Alexandrian text-type
The Alexandrian text-type is one of several text types found among New Testament manuscripts. It is the text type favored by textual critics and it is the basis for modern Bible translations. The name of the text type comes from Codex Alexandrinus, a manuscript of this type.
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Over 5,800 New Testament manuscripts have been classified into four groups by text type. Besides Alexandrian, the other types are the Western, Caesarean, and Byzantine. Compared to these later text types, Alexandrian readings tend to be abrupt, use fewer words, show greater variation among the synoptic gospels, and have readings that are considered difficult. That is to say, later scribes tended to polish scripture and tried to improve its literary style. Glosses would occasionally be added as verses during the process of copying a Bible by hand. From the ninth century onward, most surviving manuscripts are of the Byzantine type.[1]
The King James Version and other Reformation-era Bibles are translated from Textus Receptus, a Greek text created by Erasmus and based on various manuscripts of the Byzantine type. In 1721, Richard Bentley outlined a project to create a revised Greek text based on Alexandrinus.[2] This project was completed by Karl Lachmann in 1850.[3] B.F. Westcott and F.J.A. Hort of Cambridge published a text based on Codex Vaticanus and Codex Sinaiticus in 1881. Novum Testamentum Graece by Eberhard Nestle and Kurt Aland, now in its 28th edition, generally follows the text of Westcott and Hort.
Manuscripts
Up until the ninth century, Greek texts were written entirely in upper-case letters, referred to as uncials. During the ninth and tenth centuries, minuscules came to replace the older style. Most Greek uncial manuscripts were recopied in this period and their parchment leaves typically scraped clean for re-use. Consequently, surviving Greek New Testament manuscripts from before the ninth century are relatively rare, but nine (over half of the total that survive) witness a more-or-less pure Alexandrian text. These include the oldest near-complete manuscripts of the New Testament: Codex Vaticanus Graecus 1209 and Codex Sinaiticus (believed to date from the early fourth century).
A number of substantial papyrus manuscripts of portions of the New Testament survive from earlier still, and those that can be ascribed a text-type, such as π66 and π75 from the second to the third century, also tend to witness to the Alexandrian text.
The earliest Coptic versions of the Bible (into a Sahidic variety of the late second century) use the Alexandrian text as a Greek base; although other second and third century translations (into Latin and Syriac) tend rather to conform to the Western text-type. Although the overwhelming majority of later minuscule manuscripts conform to the Byzantine text-type; detailed study has, from time to time, identified individual minuscules that transmit the alternative Alexandrian text. Around 17 such manuscripts have been discovered so far and so the Alexandrian text-type is witnessed by around 30 surviving manuscripts, by no means all of which are associated with Egypt although in that area, Alexandrian witnesses are the most prevalent.
It was used by Clement of Alexandria,[4] Athanasius of Alexandria, and Cyril of Alexandria.
List of notable manuscripts represented Alexandrian text-type:
Sign | Name | Date | Content |
π45 | Chester Beatty I | 3rd | fragments of Gospels, Acts |
π46 | Chester Beatty II | c. 200 | Pauline epistles |
π47 | Chester Beatty III | 3rd | fragments of Revelation |
π66 | Bodmer II | c. 200 | Gospel of John |
π72 | Bodmer VII/VIII | 3rd/4th | Jude; 1-2 Peter |
π75 | Bodmer XIV-XV | 3rd | Gospels of Luke and John |
Χ | Codex Sinaiticus | 330-360 | NT |
B | Codex Vaticanus | 325-350 | Matt. β Hbr 9, 14 |
A | Codex Alexandrinus | c. 400 | (except Gospels) |
C | Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus | 5th | (except Gospels) |
Q | Codex Guelferbytanus B | 5th | fragments Luke β John |
T | Codex Borgianus | 5th | fragments Luke β John |
I | Codex Freerianus | 5th | Pauline epistles |
Z | Codex Dublinensis | 6th | fragments of Matt. |
L | Codex Regius | 8th | Gospels |
W | Codex Washingtonianus | 5th | Luke 1:1β8:12; J 5:12β21:25 |
057 | Uncial 057 | 4/5th | Acts 3:5β6,10-12 |
0220 | Uncial 0220 | 6th | NT (except Rev.) |
33 | Minuscule 33 | 9th | Romans |
81 | Minuscule 81 | 1044 | Acts, Paul |
892 | Minuscule 892 | 9th | Gospels |
- Other manuscripts
Papyri: π1, π4, π5, π6, π8, π9, π10, π11, π12, π13, π14, π15, π16, π17, π18, π19, π20, π22, π23, π24, π26, π27, π28, π29, π30, π31, π32, π33, π34, π35, π37, π39, π40, π43, π44, π49, π51, π53, π55, π56, π57, π61, π62, π64, π65, π70, π71, π74, π77, π78, π79, π80 (?), π81, π82, π85 (?), π86, π87, π90, π91, π92, π95, π100, π104, π106, π107, π108, π110, π111, π115, π122.
