Abortion in Ohio

The number of abortion clinics in Ohio has declined over the years, with 55 in 1982, 45 in 1992 and 12 in 2014. There were 21,186 legal abortions in 2014 and 20,976 in 2015.

Abortion in Ohio is legal.

Terminology

The abortion debate most commonly relates to the induced abortion of an embryo or fetus at some point in a pregnancy, which is also how the term is used in a legal sense.[note 1] Some also use the term "elective abortion", which is used in relation to a claim to an unrestricted right of a woman to an abortion, whether or not she chooses to have one. The term elective abortion or voluntary abortion describes the interruption of pregnancy before viability at the request of the woman, but not for medical reasons.[1]

Anti-abortion advocates tend to use terms such as "unborn baby", "unborn child", or "pre-born child",[2][3] and see the medical terms "embryo", "zygote", and "fetus" as dehumanizing.[4][5] Both "pro-choice" and "pro-life" are examples of terms labeled as political framing: they are terms which purposely try to define their philosophies in the best possible light, while by definition attempting to describe their opposition in the worst possible light. "Pro-choice" implies that the alternative viewpoint is "anti-choice", while "pro-life" implies the alternative viewpoint is "pro-death" or "anti-life".[6] The Associated Press encourages journalists to use the terms "abortion rights" and "anti-abortion".[7]

Context

Free birth control correlates to teenage girls having fewer pregnancies and fewer abortions. A 2014 New England Journal of Medicine study found such a link.  At the same time, a 2011 study by Center for Reproductive Rights and Ibis Reproductive Health also found that states with more abortion restrictions have higher rates of maternal death, higher rates of uninsured pregnant women, higher rates of infant and child deaths, higher rates of teen drug and alcohol abuse, and lower rates of cancer screening.[8]

According to a 2017 report from the Center for Reproductive Rights and Ibis Reproductive Health, states that tried to pass additional constraints on a woman's ability to access legal abortions had fewer policies supporting women's health, maternal health and children's health.  These states also tended to resist expanding Medicaid, family leave, medical leave, and sex education in public schools.[9] According to Megan Donovan, a senior policy manager at the Guttmacher Institute, states with legislation that protects a woman's right to access abortion services have the lowest rates of infant mortality in the United States.[9] In 2017, Georgia, Ohio, Missouri, Louisiana, Alabama and Mississippi had among the highest rates of infant mortality in the United States.[9] In 2017, Ohio had an infant mortality rate of 7.2 deaths per 1,000 live births.[9]

History

Legislative history

Dates of when heartbeat laws come into effect (as of May 25, 2019)

By the end of the 1800s, all states in the Union except Louisiana had therapeutic exceptions in their legislative bans on abortions.[10] In 1978, Akron, Ohio passed a city ordinance that restricted abortion rights.[11]

The state was one of 23 states in 2007 to have a detailed abortion-specific informed consent requirement.[12] Mississippi, Nebraska, North Dakota and Ohio all had statutes in 2007 that required specific informed consent on abortion but also, by statute, allowed medical doctors performing abortions to disassociate themselves with the anti-abortion materials they were required to provide to their female patients.[13] The Ohio legislature was one of five states nationwide that tried, and failed, to pass a fetal heartbeat bill in 2013.  Only North Dakota successfully passed such a law, but it was later struck down by the courts.[14] They tried with this type of legislation again unsuccessfully in 2018.[14]

Among those who believe that abortion is murder, some believe it may be appropriate to punish it with death. While attempts to criminalize abortion generally focus on the doctor, Texas state Rep. Tony Tinderholt (R) introduced a bill in 2017 and 2019 that may enable the death penalty in Texas for women who have abortions,[15] and the Ohio legislature considered a similar bill in 2018.[16]

