2 Kings 19

Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008).[5]

There is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; ${\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}$^B; 4th century), Codex Alexandrinus (A; ${\displaystyle of{\mathfrak {G}}}$^A; 5th century) and Codex Marchalianus (Q; ${\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}$^Q; 6th century).[6][lower-alpha 1]

And he sent Eliakim, which was over the household, and Shebna the scribe, and the elders of the priests, covered with sackcloth, to Isaiah the prophet the son of Amoz.[13]

• "The elders of the priests" or "the leading priests".[14]

'"'Behold, I will put a spirit in him, so that he shall hear a rumor and return to his own land, and I will make him fall by the sword in his own land.’”[15]

• "Spirit": from Hebrew: רוּחַ‎, ruakh, may refer to "a spiritual being who will take control of one's mind" (cf. 1 Kings 22:19), or "a disposition of concern and fear"; either case shows the Lord’s sovereignty over the king.[16]

So Rabshakeh returned, and found the king of Assyria warring against Libnah: for he had heard that he was departed from Lachish.[17]

After capturing Lachish, the big city in the region, Sennacherib attacked to smaller targets, such as Libnah, identified with 'Tell Bornat', 5 miles (8.0 km) northeast of Lachish.[18]

Shabti of King Taharqa (Tirhakah).

And the king heard concerning Tirhakah king of Ethiopia, “Look, he has come out to make war with you.” So he again sent messengers to Hezekiah, saying,[19]

• Cross references: Isaiah 37:9
• "The king": the actual Hebrew word means “he”; referring to Sennacherib.[20]
• "Tirhakah": identified with Taharqa.[21]
• "Ethiopia": Hebrew: Cush.[22]

Nelson suggests that the narrator exploits the ambiguity of the Hebrew verb shub to 'tease the readers' of the impending confrontation, because it would be expected that when the Assyrian king heard a "report" (about Tirhakah), as prophesied, he soon '"returned'" (shub) home, but, instead, he "once more" (another use of shub) sent messengers to Hezekiah.[23] Therefore it would not be a 'relatively uneventful withdrawal' as in 2 Kings 7:6–7, but a more pronounced retreat.[23]

And that night the angel of the Lord went out and struck down 185,000 in the camp of the Assyrians. And when people arose early in the morning, behold, these were all dead bodies.[28]

The account of Sennacherib invasion into Judah is corroborated by some extrabiblical sources:

• The Assyrian literature: including prisms, cylinder, and the Lachish reliefs from the period of Sennacherib. Naturally, the loss of many soldiers in Jerusalem is omitted from the record, but the siege in Jerusalem is clearly noted in Sennacherib's Annals.[29]
• The Greek literature, based on Egyptian narratives, in the writing of Herodotus, Histories (II.141, 5a), mentions the swarm of mice in the Assyrian camp at one night, chewing the weapons of the soldier, so they suffered a huge loss the next day,[30][31] although he placed the location of the destruction in Pelusium, not Jerusalem, and the opponent of Sennacherib being Sethos the Egyptian, instead of Hezekiah.[32] His statements were considered by some biblical scholars as an allusion that the Assyrian army was decimated by a mouse or rat borne disease such as bubonic plague.[33][34]
• The Jewish literature, such as Babylonian Talmud, attributes the destruction of the Assyrian army to the lightning, as repeated by some Targums, referring to the combination of hot winds and lightning that often destroyed caravans in the Arabian area.[32]
• Flavius Josephus, the Jewish Roman historian (37-100 CE), wrote in the Antiquities of the Jews, that Sennacherib withdrew his army because of the plague or pestilence that God sent them.[35][36]

Lachish reliefs from the ruin of Assyrian palace in Nineveh,, British Museum

Then Sennacherib king of Assyria departed and went home and lived at Nineveh.[37]

This point marks the end of the Assyrian threat against the kingdom of Judah, although the Assyrians claimed to control Judah through the mid-seventh century BCE.[4] Sennacherib indeed decorated his palace in Nineveh with the image of his invasion, in particular, his victory over Lachish in a stone relief (Lachish reliefs, now in the British Museum) and described Hezekiah's desperate situation, although somehow was left alive, on several victory monuments (Sennacherib's Annals):[29]