Uncials: Codex Coislinianus, Porphyrianus (except Acts, Rev), Dublinensis, Sangallensis (only in Mark), Zacynthius, Athous Lavrensis (in Mark and Cath. epistles), Vaticanus 2061, 059, 068, 071, 073, 076, 077, 081, 083, 085, 087, 088, 089, 091, 093 (except Acts), 094, 096, 098, 0101, 0102, 0108, 0111, 0114, 0129, 0142, 0155, 0156, 0162, 0167, 0172, 0173, 0175, 0181, 0183, 0184, 0185, 0189, 0201, 0204, 0205, 0207, 0223, 0225, 0232, 0234, 0240, 0243, 0244, 0245, 0247, 0254, 0270, 0271, 0274.
Minuscules: 20, 94, 104 (Epistles), 157, 164, 215, 241, 254, 256 (Paul), 322, 323, 326, 376, 383, 442, 579 (except Matthew), 614, 718, 850, 1006, 1175, 1241 (except Acts), 1243, 1292 (Cath.), 1342 (Mark), 1506 (Paul), 1611, 1739, 1841, 1852, 1908, 2040, 2053, 2062, 2298, 2344 (CE, Rev), 2351, 2427, 2464.[5]
According to the present critics codices π75 and B are the best Alexandrian witnesses, which present the pure Alexandrian text. All other witnesses are classified according to whether they preserve the excellent π75-B line of text. With the primary Alexandrian witnesses are included π66 and citations of Origen. With the secondary witnesses are included manuscripts C, L, 33, and the writings of Didymus the Blind.[6]
Characteristics
All extant manuscripts of all text-types are at least 85% identical and most of the variations are not translatable into English, such as word order or spelling. When compared to witnesses of the Western text-type, Alexandrian readings tend to be shorter and are commonly regarded as having a lower tendency to expand or paraphrase. Some of the manuscripts representing the Alexandrian text-type have the Byzantine corrections made by later hands (Papyrus 66, Codex Sinaiticus, Codex Ephraemi, Codex Regius, and Codex Sangallensis).[7] When compared to witnesses of the Byzantine text type, Alexandrian manuscripts tend:
- to have a larger number of abrupt readings, such as the shorter ending of the Gospel of Mark, which finishes in the Alexandrian text at Mark 16:8 (".. for they were afraid.") omitting verses Mark 16:9-20; Matthew 16:2bβ3, John 5:4; John 7:53-8:11;
- Omitted verses: Matt 12:47; 17:21; 18:11; Mark 9:44.46; 11:26; 15:28; Luke 17:36; Acts 8:37; 15:34; 24:7; 28:29.[8]
- In Matthew 15:6 omitted Ξ· ΟΞ·Ξ½ ΞΌΞ·ΟΞ΅ΟΞ± (Ξ±Ο ΟΞΏΟ ) (or (his) mother): Χ B D copsa;[9]
- In Mark 10:7 omitted phrase ΞΊΞ±ΞΉ ΟΟΞΏΟκολληθηΟΞ΅ΟΞ±ΞΉ ΟΟΞΏΟ ΟΞ·Ξ½ Ξ³Ο Ξ½Ξ±ΞΉΞΊΞ± Ξ±Ο ΟΞΏΟ (and be joined to his wife), in codices Sinaiticus, Vaticanus, Athous Lavrensis, 892, β 48, syrs, goth.[10]
- Mark 10:37 Ξ±ΟΞΉΟΟΞ΅ΟΟΞ½ (left) instead of Ξ΅Ο ΟΞ½Ο ΞΌΟΞ½ (left), in phrase Ρξ Ξ±ΟΞΉΟΟΞ΅ΟΟΞ½ (B Ξ 892v.l.) or ΟΞΏΟ Ξ΅ΞΎ Ξ±ΟΞΉΟΟΞ΅ΟΟΞ½ (L Ξ¨ 892*);[11]
- In Luke 11:4 phrase αλλα ΟΟ ΟΞ±ΞΉ Ξ·ΞΌΞ±Ο Ξ±ΟΞΏ ΟΞΏΟ ΟΞΏΞ½Ξ·ΟΞΏΟ (but deliver us from evil) omitted. Omission is supported by the manuscripts: Sinaiticus, B, L, f1, 700, vg, syrs, copsa, bo, arm, geo.[12]
- In Luke 9:55-56 it has only ΟΟΟΞ±ΟΞ΅ΞΉΟ Ξ΄Ξ΅ Ξ΅ΟΞ΅ΟΞΉΞΌΞ·ΟΡν Ξ±Ο ΟΞΏΞΉΟ (but He turned and rebuked them): π45 π75 Χ B C L W X Ξ Ξ Ξ¨ 28 33 565 892 1009 1010 1071 Byzpt Lect
- to display more variations between parallel synoptic passages, as in the Lukan version of the Lord's Prayer (Luke 11:2), which in the Alexandrian text opens "Father.. ", whereas the Byzantine text reads (as in the parallel Matthew 6:9) "Our Father in heaven.. ";