In Ohio, a fetal heartbeat law, HB 125, was introduced in the state legislature in October 2011.[17] It was the only state in the country to try to pass such legislation that year.[14] The bill was shelved by the Republican majority Senate to avoid controversy.[18] This bill was notably supported by John C. Willke.[19] A related law was signed in Ohio in 2013 by John Kasich, which mandates, among other things, that doctors who do not test for a fetal heartbeat must be subject to criminal penalties; specifically, "The doctor’s failure to do so would be a first-degree misdemeanor, carrying up to six months in jail, for the first violation and a fourth-degree felony, carrying up to 18 months in jail, for subsequent violations."[20] A bill similar to the 2011–2012 bill was introduced in 2013, titled HB 248.[21] A further fetal heartbeat law was introduced on August 14, 2013, by Lynn Wachtmann and others.[22] In 2013, Ohio passed a Targeted Regulation of Abortion Providers (TRAP) bill containing provisions related to admitting privileges and licensing and requiring clinics to have a transfer agreement with a hospital.[23] Fetal heartbeat bills appeared again in the state legislature in 2014.[14] On March 25, 2015, another heartbeat bill (House Bill 69) passed the Ohio House of Representatives.[24] The Guardian reported that "The bill is unlikely to go any further, facing stiff opposition in the senate as well as from John Kasich, the Republican governor of Ohio."[25] On December 6, 2016, the Ohio Senate added a heartbeat ban provision to an unrelated bill, House Bill 493, previously passed by the Ohio House of Representatives. The bill was returned to the House and passed by the House the same day.[26][27] The bill as passed would make abortion after the detection of a fetal heartbeat a fifth-degree felony except in cases where a physician judges the abortion necessary "to prevent the death of the pregnant woman or to prevent a serious risk of the substantial and irreversible impairment of a major bodily function of the pregnant woman."[28][27] On December 13, 2016, Kasich vetoed the bill.[29][27] Attempts to pass a fetal heartbeat law continued in 2016, with Ohio being was one of eight states nationwide that tried and failed to pass such legislation.[14]

In early 2018, the House considered a bill passed by the Senate to ban abortion after 13 weeks and require that fetal remains be cremated or buried.[30] In 2018, the state was one of eleven where the legislature introduced a bill that failed to pass that would have banned abortion in almost all cases.[14]

Nationally, 2019 was one of the most active years for state legislatures in terms of trying to pass abortion rights restrictions.  State governments with Republican majorities started to push these bills after Brett M. Kavanaugh was confirmed as a US Supreme Court judge, replacing the more liberal Anthony M. Kennedy.  These state governments generally saw this as a positive sign that new moves to restrict abortion rights would be less likely face resistance in the courts.[31] Two fetal heartbeat bills were introduced in the Ohio General Assembly in 2019, marking the 133rd Session of the Ohio General Assembly as the fifth time such legislation has been proposed in the state.[32] On February 11, 2019, Christina Hagan and Ron Hood filed HB 68,[33] which was introduced in the Ohio House of Representatives on February 12, 2019.[34] On February 12, 2019, Kristina Roegner filed SB 23 in the Ohio Senate;[35] the bill was referred to the Health, Human Services and Medicaid Committee on February 13, 2019.[36] On February 21, 2019, the President of the Ohio Senate, Larry Obhof pledged to pass SB 23 out of the upper chamber stating, “We are going to pass that bill by the middle of March. I have no doubt at all.”[37] On March 13, 2019, SB 23 was passed out of the Ohio Senate by a vote of 19 to 13.[38] The next month, the Ohio House amended the bill, and passed it, 56-40; the changes were ratified in the Senate, 18–13.[39] The bill was signed into law by Governor Mike DeWine on April 11, 2019.[40][41] At the time the bill passed, only 27% of the state legislators were female.[42] The law, slated to go into effect in July 2019, would make abortion illegal after the fetus's heartbeat can be detected, usually between five or six weeks into the pregnancy. No exceptions for cases of rape or incest are made.[43][31]

In July 2019 a federal judge blocked the Ohio heartbeat law.[44]

In November 2019, a bill introduced by Candice Keller and Ron Hood, House Bill 413, bans abortion outright and requires doctors to reimplant an ectopic pregnancy, a medical procedure that obstetricians and gynecologists contend is currently impossible.[45]

