1911 in science
The year 1911 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.
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Astronomy
- June 28 – The Nakhla meteorite (from Mars) lands in the area of Alexandria, Egypt, purportedly killing a dog.[1]
Conservation
- May 19 – Parks Canada, the world's first national park service, is established as the Dominion Parks Branch under the Department of the Interior.
- July 7 – The United States, Russia, the United Kingdom and Japan, meeting in Washington, D.C., sign the North Pacific Fur Seal Convention of 1911, prohibiting open-water seal hunting of the endangered fur seal in the North Pacific Ocean,[2] the first international treaty to address wildlife conservation issues. In the next six years, the seal population increases by 30%.[3]
Geology
- January 3 – 1911 Kebin earthquake: An earthquake of 7.7 moment magnitude strikes near Almaty in Russian Turkestan.[4]
Exploration
- July 24 - Would-be American archeologist Hiram Bingham "found" the Incan city of Machu Picchu and introduced it to the world.
- December 14 – Norwegian explorer Roald Amundsen and a team of four become the first people to reach the South Pole.
Mathematics
- Robert Remak's doctoral dissertation Über die Zerlegung der endlichen Gruppen in indirekte unzerlegbare Faktoren establishes that any two decompositions of a finite group into a direct product are related by a central automorphism.
- Traian Lalescu publishes Introduction to the Theory of Integral Equations, the first ever monograph on the subject of integral equations.
Medicine
- Eugen Bleuler expands on his definition of schizophrenia as a condition distinct from Dementia praecox, in Dementia Praecox oder Gruppe der Schizophrenien.[5][6][7]
Physics
- April 8 – Heike Kamerlingh Onnes discovers the phenomenon of superconductivity.[8]
- June 24–30 – Domenico Pacini runs a series of measurements of underwater ionization in the Gulf of Genoa, demonstrating that the radiation later recognised as cosmic rays cannot be originated by the Earth's crust.
- October – The first Solvay Congress of physicists convenes.
- Ernest Rutherford explains the Geiger–Marsden experiment and derives the Rutherford cross section by deducing the existence of a compact atomic nucleus from scattering experiments. He proposes the Rutherford model of the atom and demonstrates that J. J. Thomson's plum pudding model is incorrect.
- Charles Wilson finishes a sophisticated cloud chamber.
Psychology
- The Ponzo illusion, a geometrical-optical illusion, is first demonstrated by Italian psychologist Mario Ponzo.[9]
Technology
- January 18 – Eugene Ely lands on the deck of the USS Pennsylvania anchored in San Francisco Bay, the first aircraft landing on a ship.
- June 5 – Charles F. Kettering files a United States patent for an electric starter motor.[10]
- November 4 – MS Selandia, the first large ocean-going diesel ship, is launched in Denmark; Ivar Knudsen is the diesel engineer. The 1909-launched Dutch diesel tanker Vulcanus also enters service this year.
- John Joseph Rawlings files a United Kingdom patent for a wall plug.[11]
- The Lewis automatic light machine gun is invented by United States Army Colonel Isaac Newton Lewis, based on initial work by Samuel Maclean.[12]
Other events
- March–May – A serialized version of Frederick Winslow Taylor's monograph, The Principles of Scientific Management appears in The American Magazine, boosting the efficiency movement.
Births
- January 26 – Polykarp Kusch (died 1993), German-born winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics.
- February 14 – Willem Johan Kolff (died 2009), Dutch inventor of hemodialysis.
- March 26 – Bernard Katz (died 2003), German-born winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
- April 3 – Michael Woodruff (died 2001), English pioneer of organ transplant surgery.
- April 6 – Feodor Felix Konrad Lynen (died 1979), German winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
- April 8 – Melvin Calvin (died 1997), American winner of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
- April 16 – William T. Stearn (died 2001), English botanist.
- April 18 – Maurice Goldhaber (died 2011), Austrian-born physicist.
- May 22 – Anatol Rapoport (died 2007), Russian-born mathematical psychologist.
- June 13 – Luis Alvarez (died 1988), American winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics.
- June 25 – William Howard Stein (died 1980), American winner of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
- July 3 – Herbert E. Grier (died 1999), American electrical engineer.
- July 4 – Frederick Seitz (died 2008), American solid-state physicist.
- July 5 – Emil L. Smith (died 2009), American biochemist who studies protein structure and function as well as biochemical evolution.
- July 9 – John A. Wheeler (died 2008), American theoretical physicist.
- August 9 – William A. Fowler (died 1995), American winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics.
- August 29 – John Charnley (died 1982), English orthopaedic surgeon.
- September 29 – R. V. Jones (died 1997), English physicist, expert in electronic military defence.
- October 5 – Pierre Dansereau (died 2011), French Canadian ecologist.
- November 27 – Fe del Mundo (died 2011), Filipino pediatrician and National Scientist of the Philippines.
- December 23 – Niels Kaj Jerne (died 1994), English-born Danish winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
Deaths
- January 17 – Sir Francis Galton (born 1822), English explorer and biologist.
- February 15 – Theodor Escherich (born 1857), German-born pediatric bacteriologist.
- March 1 – Jacobus van 't Hoff (born 1852), Dutch chemist.
- May 21 – Williamina Fleming (born 1857), American astronomer.
- May 24 – Ernst Remak (born 1849), German neurologist.
- June 26 - Signe Häggman (born 1863), Finnish pioneer of physical education of the disabled.
- December 2 – George Davidson (born 1825), English-born geodesist, astronomer, geographer, surveyor and engineer in the United States.
- December 10 – Joseph Dalton Hooker (born 1817), English botanist.
- December 13 (O.S. November 30) – Nikolay Beketov (born 1827), Russian chemist.
References
- "The Nakhla Meteorite". Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Retrieved 2011-10-21.
- "Seal Treaty Signed". The New York Times. 1911-07-08.
- Oda, Shigeru (1989). International Control of Sea Resources. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 76.
- "Thousands Dead Or Hurt In Earthquake". Pittsburgh Press. 5 January 1911. p. 1.
- Stotz-Ingenlath, Gabriele (2000). "Epistemological aspects of Eugen Bleuler's conception of schizophrenia in 1911" (PDF). Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy. 3 (2): 153–9. doi:10.1023/A:1009919309015. PMID 11079343. Retrieved 2011-11-01.
- "Eugen Bleuler". Whonamedit?. Retrieved 2011-11-01.
- Zilboorg, Gregory (1941). A History of Medical Psychology. New York: Norton.
- He presents his findings on April 28. van Delft, Dirk; Kes, Peter (September 2010). "The discovery of superconductivity". Physics Today. 63 (9): 38–43. Bibcode:2010PhT....63i..38V. doi:10.1063/1.3490499. Archived from the original on 2013-06-16. Retrieved 2013-04-08.
- Ponzo, M. (1911). "Intorno ad alcune illusioni nel campo delle sensazioni tattili sull'illusione di Aristotele e fenomeni analoghi". Archives Italiennes de Biologie.
- No. 1,150,523.
- "Rawlplug History". Rawlplug. 2007. Archived from the original on 2012-05-29. Retrieved 2011-11-28.
- Skennerton, Ian (2001). Small Arms Identification Series No. 14: .303 Lewis Machine Gun. Gold Coast, QLD (Australia): Arms & Militaria Press. p. 5. ISBN 0-949749-42-7.
- "BBC - History - Marie Curie". www.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 20 January 2020.
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