Zork I

Zork: The Great Underground Empire - Part I, later known as Zork I, is an interactive fiction video game written by Marc Blank, Dave Lebling, Bruce Daniels, and Tim Anderson and published by Infocom in 1980. It was the first game in the Zork trilogy and was released for a wide range of computer systems, followed by Zork II and Zork III. It was Infocom's first game, and sold 378,000 copies by 1986.

ZORK I
Atari ST box cover
Developer(s)Infocom
Publisher(s)Personal Software
Infocom
Activision
Designer(s)Tim Anderson
Marc Blank
Dave Lebling
Bruce Daniels
SeriesZork 
EngineZIL
Platform(s)PDP-10, Atari 8-bit, Commodore 64, CP/M, TRS-80, IBM PC, Apple II, Amiga, Amstrad CPC, Amstrad PCW, Macintosh, Atari ST, NEC PC-9801, MSX, PlayStation, Sega Saturn, TI-99/4A
ReleaseDecember 1980
Genre(s)Text adventure
Mode(s)Single player

Gameplay

The game takes place in the Zork calendar year 948 GUE (although the passage of time is not notable in gameplay). The player steps into the deliberately vague role of an "adventurer". The game begins near a white house in a small, self-contained area. Although the player is given little instruction, the house provides an obvious point of interest.

When the player enters the house, it yields a number of intriguing objects, including a brass, battery-powered lantern, an empty trophy case, and an Elvish sword of great antiquity. Beneath the rug a trap door leads down into a dark cellar, which is revealed to be one of several entrances to a vast subterranean land known as the Great Underground Empire. The player soon encounters a colorful host of dangerous enemies, including deadly grues who only prey on their victims in the dark, an axe-wielding troll, a giant cyclops who flees in terror at the mention of Odysseus, a vampire bat that can drop the player anywhere in the mine if encountered, evil spirits guarding the Entrance to Hades, and a nimble-fingered thief armed with a stiletto who makes mapping the maze difficult by removing or scattering any items that the player might drop to leave a trail.

The ultimate goal of Zork I is to collect the Twenty Treasures of Zork and install them in the trophy case. Finding the treasures requires solving a variety of puzzles such as the navigation of two complex mazes and some intricate manipulations at Flood Control Dam #3.[1][2]

Placing all of the treasures into the trophy case scores the player 350 points and grants the rank of "Master Adventurer." An ancient map with further instructions then magically appears in the trophy case. These instructions provide access to a stone barrow. The entrance to the barrow is the end of Zork I and the beginning of Zork II.[3]

There are 28 ways for the player to die.[4][5] It is possible to score all 350 points in 223 moves (and win the game completely in 228 moves) by exploiting a bug.[6]

Notes
Screenshot of Zork I running on Gargoyle, a modern interpreter

The opening text of Zork I is among the most notable descriptions in video games:

West of House
You are standing in an open field west of a white house, with a boarded front door.
There is a small mailbox here.

Zork I introduced the grue, a "sinister, lurking presence" that kills adventurers who go exploring in the dark. Grues appeared (or, at least, were mentioned) in many subsequent Infocom adventures, right up to the 1997 graphic adventure Zork Grand Inquisitor, published by Activision.

Reception
Zork being played on a Kaypro computer.

Zork I's sales surprised Infocom by rising, not falling, over time. Computer dealers demonstrated its parser to customers as example of what their products could do. They sold the game as an essential accessory to those purchasing new computers,[7][8] including the DEC Rainbow, TI Professional, and others that most people did not see as game machines.[9] It was the best-selling game of 1982, with 32,000 copies sold by the first half of that year;[10][11] almost 100,000 copies in 1983,[12]—Inc. reported that the game had been a best seller for four years[13]—more than 150,000 copies in 1984, comprising more than 20% of Infocom's sales that year;[7] and a total of 378,987 copies by 1986.[14] InfoWorld reported in April 1984 that Zork I "has returned to the top of the sales charts two years after its release".[9] Based on sales and market-share data, Video listed it fifth on the magazine's list of best selling video games in both February[15] and March 1985,[16] and II Computing listed Zork I fourth on the magazine's overall list of top Apple II software as of October–November 1985, and first on the games list.[17]

BYTE declared in 1981 that "No single advance in the science of Adventure has been as bold and exciting" as Zork. The magazine praised the sophisticated parser and quality of writing, stating, "That the program is entertaining, eloquent, witty, and precisely written is almost beside the point ... Zork can be felt and touched—experienced, if you will—through the care and attention to detail the authors have rendered." It concluded, "Somebody, please, let me know when [the sequel is] done."[18] Jerry Pournelle wrote in the magazine in 1983 that he played the game with his sons, stating that "If you liked Adventure and wanted more after you solved the Colossal Cave, I guarantee you'll love Zork".[19]