Judicial history

In 1913 in the case of State v. Tipple, the Ohio Supreme Court said, "The reason and policy of the statue is to protect women and unborn babes from dangerous criminal practice, and to discourage secret immorality between the sexes, and a vicious and craven custom amongst married pairs who wish to evade the responsibilities of rearing offspring."[10] The US Supreme Court's decision in 1973's Roe v. Wade ruling meant the state could no longer regulate abortion in the first trimester.[10]

Akron v. Akron Center for Reproductive Health in 1983 refused to allow the state to require women seeking abortions during the second trimester to be hospitalized or  that a woman be required to listen to a "parade of horribles" before being allowed to have an abortion.[10][46][47] The full law that was struck down also required women to wait 24 hours after seeking an abortion, parental consent for minors and that a fetus that is aborted be dealt with in a "human" manner.[46][47]

Clinic history

Number of abortion clinics in Ohio by year.

Between 1982 and 1992, the number of abortion clinics in the state decreased by ten, going from 55 in 1982 to 45 in 1992.[48] In 2014, there were twelve abortion clinics in the state.[49] In 2014, 93% of the counties in the state did not have an abortion clinic. That year, 56% of women in the state aged 15 – 44 lived in a county without an abortion clinic.[27] In March 2016, there were 28 Planned Parenthood clinics in the state.[50] In 2017, there were 27 Planned Parenthood clinics serving a population of 2,585,171 women aged 15 – 49. 3 of the Planned Parenthood clinics offered abortion services.[51]

Statistics

In the period between 1972 and 1974, the state had an illegal abortion mortality rate per million women aged 15 – 44 of between 0.1 and 0.9.[52] In 1990, 1,314,000 women in the state faced the risk of an unintended pregnancy.[48] In 2010, the state had 9 publicly funded abortions, of which were 9 federally funded and 0 were state funded.[53] In 2014, 48% of adults said in a poll by the Pew Research Center that abortion should be legal in all or most cases.[54]

Number of reported abortions, abortion rate and percentage change in rate by geographic region and state in 1992, 1995 and 1996[55]
Census division and stateNumberRate% change 1992–1996
199219951996199219951996
East North Central204,810185,800190,05020.718.919.3–7
Illinois68,42068,16069,39025.425.626.13
Indiana15,84014,03014,8501210.611.2–7
Michigan55,58049,37048,78025.222.622.3–11
Ohio49,52040,94042,87019.516.217–13
Wisconsin15,45013,30014,16013.611.612.3–9
Number, rate, and ratio of reported abortions, by reporting area of residence and occurrence and by percentage of abortions obtained by out-of-state residents, US CDC estimates
LocationResidenceOccurrence% obtained by

out-of-state residents

YearRef
No.Rate^Ratio^^No.Rate^Ratio^^
Ohio21,6509.815521,1869.61525.52014[56]
Ohio21,2159.615220,9769.51515.82015[57]
Ohio 20,790 9.5 151 20,672 9.4 150 5.5 2016 [58]
^number of abortions per 1,000 women aged 15-44; ^^number of abortions per 1,000 live births


Abortion rights views and activities

Protests

Women from the state participated in marches supporting abortion rights as part of a #StoptheBans movement in May 2019.[59] In May 2019, women participated in a heartbeat ban bill protest in Cleveland  as part of #StoptheBans movement. It was organized by NARAL Pro Choice Ohio, Planned Parenthood Advocates of Ohio and Cleveland State University students.[41] A #StoptheBans protest in Cincinnati saw dozens of people participating outside the Hamilton County Courthouse where they chanted "Right to life, that's a lie, you don't care if women die".[59]

Opposition to abortion

Truth Truck at Ohio State University in 2008.
Political signage on I-70 in Columbus in August 2018.

