1983 Bermondsey by-election

A by-election was held in the Bermondsey constituency in South London, on 24 February 1983, following the resignation of Labour MP Bob Mellish. Peter Tatchell stood as the candidate for the Labour Party, and Simon Hughes stood for the Liberal Party. Following a bitter campaign, the Liberals made huge gains and took the seat, with a majority of votes cast. Labour's vote fell from 63.6 per cent in May 1979 to 26.1 per cent as Tatchell came a distant second, while the Conservative candidate, Robert Hughes, managed only fourth place. With a swing of 44.2%, the 1983 Bermondsey by-election remains the largest by-election swing in British political history.

Bermondsey by-election

24 February 1983

Bermondsey parliamentary seat
  First party Second party
 
Candidate Simon Hughes Peter Tatchell
Party Liberal Labour
Popular vote 17,017 7,698
Percentage 57.7% 26.1%
Swing 50.9% 37.5%

  Third party Fourth party
 
Candidate John O'Grady Robert Hughes
Party Real Berm. Labour Conservative
Popular vote 2,243 1,631
Percentage 7.6% 5.5%
Swing New party 19.4%

MP before election

Bob Mellish
Labour

Subsequent MP

Simon Hughes
Liberal

Preliminaries

Bob Mellish had represented the constituency and its predecessors in the House of Commons since 1946. He was the Labour Chief Whip from 1969 until 1976, but had become disenchanted with the left-wing drift of the Labour Party, and resigned from both the Party and his Parliamentary seat in 1982. He was recruited by the Conservative government to the board of the London Docklands Development Corporation; as he did not wish to be disqualified, the post was made non-salaried until such time as Mellish chose to accept payment. This meant that Mellish had a paid job to go to as soon as he wanted.

On 7 November 1981, Bermondsey Labour Party selected Peter Tatchell, its Secretary, as prospective Parliamentary candidate. Tatchell was a leading member of the left-wing faction that had taken control of the local party the previous year.[1] He was also a contributor to London Labour Briefing, a magazine that circulated among the London left, and had written an article suggesting the use of extra-Parliamentary direct action by the Labour Party, saying: "We must look to new, more militant forms of extra-parliamentary opposition which involve mass popular participation and challenge the government's right to rule".[2] This call to civil disobedience was considered a call to violent action by some, and was used "as a stick to beat [Tatchell] with" by political opponents.[3] For example, the article came to the attention of James Wellbeloved, a former London Labour MP who had defected to the Social Democratic Party; Wellbeloved then referred to it in a Parliamentary Question to Margaret Thatcher on 3 December.[4][2]

Labour Party leader Michael Foot responded to Wellbeloved by denouncing Tatchell's article and declared "the individual concerned is not an endorsed member of the Labour Party and as far as I'm concerned never will be".[5] Tony Benn wrote in his diary that many people, including himself, thought that Foot had confused Peter Tatchell with Peter Taaffe, then the leader of the Trotskyist Militant tendency,[6] and Michael Crick in his book on Militant agrees that the fact that Tatchell and Taaffe have similar names contributed to public confusion between the two, despite the fact that Militant opposed Tatchell's candidacy due to anti-gay feeling and political differences between the old left (Militant) and new left (Tatchell) of the party.[7] As to whether Tatchell was a member of the Labour Party itself, Foot later clarified that he meant to say "endorsed candidate" instead of "endorsed member" in his response to Wellbeloved.[2][8] At the next meeting of the Labour Party National Executive Committee, Tatchell was narrowly rejected as a candidate. Mellish was not reassured about the future direction of the Labour Party and resigned from it on 2 August 1982, a clear preliminary to resigning his seat, which he did by taking the Chiltern Hundreds on 1 November that year. The left wing of the Labour Party agreed Tatchell would be eligible for selection, and Tatchell was duly selected again in January 1983.[1]

Tabloid newspapers had begun researching his background when Foot denounced him, in particular Tatchell's activities with the Gay Liberation Front in the early 1970s. Several stories were published which made it clear that he was gay.[5]

Other candidates

Simon Hughes, on a Bermondsey election leaflet in 1983

At the 1981 Greater London Council election, the Liberal Party had come second in Bermondsey. They chose their GLC candidate Simon Hughes, a barrister who had moved to the constituency earlier that year, to fight the by-election. The Conservatives chose Robert Hughes (no relation), who was a Greater London Council (GLC) Councillor in Croydon. He later became the MP for Harrow West. Among those who applied for the Conservative nomination but were not chosen was Sara Keays, then having an as yet unrevealed affair with Cecil Parkinson.

The right-wing former Labour leader of Southwark Borough Council, John O'Grady, who had been a target for the left-wing faction locally, also decided to stand under the banner 'Real Bermondsey Labour' with Bob Mellish's support and encouragement. His campaign was dominated by personal opposition to Tatchell and defence of his leadership of the Council. Twelve other candidates stood, including Screaming Lord Sutch, appearing for the first time under the Official Monster Raving Loony Party label, and the Dowager Lady Birdwood.