Jon Mishcon reviewed Zork in The Space Gamer No. 40. Mishcon commented that "Other than the absence of graphics, this game has no weak points I can find. Although [the price] is expensive I believe this is a first rate game and well worth every penny."[20] 80 Micro called Zork "complicated and sophisticated ... a joy to play". It praised the documentation ("Take it from a rank amateur; these instructions are clear and easy to follow"), and wondered if the game could be solved because "the program lets you do pretty much what you want to do, even if the consequences are much less than desirable, it leaves open marvelous opportunities". The magazine concluded by hoping that "we can expect a second part sometime soon".[21] Deirdre L. Maloy reviewed the game for Computer Gaming World, stating that "Zork is a program that is worth the money for anyone even mildly interested in adventure games. Those that like puzzles will have their fill, I'm sure. Master adventurers will even take a while on this one".[22] The Addison-Wesley Book of Atari Software 1984 gave the game an overall A+ rating, calling it "THE definitive adventure game".[23]

In 1992, Computer Gaming World added Zork I to its Hall of Fame, waiving the normal criteria "in favor of honoring this venerable classic."[24] In 1996, the magazine listed Zork I at #13 among the top 150 best games of all-time. The editors wrote, "This seminal Infocom text adventure combined challenging puzzles, wonderful descriptive prose, and a touch of humor to create a rich universe that existed not in SVGA graphics, but within your head."[25] On March 12, 2007, The New York Times reported that it was named to a list of the ten most important video games of all time, the so-called game canon.[26] The Library of Congress took up a video game preservation proposal and began with the games from this list, including Zork.[27][28][29]

Legacy

Zork I was one of five Infocom games that were re-released in Solid Gold format with in-game hints.

Infocom allowed the distribution of the early Fortran version, therefore source code is available. Various Public domain software ports are available in various repositories.[30][31][32][33]

There is also an abridged version, called Mini-Zork I, dated November 24, 1987. Mini-Zork was released free of charge as a promotion.

A German language version was developed, but never released. An unfinished version of this story file, dated January 13, 1988, has made its way into public circulation. The German is evidently non-native, containing many spelling and grammar errors. It is known that Jeff O'Neill worked on this version.

A remastered version of Zork I: The Great Underground Empire (ZORK I(ゾーク ワン) ザー グレート アンダグラウンド エンパイアー, Zōku Wan Zā Gurēto Andaguraundo Enpaiā) was first released by Japanese software development company SystemSoft for the NEC PC-9801 in March 1991. There are differences in this enhanced remake: the game recognizes verb commands typed in kana (Japanese syllable system) or Latin alphabet. For convenience, some of the most common verb commands (Look, Take, etc.) can be accessed by pressing a corresponding button, but the player still has to type the name of an object. This remake also helps the player to interact with the environment by displaying a list of objects after the player has typed a command. Also, unlike the original, the remake contains enhanced graphics, especially in the list of objects on which the text is superimposed. Another remastered version was released by Activision and Shoeisha in Japan for the Sega Saturn and PlayStation in 1996. This version also includes graphics (with the interfaces of Lucasfilm's and Legend's early entries in particular), sound effects, auto-mapping, and music by Yuzo Koshiro. Neither version was ever released outside Japan.

The game is playable in Call of Duty: Black Ops with the code "ZORK". To do this, Mason (the main character) needs to get up from the chair. PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 users need to pull L2 and R2 (LT and RT on Xbox 360) rapidly. Windows players need to press the spacebar rapidly and Wii players must shake the controls (Wiimote + nunchuck control scheme). After Mason gets up from his chair, he must walk to the left and use the old computer, which is behind the chair. To play Zork, type "zork" into the command prompt. An achievement/trophy is also awarded for putting in the code.

Zork is referenced in the 2011 novel Ready Player One. In order to acquire the Jade Key, a "gunter" must successfully complete the game and blow on a Cap'n Crunch whistle to obtain a copy of the key. The opening of Zork is referred to with the clue, "a dwelling long neglected". Zork is not featured in the 2018 film version.