- to have a higher proportion of "difficult" readings, as in Matthew 24:36, which reads in the Alexandrian text "But of that day and hour no one knows, not even the angels of heaven, nor the Son, but the Father only"; whereas the Byzantine text omits the phrase "nor the Son", thereby avoiding the implication that Jesus lacked full divine foreknowledge. Another difficult reading: Luke 4:44.
The above comparisons are tendencies, rather than consistent differences. There are a number of passages in the Gospel of Luke in which the Western text-type witnesses a shorter text, the Western non-interpolations. Also, there are a number of readings where the Byzantine text displays variation between synoptic passages, that is not found in either the Western or Alexandrian texts, as in the rendering into Greek of the Aramaic last words of Jesus, which are reported in the Byzantine text as "Eloi, Eloi.." in Mark 15:34, but as "Eli, Eli.." in Matthew 27:46.
Evaluations of text-types
Most textual critics of the New Testament favor the Alexandrian text-type as the closest representative of the autographs for many reasons. One reason is that Alexandrian manuscripts are the oldest found; some of the earliest Church Fathers used readings found in the Alexandrian text. Another is that the Alexandrian readings are adjudged more often to be the ones that can best explain the origin of all the variant readings found in other text-types.
Nevertheless, there are some dissenting voices to this consensus. A few textual critics, especially those in France, argue that the Western text-type, an old text from which the Vetus Latina or Old Latin versions of the New Testament are derived, is closer to the originals.
In the United States, some critics have a dissenting view that prefers the Byzantine text-type, such as Maurice A. Robinson and William Grover Pierpont. They assert that Egypt, almost alone, offers optimal climatic conditions favoring preservation of ancient manuscripts while, on the other hand, the papyri used in the east (Asia Minor and Greece) would not have survived due to the unfavourable climatic conditions. Thus, it is not surprising that ancient Biblical manuscripts that are found would come mostly from the Alexandrian geographical area and not from the Byzantine geographical area.
The argument for the authoritative nature of the latter is that the much greater number of Byzantine manuscripts copied in later centuries, in detriment to the Alexandrian manuscripts, indicates a superior understanding by scribes of those being closer to the autographs. Eldon Jay Epp argued that the manuscripts circulated in the Roman world and many documents from other parts of the Roman Empire were found in Egypt since the late 19th century.[13]
The evidence of the papyri suggests that, in Egypt, at least, very different manuscript readings co-existed in the same area in the early Christian period. Thus, whereas the early 3rd century papyrus π75 witnesses a text in Luke and John that is very close to that found a century later in the Codex Vaticanus, the nearly contemporary π66 has a much freer text of John; with many unique variants; and others that are now considered distinctive to the Western and Byzantine text-types, albeit that the bulk of readings are Alexandrian. Most modern text critics therefore do not regard any one text-type as deriving in direct succession from autograph manuscripts, but rather, as the fruit of local exercises to compile the best New Testament text from a manuscript tradition that already displayed wide variations.
