List of presidents of Bolivia

This President of the Plurinational State of Bolivia is the head of state and head of government of Bolivia, elected by popular vote to a 5-year (historically 4-year) term.[1]

Since the office was established in 1825, 65 men and 2 women have served as president. Who the first president was is disputed among scholars.[2] While Simón Bolívar was proclaimed "liberator" on 11 August 1825, and the country named after him, he was never sworn-in having renounced the title in favor of Antonio José de Sucre. Sucre, on the other hand, was the interim holder of the office when Bolívar was chosen on 11 August and was president of the nation when its first Constitution was promulgated in 1826. The 65th president, Evo Morales, was the last president of the Republic of Bolivia and the first President of the Plurinational State of Bolivia. The third and current President of the Plurinational State is Luis Arce (since 8 November 2020). There are currently eight living former presidents. The most recent former president to die was Luis García Meza on 29 April 2018.

Pedro Blanco Soto held the shortest presidency being assassinated on 1 January 1829, just six days after assuming office on 26 December 1828, and fourteen days after being elected on 18 December. Evo Morales served the longest, over thirteen years, before resigning after the disputed 2019 general election. Morales is one of only five presidents to be successfully reelected and one of just two to be reelected consecutively. Ismael Montes, Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada, Hernán Siles Zuazo, and Víctor Paz Estenssoro all achieved reelection for nonconsecutive terms while Paz Estenssoro had two consecutive terms. Víctor Paz Estenssoro and José Miguel de Velasco have the highest number of cumulative terms with four each, though Velasco was interim president for two of those and never completed a full term, while Morales has the highest number of consecutive terms with three.

Two presidents died in office (Germán Busch and René Barrientos), both are theorized to have been assassinted. Three presidents were confirmed to have been assassinated in office (Pedro Blanco Soto, Agustín Morales, and Gualberto Villaroel). Eighteen presidents resigned from office either willingly or under military pressure. Twenty-eight presidents were successfully ousted from office. Military triumvirates and juntas have held the presidency with no direct president on seven occasions in 1861, 1899, 1920-1921, 1970, 1978, 1981, and 1982 while multiple individuals ruled as singular presidents of a junta. For one month in 1928, Hernando Siles Reyes' cabinet ruled the country. René Barrientos and Alfredo Ovando Candía were the only co-presidents in Bolivian history while Simón Bolívar, Antonio José de Sucre and Andrés de Santa Cruz were the only presidents who were also heads of state of other countries. There have been six periods of time in 1839, 1841, 1848, 1879–1880, and most recently in 2019 in which there has been no head of state.

José Luis Tejada Sorzano was the first vice president to assume the presidency after the deposition of Daniel Salamanca Urey, though others, particularly presidents of either chambers of Congress, had done so in the past. Twelve presidents have held the presidency on an interim basis. Both women who have held the presidency (Jeanine Añez, and Lidia Gueiler Tejada) were interim presidents.

Antonio José de Sucre, at 30-years-old, was the youngest president while Victor Paz Estenssoro at the start of his fourth term in 1985 was the oldest president at age 78.[3] Lidia Gueiler Tejada was the first female president and Evo Morales was the first indigenous president.[lower-alpha 1]

Background

The origins of Bolivia are traceable to the Chuquisaca Revolution of 1809 in Upper Peru,[10] followed by the La Paz revolution within the same year, which was part of the Latin American wars of independence against Spanish colonial governments. Despite other struggles for independence, the insurgents immediately formed a constitutional government who rejected any oath or compromise with Spain. The rebel government also integrated all parts of population, including mestizos and indigenous. However, by the early 1810, the rebels were defeated, with their leaders executed or hunted down, leaving the neighboring countries of Peru and Argentina to fight for the controls of the Upper Peru areas.[11]

Presidents

Republic of Bolívar & Bolivia (1825–1836)

In early 1825, General Antonio José de Sucre led his army to Upper Peru after his triumph in the Battle of Ayacucho on 9 December 1824, which ended the Spanish rule over Peru, entering La Paz on 9 February 1825. After his arrival, he issued a decree considered the milestone of Bolivian independence, calling a "General Assembly of Deputies of Upper Peru" in the town of Oruro (then moved to Chuquisaca, present-day Sucre) to clarify the political status of the province.[12]

On 28 July 1825, representatives voted for three alternatives: unification with Lower Peru, annexation to the United Provinces of Rio de la Plata, or full independence and establishment of a republican state.[13] The large majority of deputies opted for independence, and the president of the Assembly José Mariano Serrano, together with a commission of three others, wrote the " Act of Independence ", which declared Upper Peru a country on 6 August 1825. The General Simón Bolívar was deeply popular in the region, and was immediately elected by the General Assembly as president. To honor who was considered one of the great libertadores, the delegates chose to name Upper Peru as "Republic of Bolívar", changing it into Bolivia on 3 October 1825, echoing the delegate Manuel Martín Cruz who stated "If to Romulus, Rome; to Bolívar, Bolivia" (Si de Rómulo, Roma; de Bolívar, Bolivia).[14]

Presidency[lower-alpha 2]				Designation	Government[lower-alpha 3]	Vice President
1[lower-alpha 4]	6 August 1825 – 11 August 1825 End of mandate	José Mariano Serrano	Independent	Assumed command upon declaration of independence of the Republic of Bolívar (President of the Constituent Assembly)	Interim[17][18]	Office blank to 19 Nov. 1826
	11 August 1825 – 12 August 1825 End of mandate	Antonio José de Sucre	Independent	Assumed command while waiting for Simón Bolívar (General of the United Liberation Army)	Interim
	6 August 1825 – 12 August 1825 Assumed office – 29 December 1825 Renounced position	Simón Bolívar	Independent	Proclaimed by the Constituent Assembly (President of Gran Colombia, President of Peru)	Legal
2	29 December 1825 – 18 April 1828 Resigned from office – 2 August 1828 Official resignation	Antonio José de Sucre	Independent	Appointed by Simón Bolívar[19]	Legal[20] (29 December 1825)
				Elected by the Constituent Assembly	Legal provisional[21] (26 May 1826)
				Elected by the Constituent Assembly	Constitutional for life (9 December 1826)	Vacant after 19 Nov. 1826
3	18 April 1828 – 2 August 1828 End of mandate	José María Pérez de Urdininea	Independent	Appointed by Antonio José de Sucre (President of the Council of Ministers)	Interim[lower-alpha 5]	Vacant throughout presidency
From 2 to 12 August 1828, the presidency was fulfilled by President of the Council of Ministers José Miguel de Velasco.
4	12 August 1828 – 18 December 1828 End of mandate	José Miguel de Velasco	Independent	Succeeded to office according to Constitutional laws (Vice President of Andrés de Santa Cruz)[lower-alpha 6]	Interim[25]	Same
From 18 to 26 December 1828, the presidency was fulfilled by Vice President José Ramón de Loayza.[26]
5	18 December 1828 – 26 December 1828 Assumed office – 1 January 1829 Assassinated in office	Pedro Blanco Soto	Independent	Elected by the Constituent Assembly	Provisional	José Ramón de Loayza
From 1 to 31 January 1829, the presidency was fulfilled by José Miguel de Velasco.
6	31 January 1829 – 24 May 1829 End of mandate	José Miguel de Velasco	Independent	Elected by the Constituent Assembly (Vice President of Andrés de Santa Cruz)	Acting[27]	Same
	31 January 1829 – 24 May 1829 Assumed office – 28 October 1836 Legal change	Andrés de Santa Cruz	Independent	Elected by the Constituent Assembly	Provisional (31 January 1829)	José Miguel de Velasco]
		Andrés de Santa Cruz	Independent	Reelected by the Constituent Congress	Constitutional[28] (14 August 1831)	Mariano Enrique Calvo

Bolivian State (1836–1839)

The Bolivian State was one of the three states that made up the Peru-Bolivian Confederation. On 28 October 1836, Andrés de Santa Cruz was elected Supreme Protector of the Peru-Bolivian Confederation by the Tapacarí, Huaura and Sicuani Congresses while simultaneously being the President of the Bolivian State. While Santa Cruz was the only official President of the Bolivian State, his vice president, Mariano Enrique Calvo, would be acting president in replacement of Santa Cruz when he was in Peruvian territory. As president, Santa Cruz was more concerned with military than administrative matters, as the country found itself in the War of the Confederation against Chile, and the war against the Argentine Confederation.

