AC Cobra

In September 1961, American race car driver (retired) and automotive designer Carroll Shelby wrote to AC asking if they would build him a car modified to accept a V8 engine. Bristol engines for the AC Ace two-seater sports car had recently been discontinued. AC agreed, provided a suitable engine could be found. Shelby went to Chevrolet to see if they would provide him with engines, but not wanting to add competition to the Corvette they said no. However, Ford wanted a car that could compete with the Corvette and they happened to have a brand new engine which could be used in this endeavor: the Windsor 3.6-litre (221 cu in) engine – a new lightweight, thin-wall cast small-block V8. Ford provided Shelby with two engines.

Like many British manufacturers, AC Cars had been using the Bristol straight-6 engine in its small-volume production, including its AC Ace two-seater roadster. This had a hand-built body with a steel tube frame, and aluminium body panels that were made using English wheeling machines. The engine was a pre-World War II design by BMW which by the 1960's was considered dated. Bristol decided in 1961 to cease production of its engine and instead to use Chrysler 5.1-litre (313 cu in) V8 engines. AC started using the 2.6-litre (159 cu in) Ford Zephyr engine in its cars.

In January 1962 mechanics at Carroll Shelby together with AC Cars in Thames Ditton, Surrey designed the "Shelby AC Cobra" prototype with chassis number CSX2000.

AC had already made most of the modifications needed for the small-block V8 when they installed the 2.553-litre (156 cu in) inline 6 Ford Zephyr engine, including the extensive rework of the AC Ace's front end bodywork. The only modification of the front end of the first Cobra from that of the "AC Ace 2.6" was the steering box, which had to be moved outward to clear the wider V8 engine.

The most important modification was the fitting of a stronger rear differential to handle the increased engine power. A Salisbury 4HU unit with inboard disc brakes to reduce unsprung weight was chosen instead of the old E.N.V. unit. It was the same unit used on the Jaguar E-Type. After testing and modification, the engine and transmission were removed and the chassis was air-freighted to Shelby in Los Angeles on 2 February 1962,[9] By this time the small-block's displacement was increased to 4.3 L (260 cu in).

Shelby's team paired this engine along with a transmission into CSX2000, in less than eight hours at Dean Moon's shop in Santa Fe Springs, California, and began road-testing.[10]

(CSX/CS 2001–2602)

A few changes were made to the production version:

• Inboard brakes were moved outboard to reduce cost.
• The fuel tank filler was relocated from the fender to the center of the trunk. The trunk lid had to be shortened to accommodate this change.

AC exported completed, painted, and trimmed cars (less engine and gearbox) to Shelby who then finished the cars in his workshop in Los Angeles by installing the engine and gearbox and correcting any bodywork flaws caused by the car's passage by sea. A small number of cars were also completed on the East Coast of the US by Ed Hugus in Pennsylvania, including the first production car; CSX2001.

The first 75 Cobra Mk1 models (including the prototype) were fitted with the 4.3 L (260 cu in).[10] The remaining 51 Mk1 models were fitted with a larger version of the Windsor Ford engine, the 4.7-litre (289 cu in) V8.

In late 1962, Alan Turner, AC's chief engineer completed a major design change of the car's front end to accommodate rack and pinion steering while still using transverse leaf spring suspension (with the leaf spring doubling as the upper suspension link). The new car entered production in early 1963 and was designated Mark II. The steering rack was borrowed from the MGB while the new steering column came from the VW Beetle. About 528 Mark II Cobras were produced in the summer of 1965 (the last US-bound Mark II was produced in November 1964).

(COB/COX 6001–6062)

In 1963 to keep production focused on producing cars for Shelby American Inc., the Ruddspeed Ace was discontinued. To supply cars to the European market, AC began to market and sell the Cobra in Europe. Advertisements from the time state that the Cobra was designed to meet the requirements of Shelby American Inc.

Shelby experimented with a larger Ford FE engine, of 6.4 L (390 cu in) in chassis number CSX2196. Unfortunately, the car was not able to receive the development it needed, as resources were aimed at taking the crown from Ferrari in the GT class. Ken Miles drove and raced the FE-powered Mark II at Sebring and pronounced the car virtually undrivable, naming it "The Turd". It failed to finish with the engine expiring due to damper failure.

CSX2196 was revised for the showdown at Nassau which allowed a more relaxed class division of racing. This allowed the GT cobras to run with prototype Ford GT, GM Grand Sport Corvettes and Lola Mk6. It was for this event in 1964 that the Fliptop cobra was used. An aluminium 6.4-litre (390 cu in) engine was used. It was extremely fast. By the end of the first lap, it had a lead of the length of the start-finish straight. However, the car failed to finish due to brake problems.