Violence

The first clinic arson occurred in Oregon in March 1976 and the first bombing occurred in February 1978 in Ohio.[60] In 1978, there were 3 arson attacks and 4 bomb attacks on abortion facilities in the United States.  All but two of these took place in Ohio.  These 7 attacks caused combined damage of US$800,000.[60]

In 1977, there were four arson attacks on abortion clinics.  These took place in Minnesota, Vermont, Nebraska and Ohio.  Combined, they caused over US$1.1 million in damage.[61] By 2000, an act of violence had taken place at an abortion clinic in Shelby County, Ohio.[61] On March 7, 2016, Rachel Ann Jackson, 71, vandalized a Planned Parenthood clinic in Columbus, Ohio, with the message "SATAN DEN OF BABY KILLERS..." She pleaded guilty to felony counts of breaking and entering and vandalism and a misdemeanor count of aggravated trespass.[62][63] Jackson was sentenced to probation, with the judge citing her struggle with serious mental illness as a mitigating factor.[63]

Footnotes

  1. According to the Supreme Court's decision in Roe v. Wade:
    (a) For the stage prior to approximately the end of the first trimester, the abortion decision and its effectuation must be left to the medical judgement of the pregnant woman's attending physician. (b) For the stage subsequent to approximately the end of the first trimester, the State, in promoting its interest in the health of the mother, may, if it chooses, regulate the abortion procedure in ways that are reasonably related to maternal health. (c) For the stage subsequent to viability, the State in promoting its interest in the potentiality of human life may, if it chooses, regulate, and even proscribe, abortion except where it is necessary, in appropriate medical judgement, for the preservation of the life or health of the mother.
    Likewise, Black's Law Dictionary defines abortion as "knowing destruction" or "intentional expulsion or removal".