History of research
Griesbach produced a list of nine manuscripts which represent the Alexandrian text: C, L, K, 1, 13, 33, 69, 106, and 118.[14] Codex Vaticanus was not on this list. In 1796, in the second edition of his Greek New Testament, Griesbach added Codex Vaticanus as witness to the Alexandrian text in Mark, Luke, and John. He still thought that the first half of Matthew represents the Western text-type.[15]
Johann Leonhard Hug (1765β1846) suggested that the Alexandrian recension was to be dated about the middle of the 3rd century, and it was the purification of a wild text, which was similar to the text of Codex Bezae. In result of this recension interpolations were removed and some grammar refinements were made. The result was the text of the codices B, C, L, and the text of Athanasius and Cyril of Alexandria.[16][17]
Starting with Karl Lachmann (1850), manuscripts of the Alexandrian text-type have been the most influential in modern, critical editions of the Greek New Testament, achieving widespread acceptance in the text of Westcott & Hort (1881), and culminating in the United Bible Society 4th edition and Nestle-Aland 27th edition of the New Testament.
Until the publication of the Introduction of Westcott and Hort in 1881 remained opinion that the Alexandrian text is represented by codices B, C, L. The Alexandrian text is one of the three ante-Nicene texts of the New Testament (Neutral and Western). The text of the Codex Vaticanus stays in closest affinity to the Neutral Text.
After discovering the manuscripts π66 and π75 the Neutral text and Alexandrian text were unified.[18]
See also
References
- Anderson, Gerry, Ancient New Testament Manuscripts Understanding Text-Types"
- Bentley, Richard, Dr. Richard Bentley's proposals for printing a new edition of the Greek Testament and St. Hierom's Latin version, London, 1721.
- Lachmann, Karl, Novum testamentum graece et latine, Cambridge Univ Press, 2010. Originally published in two volumes in 1842 and 1850.
- P. M. Barnard, The Quotations of Clement of Alexandria from the Four Gospels and the Acts of the Apostles, Texts & Studies, vol. 5, no. 4 (Cambridge, 1899).
- David Alan Black, New Testament Textual Criticism, Baker Books, 2006, p. 64.
- Bruce M. Metzger, Bart D. Ehrman, The Text of the New Testament: Its Transmission, Corruption and Restoration, Oxford University Press, 2005, p. 278.
- E. A. Button, An Atlas of Textual Criticism, Cambridge, 1911, p. 13.
- Bruce M. Metzger, A Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament (Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft: Stuttgart 2001), pp. 315, 388, 434, 444.
- NA26, p. 41.
- UBS3, p. 164.
- NA26, p. 124.
- UBS3, p. 256.
- Eldon Jay Epp, A Dynamic View of Testual Transmission, in: Studies & Documents 1993, p. 280
- J. J. Griesbach, Novum Testamentum Graecum, vol. I (Halle, 1777), prolegomena.
- J. J. Griesbach, Novum Testamentum Graecum, 2 editio (Halae, 1796), prolegomena, p. LXXXI. See Edition from 1809 (London)
- J. L. Hug, Einleitung in die Schriften des Neuen Testaments (Stuttgart 1808), 2nd edition from Stuttgart-TΓΌbingen 1847, p. 168 ff.
- John Leonard Hug, Writings of the New Testament, translated by Daniel Guildford Wait (London 1827), p. 198 ff.
- Gordon D. Fee, P75, P66, and Origen: THe Myth of Early Textual Recension in Alexandria, in: E. J. Epp & G. D. Fee, Studies in the Theory & Method of NT Textual Criticism, Wm. Eerdmans (1993), pp. 247-273.
Further reading
- Bruce M. Metzger & Bart D. Ehrman, The Text of the New Testament: Its Transmission, Corruption and Restoration, Oxford University Press, 2005, pp. 277β278.
- Bruce M. Metzger, A Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament: A Companion Volume to the United Bible Societies' Greek New Testament, 1994, United Bible Societies, London & New York, pp. 5*, 15*.
- Carlo Maria Martini, La Parola di Dio Alle Origini della Chiesa, (Rome: Bibl. Inst. Pr. 1980), pp. 153β180.
- Gordon D. Fee, P75, P66, and Origen: The Myth of Early Textual Recension in Alexandria, in: Studies in the Theory and Method of New Testament Textual Criticism, vol. 45, Wm. Eerdmans 1993, pp. 247β273.