Esmond Bevan intended to stand as an independent Labour candidate, but erroneously entered his occupation in the section on the nomination papers headed 'description', thus appearing on ballot papers as "Systems Designer".

Start of the campaign

The Labour campaign started disastrously when it was discovered that the first leaflets had been printed at Cambridge Heath Press, owned by the Militant tendency (then practising entryism in the Labour Party; a group whose five key members were expelled two days before polling day). The leaflets were all pulped and reprinted, but the cost of the first printing still counted against the limit for election spending.

Attacks on Tatchell

There was much controversy over Tatchell's homosexuality. The Labour Party persuaded Tatchell to keep quiet about his sexual orientation, although he had previously declared himself 'out'. Various campaigners for opposition candidates, as well as many within the Labour Party, made homophobic comments about Tatchell. Widespread graffiti throughout the constituency referred to him in derogatory terms, while some of those putting up posters in his support found their windows attacked. Tatchell received hate mail, including a live cartridge, and was attacked when out in the street.

Some of the other by-election candidates joined in: John O'Grady (Southwark Council leader, who was promoted as the 'Real Bermondsey' Labour candidacy by the previous MP, Bob Mellish) was filmed touring the constituency on the back of a horse and cart, singing a song which referred to Tatchell "wearing his trousers back to front". On the last weekend of the campaign, an anonymous leaflet was sent round the constituency headed "Which Queen will you vote for?", contrasting the republican Tatchell, who was pictured looking very effeminate, with Queen Elizabeth II. The leaflet gave Tatchell's home address and telephone number.[9]

An alternative analysis of Tatchell's eventual defeat was given by David Sutch, the Official Monster Raving Loony Party candidate, in his 1991 autobiography. When being interviewed on TV at the by-election count, Sutch related to Tatchell how horrified he was at the treatment Tatchell had received, but added that "what I did not tell him was that he had been so bad a candidate that he had largely brought it on himself". Sutch criticised Tatchell's preference for press conferences and press releases rather than traditional meeting-and-greeting, which was generally regarded as the best way to win hearts and minds at a by-election. In a later interview, when the subject of Bermondsey came up, Sutch said that Tatchell "seemed to think all he needed to do to become the MP was turn up at the count."[10]

Homophobia and the Liberal campaign

During the by-election, members of the Liberal Party were accused of having joined in homophobic attacks on Tatchell. Male Liberal canvassers were seen wearing badges reading "I've been kissed by Peter Tatchell". This was criticised by Roy Hattersley at a Labour news conference.[11]

In an interview with Simon Edge of The Independent published on 17 December 1996, the former Liberal Party Chief Executive, Andy Ellis, was asked whether he approved of the activity undertaken by the Liberal Gay Action Group, and replied "Nothing went on in Bermondsey that we were unhappy with".[12]

During leadership of the Liberal Democrats in January 2006, Hughes said he "had both homosexual and heterosexual relationships in the past" and apologised for the actions of Liberals in the Bermondsey campaign, saying that while a lot of the blame for homophobic abuse laid on the press, "I take responsibility" for the actions of his organisers, adding: "I have never been comfortable about the whole of that campaign, as Peter knows, and I said that to him in the past.... Where there were things that were inappropriate or wrong, I apologise for that."[13] Tatchell, by then a member of the Green Party, said that he had forgiven Hughes, saying "Simon benefited from these dirty tricks, but that was 23 years ago—I don't hold a grudge. It's time to forgive and move on", adding that Hughes should be judged on his 23-year record as an MP.[14]

Opinion polls

Bermondsey was one of the first by-elections to be extensively polled. The polls showed, at first, that the Labour vote was substantially down on the 1979 election figures, but that none of the rival candidates were particularly close. As the campaign went on, the Liberal candidate began to move into a clear second position and the other candidates faded. Later in the campaign, there were rumours which claimed that the right-wing of the Labour Party nationally wished to lose the seat, as it would prove that left-wing Labour candidates were unelectable. By the eve of poll, it was clear that large numbers of previously Labour voters were defecting to other parties, and that non-Labour voters were lining up in support of the Liberal candidate as the one most likely to beat Labour.

Results

The Liberals made huge gains and took the seat, with a majority of votes cast.[15] Labour's vote fell from 63.6 per cent in May 1979 to 26.1 per cent as Tatchell came a distant second,[15] while O'Grady took third. The Conservatives managed only fourth place, for the first time since the 1974 Newham South by-election, and the last in Britain until the 1991 Liverpool Walton by-election. All candidates other than Liberal and Labour lost their deposits.[15]

Hughes would go on to remain as Bermondsey MP for the next 32 years, making him one of very few examples of MPs who took a formerly safe seat from another party and managed to hold it for a long period of time.

