5 ft 3 in gauge railways

Railways with track gauge of 5 ft 3 in (1,600 mm) are broad-gauge railways, currently in use in Australia, Brazil and Ireland.

History

600 BCE: The Diolkos (Δίολκος) across the Isthmus of Corinth in Greece – a grooved paved trackway – was constructed with an average gauge of 5 ft 3 in (1,600 mm).[1]

1840: The Grand Duchy of Baden State Railway was constructed to 5 ft 3 in gauge, converted to 4 ft 8 ¹⁄₂ in (1,435 mm) standard gauge in 1854–1855.

1843: The Board of Trade of the United Kingdom recommended the use of 5 ft 3 in in Ireland, after investigating a dispute caused by diverse gauges in Ireland.

1846: The Regulating the Gauge of Railways Act 1846 made this gauge mandatory throughout all of Ireland.[2]

1847: The Swiss Northern Railway was opened, converted to standard gauge in 1854.

1854: The first Australian 5 ft 3 in line was opened, the Melbourne and Hobson's Bay Railway Company.

1858: The first Brazilian 5 ft 3 in railway was opened, the Companhia de Estrada de Ferro Dom Pedro II.

1863: The Canterbury Provincial Railways in New Zealand was built in 5 ft 3 in until gauge conversion to 3 ft 6 in (1,067 mm) in 1876

Nomenclature

In Ireland and the United Kingdom this gauge is known as Irish gauge.[3][4] (Irish: leithead Éireannach)[5] In Ireland it is also common to hear it referred to as standard gauge, in contrast to the various 3 ft gauge railways of the island.
In Australia, where the states of Victoria and South Australia have this gauge (not exclusively), it is known as broad gauge.
In Brazil this gauge is mainly known as broad gauge (Portuguese: bitola larga), but it is also less known as Irish gauge (Portuguese: bitola irlandesa).

Installations

Country/territory	Railway
Australia	Main articles: Rail transport in South Australia and Rail transport in Victoria States of South Australia, Victoria (Victorian broad gauge), New South Wales (a few lines built by, and connected to, the Victorian rail system) and Tasmania, Australia (one line, Deloraine to Launceston, opened in 1871, partly converted to dual gauge, and then converted to 3 ft 6 in (1,067 mm) in 1888). The 125 km (77.7 mi) long Oaklands railway line, which runs into New South Wales from Victoria, was converted to standard gauge in 2009. The project was relatively easy because the line has wooden sleepers. 200 km (124.3 mi) of the North East line, Victoria was converted to standard gauge in 2008–2011, meaning a double track standard gauge line was created between Seymour and Albury. The current network is 4,017 km or 2,496 mi, 10% of the total Australian rail network.
Brazil	Main article: Rail transport in Brazil Lines connecting the states of Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo and Minas Gerais; E.F.Carajás in Pará and Maranhão states, and Ferronorte in Mato Grosso and Mato Grosso do Sul states. Used in older Metro systems. Although the metre gauge network is almost 5 times longer,[6] Irish gauge is considered the standard by ABNT.[7] The current network is 4,057 km or 2,521 mi, 15% of the total Brazilian network.
Germany	Grand Duchy of Baden State Railway 1840–1855[8]
Switzerland	Swiss Northern Railway between 1847 and 1854, converted to 1,435 mm (4 ft 8 ¹⁄₂ in) standard gauge. Fun'Ambule Funicular in Neuchâtel, 330m long, opened 27 April 2001.
Ireland	Main article: Rail transport in Ireland Irish broad gauge. The current network is 2,400 km or 1,491 mi.[9]
New Zealand	Canterbury Provincial Railways from 1863; all routes converted to 3 ft 6 in (1,067 mm) by 1876
United Kingdom	See also: Rail transport in Ireland Northern Ireland Railways – entire network, currently 330 km or 205 mi.

Similar gauges

The Pennsylvania trolley gauges of 5 ft 2 ¹⁄₂ in (1,588 mm) and 5 ft 2 ¹⁄₄ in (1,581 mm) are similar to Irish gauge, but incompatible. There is also 5 ft 2 in (1,575 mm) gauge, which is similar as well. See: Track gauge in Ireland.

Locomotives

One of the supposed advantages of the broader 1,600 mm (5 ft 3 in) Irish gauge, compared to 1,435 mm (4 ft 8 ¹⁄₂ in) standard gauge, is that the greater space between the wheels allows for bigger cylinders. In practice, Ireland does not have any heavily-loaded or steeply-graded lines that would require especially powerful locomotives. The most powerful steam locomotives on systems of this gauge were:

Ireland – GSR Class 800 – Tractive effort: 155 kN (34,850 lbf)
Victoria – Victorian Railways H class – 245 kN (55,080 lbf); 23.6 t (23.2 long tons; 26.0 short tons) axle load – 1 in 48 (2.1%) grade.