References

  1. Watson, Katie (20 Dec 2019). "Why We Should Stop Using the Term "Elective Abortion"". AMA Journal of Ethics. 20 (12): E1175-1180. doi:10.1001/amajethics.2018.1175. PMID 30585581.
  2. Chamberlain, Pam; Hardisty, Jean (2007). "The Importance of the Political 'Framing' of Abortion". The Public Eye Magazine. 14 (1). Archived from the original on 2016-06-13. Retrieved 2019-05-22.
  3. "The Roberts Court Takes on Abortion". Archived 2019-02-01 at the Wayback Machine New York Times. November 5, 2006. Retrieved January 18, 2008.
  4. Brennan 'Dehumanizing the vulnerable' 2000
  5. Getek, Kathryn; Cunningham, Mark (February 1996). "A Sheep in Wolf's Clothing – Language and the Abortion Debate". Princeton Progressive Review. Archived from the original on 2016-08-30. Retrieved 2019-05-22.
  6. "Example of "anti-life" terminology" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-27. Retrieved 2011-11-16.
  7. Goldstein, Norm, ed. The Associated Press Stylebook. Philadelphia: Basic Books, 2007.
  8. Castillo, Stephanie (2014-10-03). "States With More Abortion Restrictions Hurt Women's Health, Increase Risk For Maternal Death". Medical Daily. Archived from the original on May 27, 2019. Retrieved May 27, 2019.
  9. "States pushing abortion bans have highest infant mortality rates". NBC News. Archived from the original on May 25, 2019. Retrieved May 25, 2019.
  10. Buell, Samuel (1991-01-01). "Criminal Abortion Revisited". New York University Law Review. 66 (6): 1774–1831. PMID 11652642. Archived from the original on 2018-06-21. Retrieved 2019-05-22.
  11. Tyler, C. W. (1983). "The public health implications of abortion". Annual Review of Public Health. 4: 223–258. doi:10.1146/annurev.pu.04.050183.001255. ISSN 0163-7525. PMID 6860439.
  12. "STATE POLICY ON INFORMED CONSENT FOR ABORTION" (PDF). Guttmacher Policy Review. Fall 2007. Retrieved May 22, 2019.
  13. "State Abortion Counseling Policies and the Fundamental Principles of Informed Consent". Guttmacher Institute. 2007-11-12. Archived from the original on April 1, 2019. Retrieved May 22, 2019.
  14. Lai, K. K. Rebecca (2019-05-15). "Abortion Bans: 8 States Have Passed Bills to Limit the Procedure This Year". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 24, 2019.
  15. Gstalter, Morgan (2019-04-10). "GOP Texas lawmaker reintroduces bill to allow death penalty for women who have abortions". TheHill. Archived from the original on 2019-04-10. Retrieved 2019-04-10.
  16. Panetta, Grace (20 November 2018). "Ohio's legislature is considering laws to ban abortion after 6 weeks, and could punish patients and abortion providers with the death penalty". Business Insider. Archived from the original on 10 April 2019. Retrieved 2019-04-10.
  17. "Laws, Acts, and Legislation". state.oh.us. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2019-05-24.
  18. "Ohio Lawmakers Give Up On Anti-Choice Legislation". ThinkProgress. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2019-05-24.
  19. "Abortion foes push fetal heartbeat bills in states". msnbc.com. Archived from the original on 2019-06-07. Retrieved 2019-05-24.
  20. Provance, Jim (July 8, 2013). "Both sides of debate find Ohio abortion law decision to be historic". Toledo Blade. Archived from the original on July 19, 2013. Retrieved July 28, 2013.
  21. "Laws, Acts, and Legislation". state.oh.us. Archived from the original on 2015-01-24. Retrieved 2019-05-24.
  22. Hallett, Joe (August 15, 2013). "Fate unclear for new anti-abortion 'heartbeat bill'". Columbus Dispatch. Archived from the original on August 27, 2013. Retrieved August 23, 2013.
  23. "TRAP Laws Gain Political Traction While Abortion Clinics—and the Women They Serve—Pay the Price". Guttmacher Institute. 2013-06-27. Archived from the original on May 27, 2019. Retrieved May 27, 2019.
  24. Oates, Lindsey J. (April 6, 2015). "Ohio abortion bill creating controversy among college women". USA Today. Archived from the original on August 8, 2015. Retrieved August 11, 2015.
  25. Siddiqui, Sabrina (March 25, 2015). "Ohio anti-abortion 'heartbeat bill' passes in house but likely to face opposition". The Guardian. Archived from the original on August 12, 2015. Retrieved August 11, 2015.
  26. Cadinsky, Catherine; Ludlow, Randy; Siegel, Jim. "House joins Senate in approving heartbeat abortion bill". The Columbus Dispatch. The Columbus Dispatch. Archived from the original on December 7, 2016. Retrieved December 7, 2016.
  27. businessinsider (2018-08-04). "This is what could happen if Roe v. Wade fell". Business Insider (in Spanish). Archived from the original on May 24, 2019. Retrieved May 24, 2019.
