1730s

• January 29 – Anna Ivanovna (Anna of Russia) becomes empress, following the death of her cousin, Emperor Peter II.
• February 26 – (February 15 O.S.) Anna Ivanova becomes the new Empress of Russia upon the death of Emperor Peter II.
• February 28 – Vitus Bering returns to the Russian capital of Saint Petersburg after completing the First Kamchatka expedition.
• March 5 – The conclave to elect a new Pope begin with 30 Roman Catholic Cardinals, 12 days after the death of Pope Benedict XIII. By the time his successor is elected on July 12, there are 56 Cardinals.
• March 9 – General Nader Khan of Persia opens the first campaign of the Ottoman–Persian War, guiding the Persian Army from Shiraz and starting the Western Persia Campaign to fight the Ottoman Empire.
• March 12 – John Glas is deposed from the Church of Scotland; the Glasite sect forms around him.[1]
• March 16 – The establishment by Thomas Cresap of Wright's Ferry under the authority of the Province of Pennsylvania [2] becomes the basis for Cresap's War – a nine-year-long conflict also known as the Maryland-Pennsylvania boundary dispute – the conflict mainly centers in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania and York County, Pennsylvania on either banks of the Susquehanna River.

• April 8 – Shearith Israel, the first synagogue in New York City, is dedicated.
• May 9 – (April 28 O.S.) The coronation of Anna of Russia as Empress of Russia takes place in Saint Petersburg.
• May 15 – Charles Townshend, 2nd Viscount Townshend, retires from his role in the government of Great Britain, leaving Robert Walpole as sole and undisputed leader of the Cabinet (i.e., prime minister). In the new Walpole ministry, Sir William Strickland, 4th Baronet, becomes Secretary at War, and Henry Pelham is Paymaster of the Forces. Spencer Compton, 1st Earl of Wilmington briefly becomes Lord Privy Seal.
• June 1 – Enslaved woman Sally Bassett is put on trial in Bermuda; she would eventually be convicted and burned at the stake.
• June 19 – At the urging of Sir William Gooch, the Virginia House of Burgesses passes the Virginia Tobacco Inspection Act to regulate the quality of Virginian tobacco passes, 46 to 5.[3][4]
• June 27 – French explorer Alphonse de Pontevez, commanding the frigate Le Lys, claims an Indian Ocean atoll for France and names it after himself as the Alphonse Atoll. The next day, he claims and names the St. François Atoll.

• July 8 – An earthquake with an estimated magnitue of 9.1 strikes Valparaiso, now part of Chile but at the time located in the Viceroyalty of Peru.
• July 12 – The papal conclave selects Cardinal Lorenzo Corsini over Cardinal Pietro Marcellino Corradini as the successor to Pope Benedict XIII. Corsini becomes Pope Clement XII as the 246th pope.
• August 4 – Maria Madlener becomes the last person to be executed after the Galgeninsel witch trials in Bavaria, and is beheaded by sword.
• August 5 – Prince Frederick of Prussia, the eldest son of King Frederick William and a high-ranking officer, attempts to flee to England after deserting the Prussian Army and is captured along with his fellow officer Hans Hermann von Katte. Katte is executed, and Crown Prince Frederick is imprisoned at Küstrin (now Kostrzyn nad Odrą in Poland) for a year before being forgiven by his father. Prince Frederick later succeeds his father as King and is now remembered as Frederick the Great.[5]
• August 12 – General Nader Khan of Persia captures Tabriz from the Ottoman Empire, bringing an end to the Western Persia Campaign, the first major action in the Ottoman–Persian War. Tabriz has been part of Iran ever since. Nader leaves Tabriz four days later to begin the Herat Campaign.
• August 25 – French Protestant Marie Durand is imprisoned in the Tower of Constance at Aigues-Mortes for her defiance of the Roman Catholic government, and keeps her captive for the next 38 years. During her incarceration, she continues to resist converting to Catholicism as a condition of release. She is finally set free on April 14, 1768 and lives 8 more years.
• September 1 – A volcano erupts on Lanzarote, the easternmost of the Canary Islands and threatens the Spanish inhabitants. On Gran Canaria, the regent of the islands reports to Madrid that the flames are visible even from 130 miles (210 km) away.[6]
• September 17 – Mahmud I (1730–1754) succeeds Ahmed III (1703–1730), as Ottoman Emperor.

• October 22 – Construction of the Ladoga Canal, linking the Neva and Svir Rivers, one of the first major navigable canals constructed in Russia, is completed.

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