Đại Nam thực lục

Đại Nam thực lục (Hán tự: 大南寔錄, lit. "Veritable Records of the Great South", "Annals of Đại Nam", "Chronicle of Greater Vietnam") were Veritable Records of Nguyễn dynasty, Vietnam. It contained royal records of Nguyễn lords, and imperial annals of Nguyễn dynasty emperors until 1925 (except the last emperor Bảo Đại). Just like other Veritable Records, Đại Nam thực lục was written in Classical Chinese. The annals comprised 584 volumes.[1]

Đại Nam thực lục
Cover of Đại Nam thực lục tiền biên
AuthorQuốc sử quán of Nguyễn dynasty
Original title大南寔錄
CountryĐại Nam
LanguageClassical Chinese
SubjectHistory of Vietnam
GenreHistoriography
PublisherNguyễn dynasty
Publication date
1844–1909

At first the records were called "Đại Nam thật lục", its Hán tự was "大南實錄". During Thiệu Trị's reign, "實" changed to "寔",[2] and its pronunciation changed to "thực",[3] because "實" was against the naming taboo of Empress Tá Thiên, whom was Thiệu Trị's mother.

Đại Nam thực lục was the most important primary source of Nguyễn dynasty. It was an important reference of Cao Xuân Dục's Quốc triều chính biên toát yếu and Trần Trọng Kim's Việt Nam sử lược.

History of compilation

Gia Long prepared the project after he crowned the emperor. However, many records were scattered and lost during Tây Sơn rebellion.[4] In 1811, he ordered to collect historical records.[5]

The compilation career was carried out during Minh Mạng's reign. Quốc sử quán was established in 1821 to write royal historical records. Nguyễn Văn Nhơn was appointed the chief editor, while Trịnh Hoài Đức served as his deputy. The draft was completed in 1824.[6][7]

In 1830, an envoy was dispatched to Qing China. The envoy also had a secret mission: to obtain manuscripts of Ming Shilu from China. It was supposed that Vietnamese got the manuscript in 1833.[8] Then, Minh Mạng ordered to rewrite the draft following the writing style of Ming Shilu. The new version was completed and handed over to the emperor in 1835. As a sinologist, Minh Mạng was still unsatisfied with its quality; later, he polished it personally.

As a kind of censorship, Vietnamese emperors (including Minh Mạng, Thiệu Trị and Tự Đức) got involved in the compilation directly.[9] This regulation was abolished after Tự Đức's death.[10]

Contents

Generally speaking Đại Nam thực lục contained two parts: Đại Nam thực lục tiền biên (大南寔錄前編, Prequel Records) Đại Nam thực lục chính biên (大南寔錄正編, Principal Records). tiền biên were records of Nguyễn lords, chính biên were records of Nguyễn dynasty emperors. Sometimes Đại Nam liệt truyện tiền biên (大南列傳前編, Prequel biographies) and Đại Nam chính biên liệt truyện (大南正編列傳, Principal biographies) were regarded as parts of Đại Nam thực lục.

Đại Nam thực lục tiền biên

Đại Nam thực lục tiền biên was published in 1844.

Đại Nam thực lục chính biên

Đại Nam liệt truyện tiền biên

Đại Nam liệt truyện tiền biên was published in 1852.

Đại Nam chính biên liệt truyện

Đại Nam chính biên liệt truyện contained two collections. The first collection (sơ tập, 初集) was published in 1889; the second collection (nhị tập, 二集) was published in 1895.

Transmission and modern publication

Đại Nam thực lục was kept secretly in the royal palace. Only few people could read the text. Besides the woodblock printing version, there were several manuscript versions. They were all much of a muchness. During French colonial period, Đại Nam thực lục was republished several times as ordered by colonial government.