  28. "House Bill 493, As Passed By The Senate" (PDF). The Ohio Legislature. The Ohio Legislature, 131st General Assembly. December 6, 2016. p. 46. Archived from the original on December 20, 2016. Retrieved December 7, 2016. Sec. 2919.195. (A) Except as provided in division (B) of this section, no person shall knowingly and purposefully perform or induce an abortion on a pregnant woman with the specific intent of causing or abetting the termination of the life of the unborn human individual the pregnant woman is carrying and whose fetal heartbeat has been detected in accordance with division (A) of section 2919.192 of the Revised Code. Whoever violates this division is guilty of performing or inducing an abortion after the detection of a fetal heartbeat, a felony of the fifth degree. (B) Division (A) of this section does not apply to a physician who performs a medical procedure that, in the physician's reasonable medical judgment, is designed or intended to prevent the death of the pregnant woman or to prevent a serious risk of the substantial and irreversible impairment of a major bodily function of the pregnant woman. A physician who performs a medical procedure as described in this division shall declare, in a written document, that the medical procedure is necessary, to the best of the physician's reasonable medical judgment, to prevent the death of the pregnant woman or to prevent a serious risk of the substantial and irreversible impairment of a major bodily function of the pregnant woman. In the document, the physician shall specify the pregnant woman's medical condition that the medical procedure is asserted to address and the medical rationale for the physician's conclusion that the medical procedure is necessary to prevent the death of the pregnant woman or to prevent a serious risk of the substantial and irreversible impairment of a major bodily function of the pregnant woman. A physician who performs a medical procedure as described in this division shall place the written document required by this division in the pregnant woman's medical records. The physician shall maintain a copy of the document in the physician's own records for at least seven years from the date the document is created. (C) A person is not in violation of division (A) of this section if the person acts in accordance with division (A) of section 2919.192 of the Revised Code and the method used to determine the presence of a fetal heartbeat does not reveal a fetal heartbeat. (D) Division (A) of this section does not have the effect of repealing or limiting any other provision of the Revised Code that restricts or regulates the performance or inducement of an abortion by a particular method or during a particular stage of a pregnancy.
  29. Higgs, Robert (December 13, 2016). "Gov. John Kasich vetoes anti-abortion Heartbeat Bill, signs 20-week abortion ban". Cleveland.com. Columbus. Archived from the original on March 11, 2018. Retrieved December 6, 2017.
  30. "State legislatures see flurry of activity on abortion bills". PBS NewsHour. 2018-02-03. Archived from the original on May 26, 2019. Retrieved May 26, 2019.
  31. Tavernise, Sabrina (2019-05-15). "'The Time Is Now': States Are Rushing to Restrict Abortion, or to Protect It". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 24, 2019. Retrieved May 24, 2019.
  32. Kalser, Karen (February 13, 2019). "Heartbeat Bill Gets First Hearing For What Could Be Its Last Time Through The Legislature". The Statehouse News Bureau. Archived from the original on February 22, 2019. Retrieved February 22, 2019. It’s the fifth time the Heartbeat Bill has been proposed. Republican House Speaker Larry Householder says he wants it to start in the Senate this time. But Rep. Ron Hood (R-Ashville) joined with fellow Republican Candice Keller (R-Middletown) to propose it in the House anyway, though he’s on board with the Senate version too.
  33. "Ohio abortion 'heartbeat bill' returns to Legislature". WLWT5 (NBC). The Associated Press. February 12, 2019. Archived from the original on May 24, 2019. Retrieved May 24, 2019.
  34. "133rd General Assembly - House Bill 68". legislature.ohio.gov. The Ohio Legislature. Archived from the original on February 13, 2019. Retrieved February 13, 2019.
  35. Frazin, Rachel (February 12, 2019). "Ohio lawmakers reintroduce 'heartbeat' abortion bill". thehill.com. Archived from the original on February 13, 2019. Retrieved February 13, 2019.
  36. "OH SB23 | 2019-2020 | 133rd General Assembly". legiscan.com. Archived from the original on February 22, 2019. Retrieved February 22, 2019. Status: Introduced on February 12, 2019 . . . Action: 2019-02-13 - Refer to Committee: Health, Human Services and Medicaid
  37. Kalser, Karen (February 21, 2019). "Senate President Says "Heartbeat Bill" Will Pass His Chamber Next Month". The Statehouse News Bureau. Archived from the original on February 22, 2019. Retrieved February 22, 2019. “We are going to pass that bill by the middle of March. I have no doubt at all,” said Senate President Larry Obhof (R-Medina).