'As to Hezekiah, the Jew, he did not submit to my yoke, I laid siege to 46 of his strong cities… Himself I made a prisoner in Jerusalem, his royal residence, like a bird in a cage. I surrounded him with earthwork in order to molest those who were leaving his city's gate' (ANET 288).'[38]

Sennacherib never claimed to have captured Jerusalem or forced Hezekiah from the throne, uncharacteristic for a king who led a revolt against the Assyrian empire, but his records are still showing successes as typical in Assyrian annals. On the other hand, Judah's records emphasize the protection of YHWH over Jerusalem and the house of David (cf. Psalm 2, Psalm 46, Psalm 47, Psalm 48).[39]

And it came to pass, as he was worshipping in the house of Nisroch his god, that Adrammelech and Sharezer his sons smote him with the sword: and they escaped into the land of Armenia. And Esarhaddon his son reigned in his stead.[40]

• Cross references: Isaiah 37:38

According to Assyrian records, Sennacherib was assassinated in 681 BCE, twenty years after the 701 BCE invasion of Judah.[41]

• "Adrammelech": Identified as the murderer of his father Sennacherib in an Assyrian letter to Esarhaddon (ABL 1091), in which he is called Arda-Mulissi.[42][43]
• "Armenia": or Ararat.[44]

Stamped bulla sealed by a servant of King Hezekiah, Redondo Beach.

Cuneiform Inscription mentioning the tribute sent by Hezekiah to Sennacherib. The British Museum

Extra-biblical sources specify Hezekiah by name, along with his reign and influence. "Historiographically, his reign is noteworthy for the convergence of a variety of biblical sources and diverse extrabiblical evidence often bearing on the same events. Significant data concerning Hezekiah appear in the Deuteronomistic History, the Chronicler, Isaiah, Assyrian annals and reliefs, Israelite epigraphy, and, increasingly, stratigraphy".[45] Archaeologist Amihai Mazar calls the tensions between Assyria and Judah "one of the best-documented events of the Iron Age" and Hezekiah's story is one of the best to cross-reference with the rest of the Mid Eastern world's historical documents.[46]

Several bullae bearing the name of Hezekiah have been found:

1. a royal bulla with the inscription in ancient Hebrew script: "Belonging to Hezekiah [son of] Ahaz king of Judah" (between 727–698 BCE).[47][48][49][50]
2. seals with the inscription: "Belonging to [the] servant of Hezekiah"

Other artifacts bearing the name "Hezekiah" include LMLK stored jars along the border with Assyria "demonstrate careful preparations to counter Sennacherib's likely route of invasion" and show "a notable degree of royal control of towns and cities which would facilitate Hezekiah's destruction of rural sacrificial sites and his centralization of worship in Jerusalem".[45] Evidence suggests they were used throughout his 29-year reign[51] and the Siloam inscription.[52]

"Shebna inscription" on the lintel of the tomb of "Sebna-yahu", now in British Museum[53]

An inscription bearing the name "Shebnayahu" was discovered on the lintel above the entrance of a rock-cut tomb which suggests the connection to Shebna, the court officer mentioned in 2 Kings 18:18 and 2 Kings 19:2.[53][54][55]

Cast of a rock relief of Sennacherib from the foot of Mount Judi, near Cizre.

Taylor Prism, London

Oriental Institute Prism, Chicago

Jerusalem Prism, Israel

Sennacherib's Annals of his military campaign (704–681 BCE), including his invasion into the Kingdom of Judah

The accounts of Sennacherib of Assyria, including his invasion into the Kingdom of Judah, especially the capture of Lachish and the siege of Jerusalem, are recorded in a number of ancient documents and artifacts:[56]

• Lachish reliefs from his palace in Nineveh
• Prisms containing the annals of the Assyrians (Sennacherib's Annals)
• Traces of Assyrian siege around the location of ancient Lachish.and the uncovered walls near the Tel Lachish digs, which fit the descriptions shown in the Lachish reliefs.[57]