Presidency		President		Party		Designation	Government	Vice President
1	28 October 1836 – 20 February 1839 Resigned from office and fled to Ecuador		Andrés de Santa Cruz		Independent	Elected by the Congress of Tapacarí (Supreme Protector of the Peru-Bolivian Confederation)	Constitutional[29]	Mariano Enrique Calvo
	1836 – 20 February 1839 Resigned from office		Mariano Enrique Calvo		Independent	Appointed by Andrés de Santa Cruz (Vice President of Andrés de Santa Cruz)	Acting[lower-alpha 7]	Same

Republic of Bolivia (1839–2009)

Taking advantage of the internal anarchy caused by the dissolution of the Peru-Bolivian Confederation, on 22 February 1839, Jose Miguel de Velasco overthrew Marshal Andrés de Santa Cruz, thus assuming the presidency of the Bolivian State, which he ended with his secessionist pronouncement. Velasco promulgated the Political Constitution of 1839, repealing the Political Constitution of 1834, and giving rise to a new Republic of Bolivia.[30] The Republic of Bolivia was maintained for 170 years through multiple periods of military dictatorship and democracy and over a dozen constitutions.

Presidency[lower-alpha 2]				Designation	Government[lower-alpha 3]	Vice President
No government from 20 to 22 February 1839. José Ballivián proclaims himself president, but is unsuccessful.
–	22 February 1839 – 10 June 1841 Deposed by a coup d'état	José Miguel de Velasco	Military	Installed by a coup d'état	De facto (22 February 1839)	Vacant to 26 Oct. 1839
				Elected by the Constituent Congress	Provisional[32] (16 June 1839)	Vacant to 26 Oct. 1839
				Elected by indirect vote	Constitutional[33] (15 August 1840)	Office blank 26 Oct. 1839[34] - 15 Feb. 1878[35]
7	10 June 1841 – 9 July 1841 Resigned from office	Sebastián Ágreda	Military	Installed by a coup d'état	De facto[36]
8	9 July 1841 – 22 September 1841 Deposed by a coup d'état	Mariano Enrique Calvo	Independent	Appointed by Sebastián Ágreda	De facto
No government from 22 to 27 September 1841.
9	27 September 1841 – 23 December 1847 Resigned from office and fled to Chile	José Ballivián	Military	Installed by a coup d'état	De facto (27 September 1841)
				Elected by the National Convention	Provisional[37] (23 April 1843)
				General Election of 1844	Constitutional[38] (15 August 1844)
10	23 December 1847 – 2 January 1848 Deposed by a coup d'état	Eusebio Guilarte	Independent	Succeeded to office according to Constitutional laws (President of the Council of State)	Constitutional
No government from 2 to 18 January 1848.
–	18 January 1848 – 6 December 1848 Deposed by a coup d'état	José Miguel de Velasco	Military	Installed by a coup d'état	De facto[39]
11	6 December 1848 – 15 August 1855 Resigned from office	Manuel Isidoro Belzu	Military	Installed by a coup d'état	De facto (6 December 1848)
				Elected by the Constituent Congress	De facto Provisional[40] (6 August 1850)
				General Election of 1850	Constitutional[41] (15 August 1850)
				Declared dictator[lower-alpha 8]	De facto[43] (16 October 1850)
				Elected by the National Convention	Constitutional[44] (16 July 1851)
12	15 August 1855 – 9 September 1857 Declared deposed by Linaristas[lower-alpha 9] – 27 September 1857 Defeated by insurgents and fled	Jorge Córdova	Independent	General Election of 1855	Constitutional
13	9 September 1857 – 14 January 1861 Deposed by a coup d'état	José María Linares	Independent	Installed by a coup d'état	De facto
From 14 January to 4 May 1861, the presidency was fulfilled by a military triumvirate headed by José María de Achá, Ruperto Fernández, and Manuel Antonio Sánchez.
14	4 May 1861 – 28 December 1864 Deposed by a coup d'état	José María de Achá	Military	Elected by National Constituent Assembly	Provisional[45] (14 January 1861)
14	4 May 1861 – 28 December 1864 Deposed by a coup d'état	José María de Achá	Military	General Election of 1862	Constitutional[46]
15	28 December 1864 – 15 January 1871 Deposed by a coup d'état	Mariano Melgarejo	Military	Installed by a coup d'état	De facto (28 December 1864)
				General Election of 1868	Provisional[47] (15 August 1868)
				Declared dictator	De facto[48] (3 February 1869)
				Constitutional freedoms restored	Provisional[49] (31 May 1869)
				General Election of 1870	Constitutional[50] (15 August 1870)
16	15 January 1871 – 27 November 1872 Assassinated in office	Agustín Morales	Military	Installed by a coup d'état	De facto (15 January 1871)
				Elected by National Constituent Assembly	Provisional[51] (18 June 1871)
				General Election of 1872	Constitutional[52] (25 August 1872)
17	28 November 1872 – 9 May 1873 End of term	Tomás Frías Ametller	Independent	Succeeded to office according to Constitutional laws (President of the Council of State)	Constitutional
18	9 May 1873 – 31 January 1874 Resigned from office[lower-alpha 10]	Adolfo Ballivián	Red	General Election of 1873	Constitutional
From 31 January to 14 February 1874, the presidency was fulfilled by Tomás Frías Ametller.
–	14 February 1874 – 4 May 1876 Deposed by a coup d'état	Tomás Frías Ametller	Independent	Succeeded to office according to Constitutional laws (President of the Council of State)	Constitutional
19	4 May 1876 – 17 April 1879 Ceded command – 28 December 1879 Declared deposed in his absence	Hilarión Daza	Military	Installed by a coup d'état	De facto (4 May 1876)
				Elected by National Constituent Assembly	Provisional[55] (15 November 1877)
				Elected by National Constituent Assembly	Constitutional[56] (15 February 1878)	Vacant after 15 Feb. 1878
From 17 April to 10 September 1879, the presidency was fulfilled by President of the Council of Ministers Pedro José Domingo de Guerra.[lower-alpha 11]
From 10 September to 28 December 1879, the presidency was fulfilled by the Council of Ministers.
No government from 28 December 1879 to 19 January 1880.
20	19 January 1880 – 4 September 1884 End of term	Narciso Campero	Independent[lower-alpha 12]	Proclaimed by a junta of Notables in La Paz[58]	Civil provisional (19 January 1880)	Vacant to 31 May 1880
				Elected by the National Convention	Constitutional[59] (31 May 1880)	Aniceto Arce[lower-alpha 13] (1st)
				Elected by the National Convention	Constitutional[59] (31 May 1880)	Belisario Salinas (2nd)
21	4 September 1884 – 15 August 1888 End of term	Gregorio Pacheco	Democratic[60]	General Election of 1884	Constitutional	Mariano Baptista (1st)
21	4 September 1884 – 15 August 1888 End of term	Gregorio Pacheco	Conservative[lower-alpha 14]	General Election of 1884	Constitutional	Jorge Oblitas (2nd)
22	15 August 1888 – 11 August 1892 End of term	Aniceto Arce	Conservative	General Election of 1888	Constitutional	José Manuel del Carpio (1st)
22	15 August 1888 – 11 August 1892 End of term	Aniceto Arce	Conservative	General Election of 1888	Constitutional	Serapio Reyes Ortiz (2nd)
23	11 August 1892 – 19 August 1896 End of term	Mariano Baptista	Conservative	General Election of 1892	Constitutional[62]	Severo Fernández (1st)
23	11 August 1892 – 19 August 1896 End of term	Mariano Baptista	Conservative	General Election of 1892	Constitutional[62]	Vacant throughout presidency[lower-alpha 15] (2nd)
24	19 August 1896 – 12 April 1899 Deposed by a coup d'état	Severo Fernández	Conservative	General Election of 1896	Constitutional[64]	Rafael Peña de Flores (1st)
24	19 August 1896 – 12 April 1899 Deposed by a coup d'état	Severo Fernández	Conservative	General Election of 1896	Constitutional[64]	Jenaro Sanjinés (2nd)
From 12 April to 25 October 1899, the presidency was fulfilled by a civil-military triumvirate headed by José Manuel Pando, Serapio Reyes Ortiz, and Macario Pinilla Vargas.
25	25 October 1899 – 14 August 1904 End of term	José Manuel Pando	Liberal	Elected by the National Convention	Constitutional[65]	Lucio Pérez Velasco (1st)
25	25 October 1899 – 14 August 1904 End of term	José Manuel Pando	Liberal	Elected by the National Convention	Constitutional[65]	Aníbal Capriles Cabrera (2nd)
26	14 August 1904 – 12 August 1909 End of term[lower-alpha 16]	Ismael Montes	Liberal	General Election of 1904	Constitutional[67]	Eliodoro Villazón (1st)
26	14 August 1904 – 12 August 1909 End of term[lower-alpha 16]	Ismael Montes	Liberal	General Election of 1904	Constitutional[67]	Valentín Abecia Ayllón (2nd)
27	12 August 1909 – 14 August 1913 End of term	Eliodoro Villazón	Liberal	General Election of 1909	Constitutional[68]	Macario Pinilla Vargas (1st)
27	12 August 1909 – 14 August 1913 End of term	Eliodoro Villazón	Liberal	General Election of 1909	Constitutional[68]	Juan Misael Saracho (2nd)
–	14 August 1913 – 15 August 1917 End of term	Ismael Montes	Liberal	General Election of 1913	Constitutional[69]	Juan Misael Saracho (1st)
–	14 August 1913 – 15 August 1917 End of term	Ismael Montes	Liberal	General Election of 1913	Constitutional[69]	José Carrasco Torrico (2nd)
28	15 August 1917 – 12 July 1920 Deposed by a coup d'état	José Gutiérrez Guerra	Liberal	General Election of 1917	Constitutional[70]	Ismael Vázquez Virreira (1st)
28	15 August 1917 – 12 July 1920 Deposed by a coup d'état	José Gutiérrez Guerra	Liberal	General Election of 1917	Constitutional[70]	José Santos Quinteros (2nd)
From 13 July 1920 to 28 January 1921, the presidency was fulfilled by a transitory triumvirate headed by Bautista Saavedra, José María Escalier, and José Manuel Ramírez.
29	28 January 1921 – 3 September 1925 Resigned from office	Bautista Saavedra	PRS	Elected by the National Convention	Constitutional[71]	Vacant throughout presidency
30	3 September 1925 – 10 January 1926 End of mandate	Felipe Segundo Guzmán	PRS	Succeeded to office according to Constitutional laws (President of the National Senate)	Interim[lower-alpha 17]	Vacant throughout presidency