By comparison a non-articulated standard gauge locomotive in the same country was:

NSW D57 class locomotive of 286 kN (64,300 lbf) – 1 in 33 (3.333 %) grades

References

Lewis, M. J. T. (2001), "Railways in the Greek and Roman world", in Guy, A.; Rees, J. (eds.), Early Railways. A Selection of Papers from the First International Early Railways Conference (PDF), pp. 8–19 (10–15), archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-03-12
"ODDS AND ENDS". Colonial Times. Hobart, Tas.: National Library of Australia. 24 March 1846. p. 4. Retrieved 21 August 2012.
"Dublin's Strangest Tales". google.nl.
Mike W. Harry. "Cast Into the Unknown". google.nl. p. 30.
"Pota Focal - leithead". Pota Focal. Retrieved 10 April 2018.
Rail_transport_in_Brazil
Newer Metro systems use 1,435 mm (4 ft 8 ¹⁄₂ in) standard gauge.
Rieger, Bernhard (2006-04-23). "Breitspurbahn". Retrieved 2007-11-29.
"Infrastructure". Irish Rail. Archived from the original on 2013-05-07. Retrieved 2013-05-03.

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[1] Lewis, M. J. T. (2001), "Railways in the Greek and Roman world", in Guy, A.; Rees, J. (eds.), Early Railways. A Selection of Papers from the First International Early Railways Conference (PDF), pp. 8–19 (10–15), archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-03-12

[2] "ODDS AND ENDS". Colonial Times. Hobart, Tas.: National Library of Australia. 24 March 1846. p. 4. Retrieved 21 August 2012.

[3] "Dublin's Strangest Tales". google.nl.

[4] Mike W. Harry. "Cast Into the Unknown". google.nl. p. 30.

[5] "Pota Focal - leithead". Pota Focal. Retrieved 10 April 2018.

[6] Rail_transport_in_Brazil

[7] Newer Metro systems use 1,435 mm (4 ft 8 ¹⁄₂ in) standard gauge.

[breitspurbahn-8] Rieger, Bernhard (2006-04-23). "Breitspurbahn". Retrieved 2007-11-29.

[9] "Infrastructure". Irish Rail. Archived from the original on 2013-05-07. Retrieved 2013-05-03.

Track gauge (list)
Minimum gauge	15 in (381 mm) 400 mm (15 ³⁄₄ in) 18 in (457 mm) 500 mm (19 ³⁄₄ in) 20 in (508 mm)
Narrow gauge	2 foot and 600 mm 750 mm (2 ft 5 ¹⁄₂ in) 760 mm (2 ft 5 ¹⁵⁄₁₆ in) 2 ft 6 in (762 mm) 800 mm (2 ft 7 ¹⁄₂ in) 891 mm (2 ft 11 ³⁄₃₂ in) Swedish three foot 900 mm (2 ft 11 ⁷⁄₁₆ in) 3 ft (914 mm) 950 mm (3 ft 1 ³⁄₈ in) Italian metre gauge 1,000 mm (3 ft 3 ³⁄₈ in) metre gauge 1,050 mm (3 ft 5 ¹¹⁄₃₂ in), 1,055 mm (3 ft 5 ¹⁄₂ in), 1,093 mm (3 ft 7 in), 1,100 mm (3 ft 7 ⁵⁄₁₆ in), 3 ft 6 in (1,067 mm) 1,200 mm (3 ft 11 ¹⁄₄ in) 4 ft (1,219 mm) 4 ft 6 in (1,372 mm), Scotch gauge 4 ft 6 ¹⁄₂ in (1,384 mm), Scotch gauge 4 ft 8 in (1,422 mm), almost standard gauge 4 ft 8 ¹⁄₄ in (1,429 mm)
Standard gauge	4 ft 8 ¹⁄₂ in / 1,435 mm, Stephenson gauge
Broad gauge	1,440 mm (4 ft 8 ¹¹⁄₁₆ in) 1,445 mm (4 ft 8 ⁷⁄₈ in) 1,450 mm (4 ft 9 ³⁄₃₂ in) 4 ft 9 ³⁄₈ in (1,457 mm) 1,458 mm (4 ft 9 ¹³⁄₃₂ in) 4 ft 10 ⁷⁄₈ in (1,495 mm), Toronto gauge 5 ft / 1,524 mm and 1,520 mm (4 ft 11 ²⁷⁄₃₂ in), Russian gauge. 5 ft 2 ¹⁄₄ in / 1,581 mm and 5 ft 2 ¹⁄₂ in / 1,588 mm, Pennsylvania gauge 5 ft 3 in (1,600 mm), Irish gauge 5 ft 4 ¹⁄₂ in (1,638 mm), Baltimore gauge 1,668 mm (5 ft 5 ²¹⁄₃₂ in), Iberian gauge 5 ft 6 in (1,676 mm), Indian gauge 7 ft ¹⁄₄ in (2,140 mm), Brunel gauge 3,000 mm (9 ft 10 ¹⁄₈ in), Breitspurbahn
Gauge differences	Bogie exchange Break of gauge Dual gauge Gauge conversion list Variable gauge
Transport mode	Tram and light rail Rapid transit Miniature Scale model
Categories	by country by imperial units by metric units by name lists of track gauges