In 1933, a Japanese scholar, Matsumoto Nobuhiro (松本 信廣), invited George Cœdès to act as an intermediary, and obtained Đại Nam thực lục (Annals No. 1 to No. 6) and liệt truyện from Nguyễn royal palace successfully. Matsumoto came back to Japan in 1935, he distribed Đại Nam thực lục to Tokyo Imperial University (present day University of Tokyo), Kyoto Imperial University (present day Kyoto University), Tōhō Bunka Gakuin, Tōyō Bunko and Keio University.[11] Keio University published it in 1961.[12]

Annals No. 6 (supplement annals) and No. 7 were completed in 1935, however, they were not published. After WWII, the drafts were achieved in Ngô Đình Nhu's official residence. It was not clear who held the drafts after 1963 South Vietnamese coup. It is supposed that Vietnamese government holds the drafts present day.[13]

Đại Nam thực lục was published in Vietnamese alphabet in 1960s. The complete version was published in Vietnamese alphabet in the early 21st century.

Digitization

Đại Nam thực lục tiền biên (vol. 1–2, vol. 3–6, vol. 7–9, vol. 10–12) and part of Đại Nam chính biên liệt truyện sơ tập (vol. 1–3, vol. 4–7, vol. 8–11, vol. 12–15, vol. 16–20, vol. 21–23, vol. 24–29, vol. 30) were digitized by National Library of Vietnam.

Part of Đại Nam thực lục chính biên Annal No. 4 (vol. 25–29, vol. 66–70) and part of Đại Nam chính biên liệt truyện sơ tập (vol. 32–33) were digitized by Temple University.

Đại Nam liệt truyện tiền biên (vol. 1–2, vol. 3–4, vol. 5–6) was digitized by Bibliothèque nationale de France.

Notes
  1. Anh Tuá̂n Hoàng Silk for Silver: Dutch-Vietnamese Relations, 1637-1700 2007 Page 276 "Đại Nam thực lục [Chronicle of Greater Vietnam], I (Hanoi: Giáo dục, 2002)."
  2. 陳 1982 p.570-571
  3. 陳 1982 p.572
  4. 出版物 慶應義塾大学言語文化研究所
  5. 大澤 1982 p.680。
  6. 松本 1936 p.119-120
  7. 林 2000 p.107-108
  8. 林 2000 pp.106-111
  9. 林 2000 pp.111-115
  10. 林 2001
  11. 松本 1936
  12. 大澤 1982
  13. 陳 1982 pp. 575-582

References
  • 陳荊和. 1982：「『大南寔録』と阮朝硃本について」『稲・舟・祭：松本信広先生追悼論文集』六興出版。
  • 林正子. 2000：「『大南寔録』の成立過程：道光五旬節慶賀使節を中心として」『フォーラム』18。
  • 林正子. 2001：「『大南寔録』の成立過程(2)：フランス支配下における変質を中心として」『人文・自然・人間科学研究』5。
  • 林正子. 2003：「『大南寔録』の成立過程(3)：阮朝の編纂事業を中心に」『人文・自然・人間科学研究』9。
  • 林正子. 2008a： 「『大南寔録』の成立過程(4)：『正編第四紀』の黒旗軍記事にみる編纂意図」『跡見学園女子大学文学部紀要』41。
  • 林正子. 2008b：「『大南寔録』の成立過程(5)：謝貴安『中国実録体史学研究』をめぐって」『跡見学園女子大学文学部紀要』42(1)。
  • 林正子. 2010：「『大南寔録』の成立過程(6-A)：嘉定と仏山」『跡見学園女子大学文学部紀要』44。
  • 岩井大慧. 1935：「永田安吉氏蒐集安南本目録」『史学』14(2)、1935。
  • 松本信広. 1936：「安南史研究上の二資料：Bibliographie annamiteと大南寔録」『史学』15-1。
  • Ngô Đức Thọ. 1997: Nghiên cứu chữ huy Việt Nam qua các triều đại / Les Caractères Interdits au Vietnam à Travers l’Histoire. traduit et annoté par Emmanuel Poisson, Hà Nội: Nxb Văn hoá.
  • Nguyễn Q. Thắng & Nguyễn Bá Thế. 1992: Từ điển Nhân vật Lịch sử Việt Nam. In lần thứ hai có sửa chữa và bổ sung, Sài Gòn: Nxb KHXH.
  • 大澤一雄. 1982：「『大南寔録』と松本信廣先生」『稲・舟・祭：松本信広先生追悼論文集』六興出版。
  • 竹田龍児. 1961：「影印縮刷版「大南寔録」の刊行」『三田評論』597、1961。
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