31	10 January 1926 – 28 May 1930 Resigned from office	Hernando Siles Reyes	PRS[lower-alpha 18]	General Election of 1925	Constitutional	Abdón Saavedra
31	10 January 1926 – 28 May 1930 Resigned from office	Hernando Siles Reyes	PN	General Election of 1925	Constitutional	Abdón Saavedra
From 28 May to 28 June 1930, the presidency was fulfilled by the presidential cabinet.[lower-alpha 19]
32	28 June 1930 – 5 March 1931 End of mandate	Carlos Blanco Galindo	Military	Installed by a coup d'état (President of the junta)	De facto interim	Vacant throughout presidency
33	5 March 1931 – 27 November 1934 Resigned from office under military pressure – 1 December 1934 Official resignation[lower-alpha 20]	Daniel Salamanca Urey	PRG	General Election of 1931	Constitutional	José Luis Tejada Sorzano
34	1 December 1934 – 16 May 1936 Deposed by a coup d'état	José Luis Tejada Sorzano	Liberal	Installed by a coup d'état (Vice President of Daniel Salamanca)	De facto[lower-alpha 21]	Vacant throughout presidency
From 17 to 22 May 1936, the presidency was fulfilled by lieutenant colonel Germán Busch.[81]
35	22 May 1936 – 13 July 1937 Resigned from office under military pressure	David Toro	Military Socialist[lower-alpha 22] (Trend)	Installed by a coup d'état (President of the junta)	De facto	Vacant throughout presidency
36	13 July 1937 – 23 August 1939 Died in office[lower-alpha 23]	Germán Busch	Military Socialist (Trend)	Succeeded to lead the military junta (President of the junta)	De facto (13 July 1937)	Vacant to 28 May 1938
				Elected by the National Convention	Constitutional[84] (28 May 1938)	Enrique Baldivieso
				Declared dictator	De facto[85] (24 April 1939)	Vacant after 24 Apr. 1939
37	23 August 1939 – 15 April 1940 End of mandate	Carlos Quintanilla	Military	Appointed by the military	De facto interim[lower-alpha 24]	Vacant to 4 Dec. 1939
37	23 August 1939 – 15 April 1940 End of mandate	Carlos Quintanilla	Military	Appointed by the military	De facto interim[lower-alpha 24]	Office blank 4 Dec. 1939[86] - 24 Nov. 1945[87]
38	15 April 1940 – 20 December 1943 Deposed by a coup d'état	Enrique Peñaranda	Concordance[lower-alpha 25]	General Election of 1940	Constitutional
39	20 December 1943 – 21 July 1946 Assassinated in office	Gualberto Villarroel	RADEPA[lower-alpha 26]	Installed by a coup d'état (President of the junta)	De facto[89] (20 December 1943)
				Receives command from the junta	De facto provisional[90] (5 April 1944)
				Elected by the National Convention	Constitutional[91] (6 August 1944)	Julián Montellano
40	21 July 1946 – 17 August 1946 End of mandate	Néstor Guillén	Independent	Installed by a coup d'état (President of the civil junta, President of the District Court of La Paz)	De facto interim[lower-alpha 27]	Vacant throughout presidency
41	17 August 1946 – 10 March 1947 End of mandate	Tomás Monje	Independent	Receives command from Néstor Guillén (President of the civil junta, President of the Supreme Court of Justice)	De facto interim	Vacant throughout presidency
42	10 March 1947 – 22 October 1949 Resigned from office[lower-alpha 28]	Enrique Hertzog	PURS	General Election of 1947	Constitutional	Mamerto Urriolagoitía
43	24 October 1949 – 16 May 1951 Resigned from office[lower-alpha 29]	Mamerto Urriolagoitía	PURS	Succeeded to office according to Constitutional laws (Vice President of Enrique Hertzog)	Constitutional	Vacant throughout presidency
44	16 May 1951 – 11 April 1952 Deposed by a coup d'état	Hugo Ballivián	Military	Receives command from Mamerto Urriolagoitía (President of the junta)	De facto[94]	Vacant throughout presidency
From 11 to 15 April 1952, the presidency was fulfilled by Vice President Hernán Siles Zuazo.[lower-alpha 30]
45	15 April 1952 – 6 August 1956 End of term	Víctor Paz Estenssoro	MNR	Receives command from Hernán Siles Zuazo	De facto	Hernán Siles Zuazo
46	6 August 1956 – 6 August 1960 End of term	Hernán Siles Zuazo	MNR	General Election of 1956	Constitutional	Ñuflo Chávez Ortiz
–	6 August 1960 – 4 November 1964 Deposed by a coup d'état	Víctor Paz Estenssoro	MNR	General Election of 1960	Constitutional	Juan Lechín Oquendo
–	6 August 1960 – 4 November 1964 Deposed by a coup d'état	Víctor Paz Estenssoro	MNR	General Election of 1964	Constitutional	René Barrientos
For less than a day on 5 November 1964, the presidency was fulfilled by a military junta headed by Alfredo Ovando Candía and René Barrientos.[lower-alpha 31]
47	5 November 1964 – 26 May 1965 Legal change	René Barrientos	Military	Installed by a coup d'état (President of the junta)	De facto[97]	Vacant throughout presidency
47	26 May 1965 – 2 January 1966 René Barrientos resigns from office[lower-alpha 32]	René Barrientos	Military	Co-presidency[lower-alpha 33]	De facto[97]	Vacant throughout presidency
48		Alfredo Ovando Candía	Military	Co-presidency[lower-alpha 33]	De facto	Vacant throughout presidency
48	2 January 1966 – 6 August 1966 End of term	Alfredo Ovando Candía	Military	Receives full command from René Barrientos	De facto	Vacant throughout presidency
–	6 August 1966 – 27 April 1969 Died in office[lower-alpha 34]	René Barrientos	MPC	General Election of 1966	Constitutional[100]	Luis Adolfo Siles Salinas
49	27 April 1969 – 26 September 1969 Deposed by a coup d'état	Luis Adolfo Siles Salinas	PSD	Succeeded to office according to Constitutional laws (Vice President of René Barrientos)	Constitutional[101]	Vacant throughout presidency
–	26 September 1969 – 6 October 1970 Deposed by a coup d'état	Alfredo Ovando Candía	Military	Installed by a coup d'état	De facto[102]	Vacant throughout presidency
For one day on 6 October 1970, the presidency was fulfilled by a military triumvirate headed by Efraín Guachalla, Fernando Sattori, and Alberto Albarracín.[lower-alpha 35]
50	7 October 1970 – 21 August 1971 Deposed by a coup d'état	Juan José Torres	Military	Installed by a coup d'état	De facto	Vacant throughout presidency
51	21 August 1971 – 21 July 1978 Resigned from office under military pressure	Hugo Banzer	Military	Installed by a coup d'état	De facto[104]	Vacant throughout presidency
For less than a day on 21 July 1978, the presidency was fulfilled by a military triumvirate headed by Víctor González Fuentes, Alfonso Villalpando, and Gutemberg Barroso.[lower-alpha 36]
52	21 July 1978 – 24 November 1978 Deposed by a coup d'état	Juan Pereda	Military	Installed by a coup d'état	De facto	Vacant throughout presidency
53	24 November 1978 – 8 August 1979 Ceded command	David Padilla	Military	Installed by a coup d'état	De facto[106]	Vacant throughout presidency
54	8 August 1979 – 1 November 1979 Deposed by a coup d'état	Wálter Guevara	PRA	Elected by the National Congress (President of the National Senate)	Interim[lower-alpha 37]	Vacant throughout presidency
55	1 November 1979 – 16 November 1979 Resigned from office under government pressure	Alberto Natusch	Military	Installed by a coup d'état	De facto[108]	Vacant throughout presidency
56	16 November 1979 – 17 July 1980 Deposed by a coup d'état	Lidia Gueiler Tejada	PRIN	Elected by the National Congress (President of the Chamber of Deputies)	Interim[lower-alpha 38]	Vacant throughout presidency
57	17 July 1980 – 4 August 1981 Resigned from office under military pressure	Luis García Meza	Military	Installed by a coup d'état (President of the junta)	De facto	Vacant throughout presidency
From 4 August to 4 September 1981, the presidency was fulfilled by a military triumvirate headed by Celso Torrelio, Waldo Bernal Pereira, and Óscar Pammo Rodríguez.[109]
58	4 September 1981 – 19 July 1982 Ceded command	Celso Torrelio	Military	Receives command from the junta	De facto[110]	Vacant throughout presidency
From 19 to 21 July 1982, the presidency was fulfilled by a military triumvirate headed by Ángel Mariscal, Natalio Morales, and Óscar Pammo Rodríguez.[lower-alpha 39]
59	21 July 1982 – 10 October 1982 Ceded command	Guido Vildoso	Military	Receives command from the junta	De facto[112]	Vacant throughout presidency
–	10 October 1982 – 6 August 1985 End of term	Hernán Siles Zuazo	MNRI	General Election of 1980[lower-alpha 40]	Constitutional	Jaime Paz Zamora
–	10 October 1982 – 6 August 1985 End of term	Hernán Siles Zuazo	MNRI	General Election of 1980[lower-alpha 40]	Constitutional	Vacant after 14 Dec. 1984
–	6 August 1985 – 6 August 1989 End of term	Víctor Paz Estenssoro	MNR	General Election of 1985	Constitutional[114]	Julio Garrett Ayllón
60	6 August 1989 – 6 August 1993 End of term	Jaime Paz Zamora	MIR	General Election of 1989	Constitutional[115]	Luis Ossio
61	6 August 1993 – 6 August 1997 End of term	Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada	MNR	General Election of 1993	Constitutional[116]	Víctor Hugo Cárdenas
–	6 August 1997 – 7 August 2001 Resigned from office	Hugo Banzer	ADN	General Election of 1997	Constitutional[117]	Jorge Quiroga
62	7 August 2001 – 6 August 2002 End of term	Jorge Quiroga	ADN	Succeeded to office according to Constitutional laws (Vice President of Hugo Banzer)	Constitutional[118]	Vacant throughout presidency
–	6 August 2002 – 17 October 2003 Resigned from office	Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada	MNR	General Election of 2002	Constitutional	Carlos Mesa
63	17 October 2003 – 9 June 2005 Resigned from office	Carlos Mesa	Independent	Succeeded to office according to Constitutional laws (Vice President of Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada)	Constitutional[119]	Vacant throughout presidency
64	9 June 2005 – 22 January 2006 End of mandate	Eduardo Rodríguez Veltzé	Independent	Succeeded to office according to Constitutional laws (President of the Supreme Court of Justice)	Interim[120]	Vacant throughout presidency
65	22 January 2006 – 22 January 2010 Legal change	Evo Morales	MAS-IPSP	General Election of 2005	Constitutional[121]	Álvaro García Linera