Shelby Cobra 427 Competition

Shelby Cobra 427 classic blue with white stripes

A new chassis was required, developed, and designated Mark III. The new car was designed in cooperation with Ford in Detroit. A new chassis was built using 101.6 mm (4 in) main chassis tubes, up from 76.2 mm (3 in) and coil spring suspension all around (an especially significant change up front, where the previously-used transverse leaf spring had done double duty as the top link). The new car also had wide fenders and a larger radiator opening. It was powered by the "side oiler" Ford 7.0 L (427 cu in) FE engine equipped with a single 4-barrel 780 CFM Holley carburetor rated at 317 kW (425 hp; 431 PS) at 6000 rpm and 651 N⋅m (480 lb⋅ft) at 3700 rpm of torque,[11] which provided a top speed of 264 km/h (164 mph) in the standard model. The more powerful tune of 362 kW (485 hp; 492 PS) with a top speed of 298 km/h (185 mph) in the semi-competition (S/C) model.

Competition models (CSX/CSB 3001–3100)

Cobra Mark III production began on 1 January 1965; two prototypes had been sent to the United States in October 1964. Cars were sent to the US as unpainted rolling chassis, and they were finished in Shelby's workshop.

Unfortunately, The MK III missed homologation for the 1965 racing season and was not raced by the Shelby team. Only 56 of the 100 planned cars were produced. Of those, 31 unsold competition models were detuned and fitted with windscreens for street use. Called S/C for semi-competition, an original example can currently sell for US$1.5 million, making it one of the most valuable Cobra variants.[12]

Production models (CSX/CSB 3101–3360)

Some Cobra 427s were actually fitted with Ford's 7-litre (428 cu in) engine, a long stroke, smaller bore, lower cost engine, intended for road use rather than racing. The AC Cobra was a financial failure that led Ford and Carroll Shelby to discontinue importing cars from England in 1967.

(COB/COX 6101–6132)

AC Cars kept producing the coil-spring AC Roadster with narrow fenders and a small block Ford 289. It was built and sold in Europe until late 1969.

(CF/CFX 01-80)

AC also produced the AC 428 Frua on a stretched Cobra 427 MK III coil spring chassis. The steel body was designed and built by Pietro Frua until 1973.

(EF/EFX 501–508)

The American Electric Car Company used an even further modified chassis for their vehicles.

GHIA SPYDER[17]

(CSX 5001–5002)

One 244-centimetre (96 in) prototype chassis (CSX 3063) was shipped to Ghia in Italy in 1965 for a body styling exercise. This vehicle was first displayed during a European car show with a Cobra license tag. An article about the car was written up in the Winter 65/66 edition of "Style Quarterly" magazine. Shelby American internal production records show that the car was shipped to Shelby American for Evaluation and review. AC Cars Ltd internal production records show that Shelby American placed an order for two 96-inch chassis (CSX 5001–5002) in 1966. AC labeled these chassis as "GHIA CONVERTIBLE" in their factory ledger.

FORD XD COBRA[18]

(CSX 3001)

Shelby American internal production records show that the car was shipped to Shelby American for evaluation and review in early 1966. The vehicle was returned to Ford and now resides in the Detroit Historical Museum.

1964 Shelby Daytona Cobra Coupe (CSX2299)

In an effort to improve top speed along the legendary Mulsanne Straight at the 24 Hours of Le Mans race, a number of enclosed, coupe variations were constructed using the leafspring chassis and running gear of the AC/Shelby Cobra Mark II. The most famous and numerous of these were the official works Shelby Daytona Cobra Coupes. Six were constructed, each being subtly different from the rest.

The Willment race team became interested in Shelby's Cobra-based coupe and inquired on purchasing one. Shelby turned down the offer, but supplied the drawings to Willment. Dubbed the Willment Cobra Coupe, this car was fully built by the JWA racing team and numbered 2131 on the frame.

AC Cars also produced its own Le Mans coupé. The car was a one-off and was nearly destroyed after a high-speed tire blow-out at the 1964 Le Mans race. The car was qualified conservatively second in GT. The race started well with the AC, chassis number A98, maintaining its position in the top two in GT and even leading the class for a time. This was not to last as an act of suspected sabotage (newspaper in the fuel tank) began to block the fuel filter. The car lost time until this was diagnosed and cleaned out. The car proceeded on at the predetermined conservative lap time and for the next stint remained trouble free. The car was able to match the Shelby Daytona's speed despite running a higher differential ratio (2.88 instead of 3.07) and a lower state of engine tune for reliability (265 kW [355 hp; 360 PS] instead of the Daytona's 287 kW [385 hp; 390 PS]).

