1980 Bolivian general election

The 1978 elections were the first since 1966, with several military coups taking place during the late 1960s and early 1970s.[1] Although Juan Pereda of the Nationalist Union of the People won the presidential elections, more votes were cast than there were registered voters.[3] After examining a number of allegations of fraud and other irregularities, the Electoral Court decided to annul the results on 20 July.[4] The following day, Pereda was installed as president following a military coup. Pereda himself was overthrown by yet another military coup in November, which saw General David Padilla assume the presidency,[5] promising to hold fresh elections in July the following year.[6]

In the subsequent elections in July 1979, no candidate for president received over 50% of the vote. When Congress was required to elect a president, it failed to come to a majority agreement after three ballots. Instead, Senate leader Wálter Guevara was elected to serve as interim president for a year on 8 August.[7] However, Guevara was later overthrown by another military coup led by Alberto Natusch on 31 October and 1 November.[8]

Natusch himself would only last sixteen days in office, after which he was forced to resign. To save face, Natusch extracted from Congress an agreement that Guevara would not resume the interim presidency. As such, Congress instead elected Lidia Gueiler Tejada, then leader of the Chamber of Deputies, as interim president. Gueiler called new elections to be held on 29 June 1980, the third consecutive presidential election in a row.

13 candidates presented themselves for the 1980 elections including a total of 5 former presidents. Hernán Siles Zuazo, narrow popular vote winner of the 1979 election, returned with his Democratic and Popular Union (UDP) coalition while the Revolutionary Nationalist Movement-Alliance (MNR-A) once again presented MNR leader Víctor Paz Estenssoro as their candidate with Ñuflo Chávez Ortiz, former vice president to Siles Zuazo, as Paz Estenssoro's running mate.

Paz Estenssoro was faced with the repercussions of Alberto Natusch's 1 November coup. This was due to the fact that certain congressional members of the MNR, most notably Guillermo Bedregal and José Fellman, had participated in the coup that brought Alberto Natusch to power. Paz Estenssoro had also been himself accused of participating in the planning of the coup, though this could not be proven.[9] The scandal resulted in a fracturing of the MNR-A. Wálter Guevara, whose interim presidency had been cut short by the coup, withdrew the support of his Authentic Revolutionary Party (PRA) as did the Christian Democratic Party (PDC). Further, left-wing members of the MNR split from the party and formed the Alliance of Nationalist Left Forces of the MNR (AFIN-MNR) followed shortly thereafter by right-wing members of the MNR who formed the United Revolutionary Nationalist Movement (MNRU).[10]

The PRA and AFIN-MNR ran their own campaigns with the PRA presenting Wálter Guevara and Flavio Machicado Saravia and AFIN-MNR presenting Roberto Jordán Pando and Edmundo Roca. The MNRU joined in alliance with another MNR splinter group, the left-wing Movement of the National Left (MIN), and presented as their candidate Guillermo Bedregal with his running mate Miguel Trigo.[11]

In Spring 1980, the PDC joined the Alliance of the National Left (ADIN), Socialist Party-Guillermo Aponte (PS-Aponte), Revolutionary Workers Party Trotskyist-Posadist (POR-TP), and Offensive of the Democratic Left (OID), in forming the Democratic Revolutionary Front–New Alternative (FDR-NA). The coalition presented Luis Adolfo Siles Salinas, former president and half-brother of Hernán Siles Zuazo, as their candidate with Benjamin Miguel Harb as his running mate.[12]

Continued support for Hugo Banzer by a sizeable sector of the Bolivian population cemented him and his party, the Nationalist Democratic Action (ADN), as a major faction in Bolivian politics. The 1980 campaign also saw the rise of Marcelo Quiroga Santa Cruz of the Socialist Party-1 (PS-1). Previously a minor candidate in 1978 and 1979, Quiroga gained notability as a deputy in the 1979 legislature for placing Banzer on trial for the crimes committed during Banzer's seven years of dictatorship, displaying extraordinary oratorical skills, as well as a lucid analytical and critical capacity.

Hanging over the campaign were signs that certain sectors of the military were not prepared to allow a democratic transition. It was feared that, depending on who won, the military would not accept the results. Ominously, the ultra-right wing of the Bolivian military began to indicate that it would not stand for the installation of the "extremist" Siles Zuazo and Paz Zamora. On 2 June 1980, just 27 days before the scheduled election date, a plane carrying six UDP politicians including Hernán Siles Zuazo's running mate, Jaime Paz Zamora, crashed over the Altiplano. Two crew men and five UDP politicians died with the only survivor being Paz Zamora who suffered permanent burn scarring on his face.[13] The plane had belonged to a company owned by Colonel Luis Arce in what was undoubtedly an assassination attempt.

The results once again favored Hernán Siles Zuazo and the UDP. However, contrary to the 0.1% difference between Siles Zuazo and Paz Estenssoro in the 1979 election, this time the former won by 18.5 points. This was likely on account of the splintering of the MNR and the sullied image of Paz Estenssoro following the Natusch coup. Despite the UDP victory on the presidential level, the new composition of the National Congress did not indicate a clear majority for any party. The only two absolute majorities in departments corresponded to the UDP in La Paz, and the MNR in Pando.

The results foreshadowed a trend in subsequent elections in which left parties generally received a higher vote share in the western departments while more conservative parties were victorious in the eastern departments. Both the UDP and the PS-1 achieved their best performances in the west while the Bolivian Socialist Falange (FSB) and ADN were more successful in the east.

Party		Presidential candidate	Votes	%	Seats
					Chamber	+/–	Senate	+/–
	Democratic and Popular Union	Hernán Siles Zuazo	507,173	38.7	47	+9	10	+2
	Revolutionary Nationalist Movement-Alliance	Víctor Paz Estenssoro	263,706	20.2	34	–14	10	–6
	Nationalist Democratic Action	Hugo Banzer	220,309	16.8	24	+5	6	+3
	Socialist Party-1	Marcelo Quiroga Santa Cruz	113,959	8.7	10	+5	1	+1
	Democratic Revolutionary Front-New Alternative[lower-alpha 3]	Luis Adolfo Siles Salinas	39,401	3.0	5	New	0	New
	Authentic Revolutionary Party	Wálter Guevara	36,443	2.8	3	+3	0	0
	MNRU–MIN	Guillermo Bedregal	24,542	1.9	2	New	0	New
	Bolivian Socialist Falange	Carlos Valverde	21,372	1.6	3	+3	0	0
	Alliance of Nationalist Left Forces of the MNR	Roberto Jordán Pando	17,150	1.3	0	New	0	New
	Indian Movement Túpac Katari-1	Constantino Lima	17,023	1.3	1	New	0	New
	Bolivian Union Party	Walter Gonzáles Valda	16,380	1.3	0	–1	0	0
	Indian Movement Túpac Katari	Luciano Tapia Quisbert	15,852	1.2	1	+1	0	0
	Revolutionary Party of the Nationalist Left	Juan Lechín Oquendo	15,724	1.2	0	0	0	0
Invalid/blank votes			180,450	–	–	–	–	–
Total			1,489,484	100	130	+13	27	0
Registered votes/turnout			2,004,284	74.3	–	–	–	–
Sources: Órgano Electoral Plurinacional, Nohlen

• Gisbert, Carlos D. Mesa (2003). Presidentes de Bolivia: entre urnas y fusiles : el poder ejecutivo, los ministros de estado (in Spanish). Editorial Gisbert.