Plurinational State of Bolivia (2009–present)

The emergence of the Plurinational State occurred as a consequence of the promulgation of the Political Constitution of 2009. Drafted by the Constituent Assembly in 2007, the new constitution was approved in a popular referendum on 25 January 2009, and was promulgated on 7 February. The Constitution resulted in a change in the official name of the country, leaving behind its previous denominative of Republic of Bolivia to become the Plurinational State of Bolivia. In order to comply with the structural changes of the new constitution, it was decided to advance the general elections to be held on 6 December 2009, with Evo Morales winning again, with 64.22% of the votes. This situation made Evo Morales Ayma the last president of the Republic and the first of the Plurinational State.

Presidency[lower-alpha 2]				Designation	Government[lower-alpha 3]	Vice President
65	22 January 2010 – 10 November 2019 Resigned from office under military pressure	Evo Morales	MAS-IPSP	General Election of 2009	Constitutional	Álvaro García Linera
65		Evo Morales	MAS-IPSP	General Election of 2014	Constitutional	Álvaro García Linera
Office vacant 10–12 November 2019.[lower-alpha 41]
66	12 November 2019 – 8 November 2020 End of mandate	Jeanine Áñez	MDS	Succeeded to office according to Constitutional laws (Second vice president of the Senate)	Interim[125][126]	Vacant throughout presidency
67	8 November 2020 – Incumbent	Luis Arce	MAS-IPSP	General Election of 2020	Constitutional	David Choquehuanca

Timeline

Living former presidents

As of 10 February 2021, there are eight living former presidents:

Guido Vildoso
(1982)
(1937-04-05) 5 April 1937
Jaime Paz Zamora
(1989–1993)
(1939-04-15) 15 April 1939
Jorge Quiroga
(2001–2002)
(1960-05-05) 5 May 1960
Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada
(2002–2003)
(1930-07-11) 11 July 1930
Carlos Mesa
(2003–2005)
(1953-08-12) 12 August 1953
Eduardo Rodríguez Veltzé
(2005–2006)
(1956-03-02) 2 March 1956
Evo Morales
(2006–2019)
(1959-10-26) 26 October 1959
Jeanine Áñez
(2019–2020)
(1967-08-13) 13 August 1967

The most recent death of a former president was that of Luis García Meza (1980–1981) on 29 April 2018; he was 88 years old.[127]

Notes

Morales is described as the first indigenous president of Bolivia in academic studies of his presidency, such as those of Muñoz-Pogossian,[4] Webber,[5] Philip and Panizza,[6] and Farthing and Kohl,[7] as well as in press reports, such as those of BBC News. However, there have been challenges to this claim by critics who have asserted that Morales probably has some European ancestry, and thus on genetic grounds is technically mestizo rather than solely indigenous.[8] Further, former president Enrique Peñaranda was of substantially indigenous origin. Harten asserted that this argument was "misguided[,] wrong[... and] above all irrelevant" because regardless of his genetic makeup, the majority of Bolivians perceive Morales as being the first indigenous president.[8] In Bolivian society, indigeneity is a fluid concept rooted in cultural identity;[8] for instance, many indigenous individuals that have settled in urban areas and abandoned their traditional rural customs have come to identify as mestizo.[9]
Presidents are numbered according to the first period of time served. For example, Tomás Frías served two nonconsecutive terms but is counted only as the seventeenth president (not the seventeenth and nineteenth). A vice president who temporarily becomes acting president is not counted, because the president remains in office during such a period. Military triumvirates in which multiple people lead are not counted but singular presidents of a junta are. René Barrientos and Alfredo Ovando were briefly co-presidents but are counted separately. Interim presidents are counted.
In Bolivia, presidents are divided between two groups. The first are what are classified as "Constitucionales" having come to power legally or through quasi-legal means (achieving power through a revolution or coup d’état but later constitutionalised). The rest are either de facto having come to power militarily and never constitutionalised, or interim having been placed in power only until a new president is chosen. Interim presidents have been both constitutional and de facto.[15]
The question of whether Simón Bolívar or Antonio José de Sucre should be considered the first president of Bolivia is a source of dispute.[16]
The government of José María Pérez de Urdininea was not a succession but a temporary delegation of command, while Sucre was recovering from a gunshot wound to his arm, which occurred in the Mutiny of 18 April 1828.[22][23]
On 12 August 1829, Congress elected Andrés de Santa Cruz as president and José Miguel de Velasco as vice president. As Santa Cruz was in Santiago, Velasco became interim president in his absence. However, Santa Cruz never appeared with Velasco remaining as interim president until the convening of a Conventional Assembly to elect new leaders[24]
Andrés de Santa Cruz assumed the position of Supreme Protector of the Peru-Bolivian Confederation in parallel with that of the presidency of Bolivia. On 23 July 1835, Mariano Enrique Calvo is appointed vice president. In 1836, he assumes the acting presidency of Bolivia in Santa Cruz's absence, in order to act as the representative of the Bolivian State in the Confederation, while Santa Cruz was in Lima governing the Confederation.
Dictatorial measures had already been adopted by 7 September.[42]
On 9 September 1857, José María Linares was proclaimed president in Oruro rising militarily against the government of Jorge Córdova. Córdova and his forces were finally defeated by the Linaristas in Cochabamba on 27 September.
Adolfo Ballivián resigned from office on account of his stomach cancer. Tomás Frías took the presidency on an interim basis. Ballivián died 2 weeks later on 14 February 1874, at which point Frías became Constitutional president.[53][54]
On 17 April 1879, Hilarión Daza ceded command of the government to his Council of Ministers, chaired by Pedro José de Guerra, and took the lead of the Bolivian troops during the War of the Pacific. The Council of Ministers in charge of the Executive Power ended its mandate with the death of de Guerra in September of that year, leaving the Ministry of Government and Foreign Relations vacant, later occupied by Serapio Reyes Ortiz. It is not clear whether Reyes Ortiz presided over the new Council of Ministers. Hilarión Daza is generally regarded as the president who was overthrown in December 1879.
Narciso Campero had no official affiliation with any party but held Liberal tendencies.[57]
On 31 May 1880, Narciso Campero was appointed Constitutional president and Aniceto Arce and Belisario Salinas were appointed first and second vice presidents respectively. This began a period of dual-vice presidency which lasted until the presidency of José Gutiérrez Guerra after which the practice came to an end.
Though elected as part of the Democratic party, Pacheco ruled in coalition with the Conservatives and supported the electoral campaign of Aniceto Arce in 1888.[61]
The second vice presidency remains vacant due to the death of the elected citizen Juan Federico Zuazo before taking office.[63]
In the general election of 4 May 1908, the Liberal Fernando Eloy Guachalla is elected president with Eufronio Viscarra and Fidel Valdez elected first and second vice president respectively. However, Guachalla would die of natural causes before assuming office. Though vice president-elect Eufronio Viscarra tried to claim the right to succession, Ismael Montes decided to extend his mandate for another year and annul the election.[66]
In the general elections of 2 May 1925, the Republican José Gabino Villanueva was elected president and Abdón Saavedra elected vice president. However, both Villanueva and Saavedra would be denounced for not having resigned from their public positions 6 months before their application of candidacy. As a consequence, the general elections were annulled. President of the National Senate Felipe Segundo Guzmán assumed the presidency on an interim basis until new elections could be called.[72]
In 1926, Hernando Siles Reyes split with the Saavedristas of the Socialist Republican Party (PRS) and formed the Nationalist Party (PN) on 29 December 1926.[73]
On 28 May 1930, Hernando Siles Reyes resigned and left command of the country to his cabinet with the idea that it would immediately convene a constituent assembly that would amend the Constitution and reelect him. However, the cabinet could not weather the storm of popular discontent and was deposed by a coup d'état on 28 June at which point Carlos Blanco Galindo became interim president.[74]