A prototype (CSX 3027) was to become 427 Coupe, but since the focus was shifted towards the GT program, this project received little attention. The bodywork and chassis were soon scrapped.[19]

Two further chassis were ordered number CSX 3054 and CSX 3055. This project was also abandoned with just CSX 3054 receiving a body. CSX 3055 was sold to the Willment Race Team and was fitted with a Fiat body designed by Ghia.

1965 Willment/Ghia Coupe (CSX3055)

In 1993, the Los Angeles Times exposed a Carroll Shelby scheme[20] to counterfeit his own cars. With the price of an original 427 c.i. Cobra skyrocketing, Shelby had, by his own written declaration executed under penalty of perjury, caused the California Department of Motor Vehicles (the government agency responsible for titling vehicles and issuing operator permits) to issue forty-three "Duplicate Titles" for vehicles that did not officially exist in company records. A letter from AC Cars confirmed the fact that the chassis numbers Shelby had obtained titles for were never manufactured, at least not by AC Cars. Only fifty-five 427 c.i. Cobras had been originally produced out of a block of serial numbers reserved for 100 vehicles. Shelby had taken advantage of a loophole in the California system that allowed one to obtain a duplicate title for a vehicle with only a written declaration, without the vehicle identification number appearing in the DMV's database or the declarant ever presenting an actual vehicle for inspection.[21] Shelby admitted that the chassis had been manufactured in 1991 and '92 by McCluskey Ltd, an engineering firm in Torrance, California, and were not original AC chassis,[21] however Shelby denied having misled anyone and said he was a victim of a campaign by Brian Angliss, a British competitor, who owned AC at the time and was also building Cobras from the original tooling and wished to enhance his sales by smearing Shelby's car.[21]

Autokraft manufactured an AC 289 continuation car called the Autokraft Mk IV, basically a Mk III with a 4.95-litre (302 cu in) Ford V8 and Borg Warner T5 Transmission. The Mk IV also received an independent suspension.

In 1986, Autokraft (as a joint venture with Ford joining in 1987) purchased AC Cars, and produced the AC Mk IV Cobra, with a 186 kW (250 hp; 253 PS) at 4,200 rpm, 4,942-cubic-centimetre (301.6 cu in) Ford V8, which provided a top speed of 134 mph (215 km/h) and 0–62 mph (0–100 km/h) in 5.2 seconds.

At the 1990 Geneva Salon the Lightweight version was presented: weight was down to 1,070 kg (2,360 lb) (compared to 1,190 kg or 2,620 lb) and power was up to 276 kW (370 hp; 375 PS) at 5,750 rpm thanks to alloy heads, a Holley four-barrel carburettor, and no catalytic converter.[22] While the Lightweight did not meet US federal regulations, the Mk IV did, and 480 cars of all versions were built until 1996.

In 1996 the company was purchased by Pride Automotive. Two new 'Cobra' style cars were launched in 1997, the 'Superblower', an aluminium-bodied car with a supercharged 4,942-cubic-centimetre (301.6 cu in) Ford V8 providing 239 kW (320 hp; 324 PS) and the cheaper 'Carbon Road Series' (CRS) with a carbonfibre body and a 168 kW (225 hp; 228 PS) version of the Ford V8 engine. 22 Superblowers and 37 CRSs were built between 1997 and 2001.

In 1999, a limited edition run of 25 289 FIA Cobras were planned. Only 1 example was manufactured, chassis number COB 1001.

A further variant, 'the 212 S/C' with a 3,506-cubic-centimetre (213.9 cu in) 261 kW (350 hp; 355 PS) twin-turbocharged Lotus V8 engine was introduced in 2000, but only two examples were built.

In 2001, the company relocated its factory to Frimley, Surrey. By August 2002, the company was in a financial low and briefly acquired by Private Corp, who closed operations in October 2003. Only two models were produced, a FIA 289 (COX 2610), and a 427 Cobra (COX 3361). The cars were intended to be sold in the US market, through a new company, AC Cars USA, in Florida. Both cars were numbered following where the original ledger entries left off during the 1960s.

On 8 July 2002, a new company was formed in Malta named AC Motor Holdings and was responsible for the branding of the company.

In late 2003, the Frimley factory was under the control of AC Motor Holdings.