  38. Kaplan, Talia (March 14, 2019). "Ohio 'heartbeat' abortion ban passes Senate as governor vows to sign it". Fox News. Archived from the original on March 18, 2019. Retrieved March 19, 2019.
  39. Frazin, Rachel (April 10, 2019). "Ohio legislature sends 'heartbeat' abortion bill to governor's desk". The Hill. Archived from the original on April 11, 2019. Retrieved April 13, 2019.
  40. Haynes, Danielle (April 11, 2019). "Ohio Gov. DeWine signs 'heartbeat' abortion bill". UPI. Archived from the original on April 12, 2019. Retrieved April 13, 2019.
  41. Kilpatrick, Mary (2019-05-20). "Abortion rights #StoptheBans rally set for Tuesday". cleveland.com. Archived from the original on May 25, 2019. Retrieved May 25, 2019.
  42. "Yes, you can blame the patriarchy for these horrible abortion laws. We did the math". Mother Jones. Archived from the original on May 18, 2019. Retrieved May 26, 2019.
  43. Smith, Kate (May 13, 2019). "A pregnant 11-year-old rape victim in Ohio would no longer be allowed to have an abortion under new state law". CBS News. Archived from the original on May 13, 2019. Retrieved May 14, 2019.
  44. "U.S. judge blocks Ohio 'heartbeat' law to end most abortions". Reuters. 4 July 2019. Retrieved 20 October 2019.
  45. Glenza, Jessica (November 29, 2019). "Ohio bill orders doctors to 'reimplant ectopic pregnancy' or face 'abortion murder' charges". The Guardian. Retrieved November 29, 2019.
  46. Tribune, Chicago. "Timeline of abortion laws and events". chicagotribune.com. Archived from the original on May 9, 2019. Retrieved May 23, 2019.
  47. "Timeline of Important Reproductive Freedom Cases Decided by the Supreme Court". American Civil Liberties Union. Archived from the original on April 30, 2019. Retrieved May 25, 2019.
  48. Arndorfer, Elizabeth; Michael, Jodi; Moskowitz, Laura; Grant, Juli A.; Siebel, Liza (December 1998). A State-By-State Review of Abortion and Reproductive Rights. DIANE Publishing. ISBN 9780788174810.
  49. Gould, Rebecca Harrington, Skye. "The number of abortion clinics in the US has plunged in the last decade — here's how many are in each state". Business Insider. Archived from the original on May 23, 2019. Retrieved May 23, 2019.
  50. Bohatch, Emily. "27 states with the most Planned Parenthood clinics". thestate. Archived from the original on May 24, 2019. Retrieved May 24, 2019.
  51. "Here's Where Women Have Less Access to Planned Parenthood". Archived from the original on May 23, 2019. Retrieved May 23, 2019.
  52. Cates, Willard; Rochat, Roger (March 1976). "Illegal Abortions in the United States: 1972–1974". Family Planning Perspectives. 8 (2): 86–92. doi:10.2307/2133995. JSTOR 2133995. PMID 1269687.
  53. "Guttmacher Data Center". data.guttmacher.org. Retrieved May 24, 2019.
  54. "Views about abortion by state - Religion in America: U.S. Religious Data, Demographics and Statistics | Pew Research Centerlanguage=en-US". Archived from the original on April 10, 2019. Retrieved May 23, 2019.
  55. "Abortion Incidence and Services in the United States, 1995-1996". Guttmacher Institute. 2005-06-15. Archived from the original on 2019-06-02. Retrieved 2019-06-02.
  56. Jatlaoui, Tara C. (2017). "Abortion Surveillance — United States, 2014". MMWR. Surveillance Summaries. 66 (24): 1–48. doi:10.15585/mmwr.ss6624a1. ISSN 1546-0738. PMID 29166366.
  57. Jatlaoui, Tara C. (2018). "Abortion Surveillance — United States, 2015". MMWR. Surveillance Summaries. 67 (13): 1–45. doi:10.15585/mmwr.ss6713a1. ISSN 1546-0738. PMC 6289084. PMID 30462632.
  58. Jatlaoui, Tara C. (2019). "Abortion Surveillance — United States, 2016". MMWR. Surveillance Summaries. 68. doi:10.15585/mmwr.ss6811a1. ISSN 1546-0738.
  59. Bacon, John. "Abortion rights supporters' voices thunder at #StopTheBans rallies across the nation". USA TODAY. Archived from the original on May 22, 2019. Retrieved May 25, 2019.
  60. National Abortion Federation. (2007). "Arsons and Bombings "Archived copy". Archived from the original on September 26, 2011. Retrieved May 22, 2019.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)." Retrieved February 10, 2007.
  61. Jacobson, Mireille; Royer, Heather (December 2010). "Aftershocks: The Impact of Clinic Violence on Abortion Services". American Economic Journal: Applied Economics. 3: 189–223. doi:10.1257/app.3.1.189. Archived from the original on 2017-07-18. Retrieved 2019-05-23.
  62. 71-year-old admits to vandalism on Planned Parenthood building Archived 2017-02-05 at the Wayback Machine, WCMH (August 8, 2016).
  63. John Futty, Judge grants probation to 71-year-old woman who vandalized Planned Parenthood building Archived 2017-02-05 at the Wayback Machine, Columbus Dispatch (November 15, 2016).
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.