On 27 November 1934, as a result of disputes with his high command over the conduct of the Chaco War, Daniel Salamanca was forced to resign while visiting the front line. The army decided to keep up democratic appearances and instead of taking power directly, Vice President José Luis Tejada was allowed to succeed to the presidency.[75] Though Tejada assumed the office of president on 28 November 1934, his term officially started on 1 December when Salamanca's official resignation arrived.[76][77]
In the general election of 11 November 1934, the Genuine Republican Franz Tamayo was elected president with Rafael de Ugarte elected vice president. Given the coup which occurred against Salamanca two weeks later, the results were annulled.[78] Though as vice president José Luis Tejada Sorzanoa could Constitutionally succeed Salamanca, the annulment of the 1934 results makes his presidency unconstitutional.[79] However, official records of the time names Tejada Sorzano Constitutional President of the Republic.[80]
Though not an official party, Military Socialism is an expression used in Bolivia to refer to the military governments of Toro and Busch. It was a coalition between the army, labor movements, and left parties.[82]
Though generally accepted today that Germán Busch committed suicide, there was and is still controversy over whether he was in fact assassinated by his brother-in-law on behalf of conservative elements of the military.[83]
On 23 August 1939, Germán Busch committed suicide. Though Vice President Enrique Baldivieso tried to convince the military chiefs to allow him to assume the presidency, General Quintanilla was soon elevated to the position on the basis that since Busch had declared himself dictator four months prior, the constitutional order was thus null and void.
Concordance was a coalition of the traditionalist Liberal (PL), Genuine Republican (PRG), and Socialist Republican (PRS) parties created in order to consolidate the vote for the 1940 general elections.[88]
Razón de Patria, or Fatherland's Cause (RADEPA), while not a political party, was a military faction of young officers inspired by the Military Socialist governments of David Toro and Germán Busch.
On 21 July 1946, Gualberto Villarroel was deposed and murdered by a mob in La Paz during a popular uprising. Upon the death of Villarroel, the alliance of forces that had toppled him settled on the President of the Supreme Court of Justice, Tomás Monje Gutiérrez, as interim president. Since Monje was ill at the time, the Attorney General of La Paz, Néstor Guillén, filled in for him as interim president for fewer than four weeks, whereupon Monje was sworn-in.
In 1949, PURS leadership lost confidence in Hertzog and forced his resignation on 22 October in favor of his vice president, Mamerto Urriolagoitía, under the pretext of a non-existent disease. Urriolagoitía held executive power immediately after Hertzog's resignation but his term officially started two days later following his inauguration on 24 October.[92]
In the general elections of 6 May 1951, the Revolutionary Nationalist Movement (MNR) party candidate Víctor Paz Estenssoro and Hernán Siles Zuazo won the majority. However, since neither the MNR nor PURS won an absolute majority of votes, the National Congress was constitutionally obliged to elect a president from the top three contenders. Faced with the possibility that Estenssoro might still win, Mamerto Urriolagoitía resigned in a self-coup in favor of the army which annulled the election results.[93]
On 9 April 1952, the Bolivian National Revolution of 1952 saw the MNR, victors of the annulled 1951 general election, take power by force. On 11 April, Hugo Ballivián was ousted and Hernán Siles Zuazo, the 1951 vice presidential candidate, took the presidency in the absence of Víctor Paz Estenssoro who was in exile in Buenos Aires. On 15 April, Siles handed Paz Estenssoro the presidential sash, thus respecting the result of the 1951 presidential elections.[95]
In late October 1964, Víctor Paz Estenssoro asked the army to quell a miner uprising. This, drove his own vice president, René Barrientos, and General Alfredo Ovando to launch a coup d'état on 4 November. However, Alfredo Ovando was prevented from taking power as president of the junta due to pressure of the masses who accused him of having allowed Paz Estenssoro to flee the country. For this reason, René Barrientos assumed the presidency instead.[96]
On 2 January 1966, René Barrientos resigned as co-president in order to run in the 1966 general elections that coming July. Alfredo Ovando Candía became singular president from this point.
Although both René Barrientos and Alfredo Ovando exercised leadership in the military junta, due to the events of 5 November, Barrientos held the singular presidency of the junta. However, faced with discontent from Ovando loyalists, Barrientos established the co-presidency between himself and Ovando on 26 May 1965. This is the only example of two presidents ruling at once in Bolivian history.[98]
On 27 April 1969, René Barrientos died in a helicopter crash when his helicopter collided with telegraph wires. There is controversy whether his death was truly an accident or a plot by Alfredo Ovando Candía who would soon overthrow Barrientos' successor, Vice President Luis Adolfo Siles.[99]
On 6 October 1970, Alfredo Ovando was deposed in a coup d'état led by the chiefs of the army, air force, and navy. The military triumvirate was quickly defeated by Ovando loyalists led by Juan José Torres. Ovando agreed not to return to the presidency, entrusting it with Torres.[103]
Under pressure from the Carter administration, Hugo Banzer held the general elections of 9 July 1978. The Nationalist Union of the People (UNP) coalition candidate Juan Pereda won with a few thousand votes enough to win the presidency outright without requiring a run off. The election was blatantly rigged against leftist ex-president Hernán Siles Zuazo and the results were annulled and the electoral fraud blamed on Pereda who in turn staged a rebellion. Banzer was forced to resign in favor of a triumvirate of his military chiefs who themselves were deposed in a coup d'état which installed Juan Pereda as president on 21 July 1978.[105]
In the general elections of 1 July 1979, neither the Democratic and Popular Union coalition candidate Hernán Siles Zuazo nor the Revolutionary Nationalist Movement–Alliance (MNR) coalition candidate Víctor Paz Estenssoro reached 40% of the vote. Since neither won an absolute majority of votes, the National Congress was constitutionally obliged to elect a president from the top three contenders but could not reach an agreement and instead elected the President of the Senate Wálter Guevara as interim president until new elections could be called.[107]
On 1 November 1979, Wálter Guevara was deposed by Alberto Natusch. However, Natusch faced popular opposition from both the government and the people forcing him to resign after just 16 days. In order to save face, he extracted from Congress the condition that Guevara would not be allowed to resume the post of interim presidency and Lidia Gueiler Tejada, president of the lower chamber, was elected interim president instead.
On 19 July 1982, the repressive government of Celso Torrelio is asked to resign in favor of a military junta which on 21 July appoints Guido Vildoso to take the office of the presidency until the country can transition to democracy.[111]
On 10 October 1982, the military government of Guido Vildoso recognized the results of the annulled 1980 general elections and handed command to Hernán Siles Zuazo.[113]
In the general election of 10 October 2019, Evo Morales won reelection but was accused of electoral fraud by the OAS. Following protests, Morales and top MAS leadership resigned and left La Paz to Chimoré, resulting in a political crisis in which Bolivia experienced a period of lack of government and misrule. Between 10 and 12 November it came to the Legislature in session to accept or reject the resignation of Morales and elect a new president, but given the absence of assemblymen of the Movement for Socialism, who demanded guarantees for meetings[123] the Plurinational Constitutional Court intervened and recognized the de facto proclamation of second vice president of the Senate, opposition senator Jeanine Áñez, as interim president by constitutional succession, through a Constitutional Sentence.[124]