On 4 December 2003, Shelby and AC announced a co-production of the CSX1000 and CSX 7500 series. Only 14 CSX1000, and 2 CSX 7500 cars were built by 2007.

Between 2004 and 2007, AC Motor Holdings produced the AC Mk V in their Malta factory. However, only 3 right-hand drive and 2 left-hand drive carbon-fibre AC Mk Vs powered by 254 kW (340 hp; 345 PS) 5-litre (305 cu in) Ford V8 engines were built.

Production halted due to an unexplained fire at the factory and disappearance of current AC Cars owner Alan Lubinsky [23]

On 20 April 2008, AC announced its Heritage Series, the UK operations were granted to Brooklands Motor Company, dba AC Heritage. The US operations were granted to AC AutoKraft, Llc, of Michigan.

Both companies are licensed to produce traditional aluminum-body models: Ruddspeed, 289, and 427 continuation Aces and Cobras. Few vehicles were ever produced.

In 2009, AC licensed Gullwing GmbH in Germany, dba AC-Automotive, to produce the AC MK VI, with an aluminium coated composite body and powered by a 6.2-litre (380 cu in) 328-kilowatt (440 hp; 446 PS) LS3 Chevrolet engine, or a 410 kW (550 hp; 558 PS) supercharged version. As of January 2021 the AC Mk VI has still not entered production or received European type approval.

In 2012, the AC Mrk II Classic was released. Available in either aluminum or fiberglass bodies. Few vehicles were produced and sold.

In 2017, the AC Mrk1 260 Legacy edition was released in a limited production of nine cars. Also released was the AC 378 a newer composite body version of the Cobra. Few vehicles were ever produced and sold.

A dispute between AC Cars and Shelby was settled between both parties in 1992 through a joint statement released by AC Cars Ltd and Shelby American INC signed by Carroll Shelby and then AC Cars owner Brian Angliss [24]

THIS PRESS STEATEMENT IS RELEASED JOINTLY BY CARROLL SHELBY, REPRESNTING HIMSELF AND SHELBY AMERICAN, INC., AND BRIAN ANGLISS, REPRESENTING HIMSELF, AC CARS LTD AND AUTOKRAFT LTD.

The Cobra was a high-powered handcrafted sports car of the 1960’s. Its creation and production was the result of joint Anglo American cooperation between Carroll Shelby, who conceived the idea for the Cobra, Shelby American, AC Cars Ltd, and the Ford Motors Company.

Approximately 90 percent of all Cobras constructed were for the order of Shelby American and were shipped semi-completed by AC Cars, from its factory in Thames Ditton, England, to Shelby’s facilities in California where they were fitted with Ford supplied engines and Borg-Warner transmissions, and sold by Shelby American through its dealer network.

The remaining Cobra production was sold by AC Cars to the European market as complete, fully operational vehicles. All of the Cobra chassis produced by AC were stamped with a chassis identification number and noted in AC’s records.

From his factory in Venice, California, Carroll Shelby applied for and establishing FIA and SCCA recognition of Shelby American as Manufacturer of Record of the CObras from 1962 through 1966. Shelby went on to operate an extremely successful Cobra race team during the 1960’s. An agreement between the companies entitled AC Cars to manufacture, sell and race Cobras in Europe.

Shelby American created and bult the famed 289 Cobra Daytona Coupes and raced them to the 1985 World Manufacturers Championship. The Dayona Coupes incorporated an AC-supplied ladder-frame chassis assembly.

Although at the outset of the Cobra production in 1962, Carroll Shelby relied upon the expertise, experience and facilities of AC Cars (AC had at that time already been operational as the manufacturer of handcrafted sporting vehicles for over sixty years), and the first 260 and 289 Cobras were a close adaptation of AC Cars’ then current Ace, the rapid expansion of Shelby’s facilities in California, coupled with experience gained in racing, enabled the joint effort to produce extremely successful vehicles through the program.

In 1965, with the introduction of the 427 Cobra, Ford Motor Company became actively involved with Shelby American in the development of a new coil-sprung 7-litre redesigned chassis and suspension for competition.

The Shelby Cobra 427 S/C Race Model currently being built by Shelby is a faithfully constructed product, built to the specifications of the original 1965 model. As these vehicles are being sold as “off-highway” race cars, they are exempt from federal safety and emission requirements.

Shelby American wants to make clear and is proud of the fact that its current Shelby 427 S/C Cobras are of wholly North American construction commencing in 1990, including the entire rolling chassis and body, both having been manufacturer from tooling that has recently created by suppliers working in conjunction with Shelby and Mike McCluskey Ltd. in California.

