince of Changshan, Sima Ai should take action and punish Sima Jiong when this was actually a ruse by Sima Yong to have Jiong execute Ai before he attack the capital. The campaign did not go as planned, however, as Ai managed to fight back and kill Jiong, taking over his position.[3]

Yong was not satisfied with the outcome, so he had another coalition with Sima Ying against Sima Ai later in 302. Sima Ying and Zhang Fang jointly attacked Luoyang and placed the capital under siege with Sima Ai and the emperor still inside. Ai sent his general Huangfu Shang (皇甫商) to stop Zhang's advances but he was defeated in a surprise attack. Zhang's soldiers breached through the walls and carried out mass plunderings and killings.[4] Ai personally went out to lead the army against Zhang Fang, bringing along the emperor with him. Sighting the imperial carriage, Zhang Fang did not dare to attack and instead retreated. Sima Ai capitalised on this and dealt Zhang Fang a major setback.[5]

Zhang Fang managed to return to his camp, where his men were starting to believe that they should retreat during the night. However, Zhang Fang did not think so, and instead ordered them to build a rampart surrounding Luoyang. The rampart was built in secrecy and Sima Ai himself thought that Zhang Fang was still recovering from his defeat. Once the rampart was completed, Sima Ai was taken by surprise and attacked him but failed. Meanwhile, Zhang Fang breached the Qianjin Dam (千金堨) and dried up the water mills around the capital. He had slave girls from noble families to grind up food for his men and implemented forced labour indiscriminately as a punishment for those who he found were not partaking in the campaign hard enough.[6]

Despite the advantages, the siege carried on into the following year in 305. Sima Ai was finding success in battles against Sima Ying and his men's morale continued to persist. Zhang figured that Luoyang was not ready to fall and decided to retreat. However, just as he did, the Prince of Donghai, Sima Yue, had Sima Ai arrested after doubting his ability to overcome Sima Ying and Sima Yong. Yue arranged to hand over Sima Ai to Zhang Fang at Jinyong Fortress (金墉城). Once he received the captured prince, Zhang Fang had him burnt alive in front of Zhang's own army.[7]

Although the prince was now dead, Sima Yong now faced another threat in the form of Liu Chen (劉沈). Liu Chen defeated Sima Yong's general, Yu Kui (虞夔), and Yong hastily asked Zhang Fang to return to Chang'an. Along the way, Zhang stopped by at Luoyang where he captured more slave girls and had many of its inhabitants killed to be used as food for his soldiers.[8] Yong had suffered defeats against Liu Chen while Zhang was away. Zhang sent his general Dun Wei (敦偉) during the night to attack Liu Chen. Liu was captured and subsequently executed by Sima Yong.

In 304, it was Sima Yue's turn to raise his coalition against Sima Ying. Ying was under attack by the Inspector of Youzhou, Wang Jun, so Sima Yong ordered Zhang Fang to rescue him. However, after he had heard that the Emperor Hui had retreated into Ye, Yong has him guard Luoyang instead. The generals within Luoyang, Shangguang Si (上官巳) and Miao Yuan (苗願) retaliated against Zhang Fang but were defeated. The Crown Prince, Sima Tan (司馬覃), ousted them out from the capital and welcomed Zhang Fang. Despite the warm reception, Zhang had Sima Tan deposed along with the empress, Yang Xianrong.[9] Wang Jun decisively defeated Sima Ying at Ye, and he barely escaped with his remaining officials before making his way towards Luoyang. As they nearly reached Luoyang, Zhang Fang sent his son Zhang Pi (張羆) to escort them into the city. Zhang welcomed him with his cavalries and performed obeisance until the emperor personally approached him to get him to stop.[10]

With the emperor in Luoyang and Sima Ying powerless, Zhang had full control over the imperial family. He wanted to move the emperor to Chang'an and make the city the new capital seeing that his men were becoming restless staying in Luoyang. However, he knew that many of the ministers were wary of him, and initially tried to get the emperor to go to the Ancestral Temple so he could move him by force with his soldiers but the emperor refused. His patience wore off and he had his men storm the palace and dragged the emperor into the imperial carriage. He justified to the emperor that he only wanted him to inspect the ramparts he had built years ago to ensure the defenses are proper.[11]

Meanwhile, while the emperor was at the rampart, Zhang Fang's soldiers raided the palace and looted the place until there was none left to steal. Zhang then considered burning down the palace and Ancestral Temple to prevent anyone else from entering but forfeited the decision after his contemporary, Lu Zhi, compared his actions to Dong Zhuo.[12] The emperor remained at the rampart for three days before Zhang forced him and his family to relocate to Chang'an. After they were moved, Sima Yong appointed Zhang as General Who Leads The Army of the center, chief of affairs of the Masters of Writing, and acting Administrator of Jingzhao. In 305, Zhang deposed Yang Xianrong once again.

Zhang Fang's treatment of the emperor created scorn among the people and officials. The same year in 305, an official named Huangfu Chang (皇甫昌) forged an edict under the guise of Sima Yue and the now-deposed Yang Xianrong's order asking officials to attack Zhang Fang and save the emperor in Chang'an. The edict was believed at first but Huangfu Chang's forgery was soon found out and he was put to death. Later on, Sima Yue's official, Liu Qia (劉洽) urged his prince to raise a coalition against Sima Yong, seeing that Zhang Fang had forcibly moved the emperor to Chang'an. Yue carried out the last coalition of the civil war against Sima Yong, and Yong had Zhang Fang made Grand Commander to march out against it.[13]

In 306, Sima Yong was considering peace after being advised by a favourite of his, Mou Bo (繆播). However, Zhang Fang greatly opposed it, stating Yong's advantages when in reality he knew that peace would result in his execution for his crimes. Yong continued the war, even after his powerful ally Liu Qiao (劉喬) was defeated by Sima Xiao's general, Liu Kun. Yong's Army Advisor, Bi Yuan (畢垣), who had suffered from Zhang's cruelty and seeing Zhang losing favour, accused Zhang to Yong that he was plotting to overthrow him, citing his refusal to move against the coalition. Mou Bo and Mou Yin (繆胤) also agreed and suggested to Yong that he execute him.

Sima Yong summoned an old friend of Zhang Fang named Zhi Fu (郅輔) who he sent him to assassinate the general. When Zhi Fu arrived at his camp, he was allowed to bring his sword into the tent since Zhang trusted him. Zhi Fu presented Zhang with a letter from Yong, which Zhang immediately opened to read. With his guard down, Zhi Fu killed him and beheaded his corpse.[14] Yong sent his head to Sima Yue, hoping this would encourage him to settle with peace. The proposal was rejected, and Liu Kun used his head to convince Yong's other general to surrender to the coalition.[15]