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"Alberto Natusch Busch (1979) - Periódico La Patria (Oruro - Bolivia)". Periódico La Patria (in Spanish). Retrieved 26 October 2020.
"DECRETO LEY No 18564 del 25 de Agosto de 1981 » Derechoteca.com". www.derechoteca.com. Retrieved 26 October 2020.
"Celso Torrelio Villa (1981-1982) - Periódico La Patria (Oruro - Bolivia)". Periódico La Patria (in Spanish). Retrieved 26 October 2020.
País, El (19 July 1982). "Nueva crisis militar en Bolivia tras la renuncia del presidente, general Celso Torrelio Villa". El País (in Spanish). ISSN 1134-6582. Retrieved 26 October 2020.
"GRAL. GUIDO VILDOSO CALDERÓN ÉTICO Y RESPONSABLE COMO PRESIDENTE Y COMO GRAL. DE LA REPÚBLICA DE BOLIVIA". Tcnl. Oscar Angulo torne (in Spanish). 8 November 2017. Retrieved 26 October 2020.
Yuste, Juan González (10 October 1982). "Siles Zuazo asume la presidencia de Bolivia tras e dos años de caótica gestión militar". El País (in Spanish). ISSN 1134-6582. Retrieved 26 October 2020.
Prieto, Martin (6 August 1985). "Víctor Paz Estenssoro juró como presidente de Bolivia". El País (in Spanish). ISSN 1134-6582. Retrieved 26 October 2020.
"Jaime Paz Zamora (1989-1993) - Periódico La Patria (Oruro - Bolivia)". Periódico La Patria (in Spanish). Retrieved 26 October 2020.
"Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada (1993-1997) (2002-2003) - Periódico La Patria (Oruro - Bolivia)". Periódico La Patria (in Spanish). Retrieved 26 October 2020.
Pública, La. "Banzer fue el único dictador sudamericano en volver a la presidencia mediante elecciones". lapublica.org.bo (in Spanish). Retrieved 26 October 2020.
"Bolivia's Banzer To Resign". www.cbsnews.com. Retrieved 26 October 2020.
Relea, Francesc (17 October 2003). "El presidente de Bolivia huye de La Paz". El País (in Spanish). ISSN 1134-6582. Retrieved 26 October 2020.
"Discurso de Eduardo Rodriguez Veltze tras su posesion como Presidente Constitucional de Bolivia - Bolivia (Plurinational State of)". ReliefWeb. Retrieved 26 October 2020.
"Evo Morales toma posesión como primer presidente indio de Bolivia". El País (in Spanish). 22 January 2006. ISSN 1134-6582. Retrieved 26 October 2020.
"Inhalt". Jahrbuch für Geschichte Lateinamerikas – Anuario de Historia de America Latina. 53 (1): 7–8. 1 December 2016. doi:10.7767/jbla-2016-0101.
"Asambleístas del MAS piden garantías para buscar solución constitucional en Bolivia | Spanish.xinhuanet.com". spanish.xinhuanet.com. Retrieved 26 October 2020.
"El Tribunal Constitucional Plurinacional reconoce posesión de Jeanine Añez". El Chaco Informa (in Spanish). Retrieved 26 October 2020.
PERÚ, NOTICIAS EL COMERCIO (11 November 2019). "Evo Morales renunció a la presidencia de Bolivia: La senadora opositora Jeanine Añez confirma que asumirá la presidencia de Bolivia | MUNDO". El Comercio Perú (in Spanish). Retrieved 26 October 2020.
"El MAS reconoce la sucesión por renuncia y abandono de funciones de Evo y Álvaro". www.paginasiete.bo (in Spanish). Retrieved 26 October 2020.
Molina, Fernando (30 April 2018). "Muere a los 88 años el exdictador boliviano Luis García Meza". El País (in Spanish). ISSN 1134-6582. Retrieved 27 October 2020.