1983 Bermondsey by-election[16]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Liberal Simon Hughes 17,017 57.7 50.9
Labour Peter Tatchell 7,698 26.1 37.5
Real Bermondsey Labour John O'Grady 2,243 7.6 New
Conservative Robert Hughes 1,631 5.5 19.4
National Front James Sneath 426 1.4 2.4
Monster Raving Loony David Sutch 97 0.3 New
Independent Patriot Jane Birdwood 69 0.2 New
New Britain Michael Keulemans 62 0.2 New
Independent Labour Barry Giddings 50 0.2 New
Communist Robert Gordon 50 0.2 New
Ecology George Hannah 45 0.2 New
Revolutionary Communist Fran Eden 38 0.1 New
National Labour Party Ann King 25 0.1 New
United Democratic Party Alan Baker 15 0.1 New
ACMFT David Wedgwood 15 0.1 New
Systems Designer Esmond Bevan 8 0.0 New
Majority 9,319 31.6 N/A
Turnout 29,489 57.7 –1.6
Liberal gain from Labour Swing +44.2

The results for the previous election were:

1979 general election: Bermondsey
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labour Bob Mellish 19,338 63.6 –9.8
Conservative Alexander Duma 7,582 24.9 +11.1
Liberal Thomas Taylor 2,072 6.8 –1.3
National Front James Sneath 1,175 3.9 –0.9
Workers Revolutionary Anthony Moore 239 0.8 New
Majority 11,756 38.7 –20.9
Turnout 30,406 59.3 –2.9
Labour hold Swing –10.5

See also

References

  1. "The Battle for Bermondsey". Southwark News. 4 March 2015. Retrieved 19 June 2019.
  2. Thomas-Symonds, Nick (1 March 2005). "A Reinterpretation of Michael Foot's Handling of the Militant Tendency". Contemporary British History. 19 (1): 27–51. doi:10.1080/1361946042000303846. ISSN 1361-9462. S2CID 143832214.
  3. "Preview: First Rumours". Big Issue North. 4 February 2019. Retrieved 19 June 2019.
  4. Oral Answers to Questions — Prime Minister House of Commons debates, 3 December 1981 TheyWorkForYou.com. Quoted in Thomas-Symonds, 2005.
  5. McSmith, Andy (2010). No Such Thing as Society: A History of Britain in the 1980s. Little, Brown Book Group. pp. 410–413. ISBN 9781849016612. Retrieved 19 June 2019.
  6. Benn, Tony (2012). The End Of An Era: Diaries 1980-1990. Random House. p. 182. ISBN 9781446493380. Retrieved 19 June 2019.
  7. Crick, Michael (2016). Militant. Biteback. pp. 200–201. ISBN 978-1-78590-029-7.
  8. "It must be clear from the context that what I wished to say was 'not an endorsed candidate' ...". House of Commons Debates, 6th ser., vol. 14, col. 389, 3 May 1981. Quoted in Thomas-Symonds, 2005.
  9. Grice, Andrew (27 January 2006). "The 'homophobic' campaign that helped win Bermondsey". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 27 May 2009. Mr Tatchell, the openly gay Labour candidate in one of the dirtiest election campaigns in recent memory, said it was "time to move on", despite Mr Hughes's admission yesterday of gay affairs. He said Mr Hughes would make the best leader of the Liberal Democrats.
  10. Sutch, David (1992). Life As Sutch. Fontana. ISBN 0006378056.
  11. O'Grady, Sean (7 January 2006). "Simon Hughes: Saint or winner". The Independent. London. This extraordinary dedication has protected him in what ought to be, and once was, the solid Labour seat of Southwark Bermondsey. This is the constituency Hughes famously won for the then Liberal-SDP Alliance in a 1983 by-election, a contest described by Gay News as "the dirtiest and most notorious by-election in British political history" because of the slurs on the Labour candidate Peter Tatchell, now better known as the force behind gay rights group Outrage!. During the campaign, some male Liberal workers wore badges reading "I've been kissed by Peter Tatchell" and anonymous leaflets were circulating which asked "which Queen do you support?".
  12. Edge, Simon (17 December 1996). "Mr Fix-it goes global". The Independent. Retrieved 19 June 2019.
  13. King, Oliver (26 January 2006). "Hughes considered quitting leadership race". The Guardian. Retrieved 19 June 2019.
  14. "PETER TATCHELL FORGIVES SIMON HUGHES FOR 'GAY SLURS'". Mirror.co.uk. 27 January 2006. Retrieved 18 June 2007.
  15. McKie, David (1983-02-25). "Liberals romp home with a giant swing". The Guardian. Retrieved 2011-01-08.
  16. Boothroyd, David. "Results of Byelections in the 1979-83 Parliament". United Kingdom Election Results. Retrieved 2015-09-19.
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