The five race model Cobras that have been completed to date are fitted with original iron block, Ford-developed 427-cubic-inch, side-oiler engines. The engines and the drive train were built in the 1960’s

No part of these vehicles contain materials supplied by AC Cars, and Mr. Shelby notes that he has never so claimed. Brian Angliss notes that what remains of the original Cobra tooling is currently in use at AC Cars in England, where the 1995 AC Mark IV Cobra is being manufactured. The AC Mark IV Cobra meets current EEC and 49 State North American certification requirements.

Over the past two years, there have appeared in automotive and other publications and writings various damaging and unnecessarily derogatory statements and implications concerning AC Cars, Shelby American, Brian Angliss and Carroll Shelby. The parties regret these statements and implications.

Shelby American and AC Cars are proud of their respective roles in the creation, design, development and manufacture of the Cobra, and, most certainly, without the excellent relationship and goodwill that existed between both companies at that time, there would never have been a Cobra.

Carroll Shelby and Brian Angliss have enjoyed friendship that goes back many years. Both are saddened by the recent, largely unnecessary and adverse dialogue that has resulted in the present litigation between the parties.

The purpose of this press release is to provide written factual information to the press as agreed between Carroll Shelby and Brian Angliss in an attempt to avoid any further misunderstanding, thus bringing the litigation to an end, and setting the record straight relative to this unique piece of automotive history, once and for all.

50th-anniversary Cobra Limited Edition CSX8000

Since the late 1980s onwards, various companies have built what are known in the hobby as "Continuation Cars".

Shelby authorized continuations of the original AC-built Cobra series. Produced in Las Vegas, Nevada, these cars retain the general style and appearance of their original 1960s ancestors, but are fitted with modern amenities. The initial version for continuation was a 427 S/C model which was represented in the CSX4000 series. This was meant to continue where the last 427 S/C production left off, at approximately serial number CSX3360 in the 1960s.

The initial CSX4000 series cars were completed from the chassis built by McCluskey Ltd as well as other new parts and reconditioned Ford engines. Given the value of the vehicle many "extra" cars have appeared over the years, even some sharing the same chassis number. Gradually as the vintage parts supply ran low, newly constructed frames and body panels were obtained from a variety of suppliers. The production of chassis numbers CSX4001 to CSX4999 took roughly 20 years and many different business relationships to complete.

In 2009, CSX4999 was produced, concluding the 4000 series. Production has continued with the CSX6000 serial numbers, featuring "coil over" suspension.

The 289 FIA "leaf spring" race version of the car is reproduced as CSX7000, and the original "slab side" leaf spring street car is the CSX8000 series. The Daytona Coupe is reproduced as the CSX 9000 series.

To date most continuations are produced in fiberglass, with some ordering cars with aluminium or carbon-fibre bodywork.

In 2004, at the North American International Auto Show in Detroit, Ford unveiled a concept for a modernized AC Cobra. The Ford Shelby Cobra Concept was a continuation of Ford's effort to bring back the retro sports cars that had been successful in the 1960s, including the Ford GT40 and the fifth generation Ford Mustang.

In 2014, Shelby American announced a limited edition production of 50 cars for the 50th anniversary of the original 427 Shelby Cobra.[2][25]

During the continuation period, Kirkham Motorsports were contracted by Shelby to produce rolling Cobra body/chassis units but this did not end amicably. Pete Brock said in a Hot Rod magazine interview "Like the Kirkhams, even when they were supplying most of Shelby’s Cobra parts. Shelby would go to them and say he would buy their entire year’s worth of production and sign a contract. They called me and asked if they should do it and I said, "As long as you get the money up front, but if you let a car out the door, you’ll lose money." Shelby paid that way for two years and then finally [Kirkhams] got a great big order and Shelby's truck driver said he forgot to bring the check. He went back with a bunch of cars on the transporter and Shelby told them he wasn't going to pay them—that they owed it to him. That almost put [Kirkhams] out of business."

• Timeline of most powerful production cars
• Bill Thomas Cheetah, the 1963-started, Chevrolet Corvette-based private-venture challenger to the Cobra
• The Snake and the Stallion
• James Heffel's Shelby Cobra converted to hydrogen

Wikimedia Commons has media related to AC Cobra.

• AC Cobra at Curlie
• AC Cobra at the Internet Movie Cars Database
• Shelby Automobiles Inc., Las Vegas, Nevada
• thecobraferrariwars.com
• AC Cars website
• AC Heritage website
• AC Cobra 427 (1969) Exterior and Interior in 3D 4K UHD