Bibliography

Gisbert, Carlos D. Mesa (2003). Presidentes de Bolivia: entre urnas y fusiles : el poder ejecutivo, los ministros de estado (in Spanish). Editorial Gisbert.

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[10] Morales is described as the first indigenous president of Bolivia in academic studies of his presidency, such as those of Muñoz-Pogossian,[4] Webber,[5] Philip and Panizza,[6] and Farthing and Kohl,[7] as well as in press reports, such as those of BBC News. However, there have been challenges to this claim by critics who have asserted that Morales probably has some European ancestry, and thus on genetic grounds is technically mestizo rather than solely indigenous.[8] Further, former president Enrique Peñaranda was of substantially indigenous origin. Harten asserted that this argument was "misguided[,] wrong[... and] above all irrelevant" because regardless of his genetic makeup, the majority of Bolivians perceive Morales as being the first indigenous president.[8] In Bolivian society, indigeneity is a fluid concept rooted in cultural identity;[8] for instance, many indigenous individuals that have settled in urban areas and abandoned their traditional rural customs have come to identify as mestizo.[9]

[fn1-16] Presidents are numbered according to the first period of time served. For example, Tomás Frías served two nonconsecutive terms but is counted only as the seventeenth president (not the seventeenth and nineteenth). A vice president who temporarily becomes acting president is not counted, because the president remains in office during such a period. Military triumvirates in which multiple people lead are not counted but singular presidents of a junta are. René Barrientos and Alfredo Ovando were briefly co-presidents but are counted separately. Interim presidents are counted.

[fn2-18] In Bolivia, presidents are divided between two groups. The first are what are classified as "Constitucionales" having come to power legally or through quasi-legal means (achieving power through a revolution or coup d’état but later constitutionalised). The rest are either de facto having come to power militarily and never constitutionalised, or interim having been placed in power only until a new president is chosen. Interim presidents have been both constitutional and de facto.[15]

[20] The question of whether Simón Bolívar or Antonio José de Sucre should be considered the first president of Bolivia is a source of dispute.[16]

[28] The government of José María Pérez de Urdininea was not a succession but a temporary delegation of command, while Sucre was recovering from a gunshot wound to his arm, which occurred in the Mutiny of 18 April 1828.[22][23]

[30] On 12 August 1829, Congress elected Andrés de Santa Cruz as president and José Miguel de Velasco as vice president. As Santa Cruz was in Santiago, Velasco became interim president in his absence. However, Santa Cruz never appeared with Velasco remaining as interim president until the convening of a Conventional Assembly to elect new leaders[24]

[36] Andrés de Santa Cruz assumed the position of Supreme Protector of the Peru-Bolivian Confederation in parallel with that of the presidency of Bolivia. On 23 July 1835, Mariano Enrique Calvo is appointed vice president. In 1836, he assumes the acting presidency of Bolivia in Santa Cruz's absence, in order to act as the representative of the Bolivian State in the Confederation, while Santa Cruz was in Lima governing the Confederation.

[50] Dictatorial measures had already been adopted by 7 September.[42]

[53] On 9 September 1857, José María Linares was proclaimed president in Oruro rising militarily against the government of Jorge Córdova. Córdova and his forces were finally defeated by the Linaristas in Cochabamba on 27 September.

[64] Adolfo Ballivián resigned from office on account of his stomach cancer. Tomás Frías took the presidency on an interim basis. Ballivián died 2 weeks later on 14 February 1874, at which point Frías became Constitutional president.[53][54]

[67] On 17 April 1879, Hilarión Daza ceded command of the government to his Council of Ministers, chaired by Pedro José de Guerra, and took the lead of the Bolivian troops during the War of the Pacific. The Council of Ministers in charge of the Executive Power ended its mandate with the death of de Guerra in September of that year, leaving the Ministry of Government and Foreign Relations vacant, later occupied by Serapio Reyes Ortiz. It is not clear whether Reyes Ortiz presided over the new Council of Ministers. Hilarión Daza is generally regarded as the president who was overthrown in December 1879.

[69] Narciso Campero had no official affiliation with any party but held Liberal tendencies.[57]

[72] On 31 May 1880, Narciso Campero was appointed Constitutional president and Aniceto Arce and Belisario Salinas were appointed first and second vice presidents respectively. This began a period of dual-vice presidency which lasted until the presidency of José Gutiérrez Guerra after which the practice came to an end.

[75] Though elected as part of the Democratic party, Pacheco ruled in coalition with the Conservatives and supported the electoral campaign of Aniceto Arce in 1888.[61]

[78] The second vice presidency remains vacant due to the death of the elected citizen Juan Federico Zuazo before taking office.[63]

[82] In the general election of 4 May 1908, the Liberal Fernando Eloy Guachalla is elected president with Eufronio Viscarra and Fidel Valdez elected first and second vice president respectively. However, Guachalla would die of natural causes before assuming office. Though vice president-elect Eufronio Viscarra tried to claim the right to succession, Ismael Montes decided to extend his mandate for another year and annul the election.[66]

[89] In the general elections of 2 May 1925, the Republican José Gabino Villanueva was elected president and Abdón Saavedra elected vice president. However, both Villanueva and Saavedra would be denounced for not having resigned from their public positions 6 months before their application of candidacy. As a consequence, the general elections were annulled. President of the National Senate Felipe Segundo Guzmán assumed the presidency on an interim basis until new elections could be called.[72]

[91] In 1926, Hernando Siles Reyes split with the Saavedristas of the Socialist Republican Party (PRS) and formed the Nationalist Party (PN) on 29 December 1926.[73]

[93] On 28 May 1930, Hernando Siles Reyes resigned and left command of the country to his cabinet with the idea that it would immediately convene a constituent assembly that would amend the Constitution and reelect him. However, the cabinet could not weather the storm of popular discontent and was deposed by a coup d'état on 28 June at which point Carlos Blanco Galindo became interim president.[74]