References
  1. Maher, Jimmy (2012-01-18). "Exploring Zork, Part 1". The Digital Antiquarian. Retrieved 21 December 2014.
  2. Maher, Jimmy (2012-01-20). "Exploring Zork, Part 2". The Digital Antiquarian. Retrieved 21 December 2014.
  3. Maher, Jimmy (2012-01-22). "Exploring Zork, Part 3". The Digital Antiquarian. Retrieved 21 December 2014.
  4. "Infocom Scoreboard" (PDF), The New Zork Times, 3 (2): 3, Spring 1984
  5. "Hot Gossip". Computer Games. February 1985. p. 8. Retrieved 15 January 2015.
  6. Haha, Jimmy (2009-02-22). "Zork I Walkthrough" (Text file). Retrieved 2016-08-04.
  7. Maher, Jimmy (2013-10-23). "Masters of the Game". The Digital Antiquarian. Retrieved 9 January 2015.
  8. Maher, Jimmy (2020-02-21). "Myst (or, The Drawbacks to Success)". The Digital Antiquarian. Retrieved 2020-02-21.
  9. Mace, Scott (1984-04-02). "Games with windows". InfoWorld. p. 56. Retrieved 10 February 2015.
  10. "Inside the Industry" (PDF). Computer Gaming World. September–October 1982. p. 2. Retrieved 2016-03-28.
  11. Sipe, Russell (November 1992). "3900 Games Later..." Computer Gaming World. p. 8. Retrieved 4 July 2014.
  12. Maher, Jimmy (2013-03-20). "The Top of its Game". The Digital Antiquarian. Retrieved 21 December 2014.
  13. Solomon, Abby (October 1983). "Games Businesspeople Play". Inc.
  14. Carless, Simon (2008-09-20). "Great Scott: Infocom's All-Time Sales Numbers Revealed". GameSetWatch. Think Services. Archived from the original on 2008-09-21. Retrieved 2008-09-23.
  15. Ditlea, Steve; Onosco, Tim; Kunkel, Bill (February 1985). "Random Access: Best Sellers/Recreation". Video. Vol. 8 no. 11. Reese Communications. p. 35. ISSN 0147-8907.
  16. Onosco, Tim; Kohl, Louise; Kunkel, Bill; Garr, Doug (March 1985). "Random Access: Best Sellers/Recreation". Video. Vol. 8 no. 12. Reese Communications. p. 43. ISSN 0147-8907.
  17. Ciraolo, Michael (October 1985). "Top Software / A List of Favorites". II Computing. p. 51. Retrieved 28 January 2015.
  18. Liddil, Bob (February 1981). "Zork, The Great Underground Empire". BYTE. 6 (2). pp. 262–264. Retrieved 18 October 2013.
  19. Pournelle, Jerry (June 1983). "Zenith Z-100, Epson QX-10, Software Licensing, and the Software Piracy Problem". BYTE. 8 (6). p. 411. Retrieved 20 October 2013.
  20. Mishcon, Jon (June 1981). "Capsule Reviews". The Space Gamer. Steve Jackson Games (40): 36.
  21. Marshall, Debra (August 1981). "Zork". 80 Micro. p. 32. Retrieved 17 February 2015.
  22. Maloy, Deirdre L. (January–February 1982). "Micro - Reviews". Computer Gaming World. 1 (2): 32.
  23. Stanton, Jeffrey; Wells, Robert P.; Rochowansky, Sandra; Mellid, Michael, eds. (1984). The Addison-Wesley Book of Atari Software. Addison-Wesley. pp. 30–31. ISBN 0-201-16454-X.
  24. "Computer Gaming World's Hall of Fame". Computer Gaming World. November 1992. p. 193. Retrieved 5 July 2014.
  25. "150 Best Games of All Time". Computer Gaming World. November 1996. pp. 64–80. Retrieved 25 March 2016.
  26. Chaplin, Heather (2007-03-12). "Is That Just Some Game? No, It's a Cultural Artifact". The New York Times. Retrieved 2013-11-01.
  27. Ransom-Wiley, James (12 March 2007). "10 most important video games of all time, as judged by 2 designers, 2 academics, and 1 lowly blogger". Engadget (Joystiq). Retrieved 11 July 2017.
  28. Owens, Trevor (2012-09-26). "Yes, The Library of Congress Has Video Games: An Interview with David Gibson". blogs.loc.gov. Retrieved 2013-01-18.
  29. Yokal, Kathy (October 1983). "Marc Blank - The Programmer Behind Zork". Compute! Gazette. pp. 64–66. Retrieved 4 December 2013.
  30. The DUNGEON (Zork I) source Archived 2016-07-21 at the Wayback Machine on github.com/devshane/zork
  31. dungeon-3.2A.tar.Z (05-Oct-1994) Archived 2016-06-23 at the Wayback Machine on the Interactive Fiction Archive "Dungeon version 3.2A, 1-Oct-94; contains all the rooms and puzzles of the original MIT Zork. DEC FORTRAN source code by Robert M. Supnik; see dungn32b.zip for a port to DOS."
  32. "itafroma/zork-mdl". June 11, 2020 – via GitHub.
  33. "Zork Source Code Is A Master Class In Game Developer Trolling". Kotaku Australia. August 28, 2017.
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