[97] On 27 November 1934, as a result of disputes with his high command over the conduct of the Chaco War, Daniel Salamanca was forced to resign while visiting the front line. The army decided to keep up democratic appearances and instead of taking power directly, Vice President José Luis Tejada was allowed to succeed to the presidency.[75] Though Tejada assumed the office of president on 28 November 1934, his term officially started on 1 December when Salamanca's official resignation arrived.[76][77]

[101] In the general election of 11 November 1934, the Genuine Republican Franz Tamayo was elected president with Rafael de Ugarte elected vice president. Given the coup which occurred against Salamanca two weeks later, the results were annulled.[78] Though as vice president José Luis Tejada Sorzanoa could Constitutionally succeed Salamanca, the annulment of the 1934 results makes his presidency unconstitutional.[79] However, official records of the time names Tejada Sorzano Constitutional President of the Republic.[80]

[104] Though not an official party, Military Socialism is an expression used in Bolivia to refer to the military governments of Toro and Busch. It was a coalition between the army, labor movements, and left parties.[82]

[106] Though generally accepted today that Germán Busch committed suicide, there was and is still controversy over whether he was in fact assassinated by his brother-in-law on behalf of conservative elements of the military.[83]

[109] On 23 August 1939, Germán Busch committed suicide. Though Vice President Enrique Baldivieso tried to convince the military chiefs to allow him to assume the presidency, General Quintanilla was soon elevated to the position on the basis that since Busch had declared himself dictator four months prior, the constitutional order was thus null and void.

[113] Concordance was a coalition of the traditionalist Liberal (PL), Genuine Republican (PRG), and Socialist Republican (PRS) parties created in order to consolidate the vote for the 1940 general elections.[88]

[114] Razón de Patria, or Fatherland's Cause (RADEPA), while not a political party, was a military faction of young officers inspired by the Military Socialist governments of David Toro and Germán Busch.

[118] On 21 July 1946, Gualberto Villarroel was deposed and murdered by a mob in La Paz during a popular uprising. Upon the death of Villarroel, the alliance of forces that had toppled him settled on the President of the Supreme Court of Justice, Tomás Monje Gutiérrez, as interim president. Since Monje was ill at the time, the Attorney General of La Paz, Néstor Guillén, filled in for him as interim president for fewer than four weeks, whereupon Monje was sworn-in.

[120] In 1949, PURS leadership lost confidence in Hertzog and forced his resignation on 22 October in favor of his vice president, Mamerto Urriolagoitía, under the pretext of a non-existent disease. Urriolagoitía held executive power immediately after Hertzog's resignation but his term officially started two days later following his inauguration on 24 October.[92]

[122] In the general elections of 6 May 1951, the Revolutionary Nationalist Movement (MNR) party candidate Víctor Paz Estenssoro and Hernán Siles Zuazo won the majority. However, since neither the MNR nor PURS won an absolute majority of votes, the National Congress was constitutionally obliged to elect a president from the top three contenders. Faced with the possibility that Estenssoro might still win, Mamerto Urriolagoitía resigned in a self-coup in favor of the army which annulled the election results.[93]

[125] On 9 April 1952, the Bolivian National Revolution of 1952 saw the MNR, victors of the annulled 1951 general election, take power by force. On 11 April, Hugo Ballivián was ousted and Hernán Siles Zuazo, the 1951 vice presidential candidate, took the presidency in the absence of Víctor Paz Estenssoro who was in exile in Buenos Aires. On 15 April, Siles handed Paz Estenssoro the presidential sash, thus respecting the result of the 1951 presidential elections.[95]

[127] In late October 1964, Víctor Paz Estenssoro asked the army to quell a miner uprising. This, drove his own vice president, René Barrientos, and General Alfredo Ovando to launch a coup d'état on 4 November. However, Alfredo Ovando was prevented from taking power as president of the junta due to pressure of the masses who accused him of having allowed Paz Estenssoro to flee the country. For this reason, René Barrientos assumed the presidency instead.[96]

[129] On 2 January 1966, René Barrientos resigned as co-president in order to run in the 1966 general elections that coming July. Alfredo Ovando Candía became singular president from this point.

[131] Although both René Barrientos and Alfredo Ovando exercised leadership in the military junta, due to the events of 5 November, Barrientos held the singular presidency of the junta. However, faced with discontent from Ovando loyalists, Barrientos established the co-presidency between himself and Ovando on 26 May 1965. This is the only example of two presidents ruling at once in Bolivian history.[98]

[133] On 27 April 1969, René Barrientos died in a helicopter crash when his helicopter collided with telegraph wires. There is controversy whether his death was truly an accident or a plot by Alfredo Ovando Candía who would soon overthrow Barrientos' successor, Vice President Luis Adolfo Siles.[99]

[138] On 6 October 1970, Alfredo Ovando was deposed in a coup d'état led by the chiefs of the army, air force, and navy. The military triumvirate was quickly defeated by Ovando loyalists led by Juan José Torres. Ovando agreed not to return to the presidency, entrusting it with Torres.[103]

[141] Under pressure from the Carter administration, Hugo Banzer held the general elections of 9 July 1978. The Nationalist Union of the People (UNP) coalition candidate Juan Pereda won with a few thousand votes enough to win the presidency outright without requiring a run off. The election was blatantly rigged against leftist ex-president Hernán Siles Zuazo and the results were annulled and the electoral fraud blamed on Pereda who in turn staged a rebellion. Banzer was forced to resign in favor of a triumvirate of his military chiefs who themselves were deposed in a coup d'état which installed Juan Pereda as president on 21 July 1978.[105]

[144] In the general elections of 1 July 1979, neither the Democratic and Popular Union coalition candidate Hernán Siles Zuazo nor the Revolutionary Nationalist Movement–Alliance (MNR) coalition candidate Víctor Paz Estenssoro reached 40% of the vote. Since neither won an absolute majority of votes, the National Congress was constitutionally obliged to elect a president from the top three contenders but could not reach an agreement and instead elected the President of the Senate Wálter Guevara as interim president until new elections could be called.[107]

[146] On 1 November 1979, Wálter Guevara was deposed by Alberto Natusch. However, Natusch faced popular opposition from both the government and the people forcing him to resign after just 16 days. In order to save face, he extracted from Congress the condition that Guevara would not be allowed to resume the post of interim presidency and Lidia Gueiler Tejada, president of the lower chamber, was elected interim president instead.

[150] On 19 July 1982, the repressive government of Celso Torrelio is asked to resign in favor of a military junta which on 21 July appoints Guido Vildoso to take the office of the presidency until the country can transition to democracy.[111]

[153] On 10 October 1982, the military government of Guido Vildoso recognized the results of the annulled 1980 general elections and handed command to Hernán Siles Zuazo.[113]

[165] In the general election of 10 October 2019, Evo Morales won reelection but was accused of electoral fraud by the OAS. Following protests, Morales and top MAS leadership resigned and left La Paz to Chimoré, resulting in a political crisis in which Bolivia experienced a period of lack of government and misrule. Between 10 and 12 November it came to the Legislature in session to accept or reject the resignation of Morales and elect a new president, but given the absence of assemblymen of the Movement for Socialism, who demanded guarantees for meetings[123] the Plurinational Constitutional Court intervened and recognized the de facto proclamation of second vice president of the Senate, opposition senator Jeanine Áñez, as interim president by constitutional succession, through a Constitutional Sentence.[124]

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[FOOTNOTEMuñoz-Pogossian2008180-4] Muñoz-Pogossian 2008, p. 180.

[FOOTNOTEWebber20111-5] Webber 2011, p. 1.

[FOOTNOTEPhilipPanizza201157-6] Philip & Panizza 2011, p. 57.

[FOOTNOTEFarthingKohl20141-7] Farthing & Kohl 2014, p. 1.

[FOOTNOTEHarten20117-8] Harten 2011, p. 7.

[FOOTNOTEFarthingKohl201422-9] Farthing & Kohl 2014, p. 22.

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