Amos Kendall

Amos Kendall was born in Dunstable, Massachusetts, on August 16, 1787. He was the sixth child of Zebedee and Molly (Dakin) Kendall.[4][5] The Kendalls were English Americans who emigrated to Massachusetts from England in 1640.[6] The Kendalls were prominent landowners in the town of Dunstable, and quite numerous. Members of his family owned the tavern where elections and town meetings were held, were elected town selectmen, and served on the committee of correspondence (the shadow-government which mobilized anti-British sentiment prior to the American Revolutionary War).[7] Molly Kendall gave birth to six more children after Amos, but only two of them lived past the age of six.[8]

Two years after Amos was born, Zebedee Kendall was named a deacon of the local Congregational church.[7] The Kendalls were very religious, and family life was strict.[9] Kendall's early years were spent working on the family farm, an average-sized property which had 22 acres (89,000 m²) of arable land. The farm primarily raised sheep and dairy cattle and provided pasture for the family horses and oxen (which were used for plowing fields). The family farmed corn, flax, hay, potatoes, and rye. A small part of the land was devoted to growing tobacco. Amos also assisted in clearing rocks from the farmland (which was extremely rocky and full of clay), and mending stone and split-rail fences.[10][11] Amos was a sickly child, thin and prone to colds and severe headaches.[8]

Amos Kendall attended free public elementary schools in Massachusetts and New Hampshire during two months each summer, and was a heavy user of the subscription library in Dunstable, Massachusetts (where his father had the right to check out two books a month).[12]

Kendall attended the New Ipswich Academy in New Ipswich, New Hampshire, for a few weeks in the fall of 1805, and a free public secondary school in New Ipswich for a month in the winter of 1806. In April 1806, he re-entered New Ipswich Academy, paying tuition by working at manual labor. He remained there until the fall, then studied a few weeks in December 1806 at a free public school in Dunstable.[13] Although he was only 16 years old, Amos' education was advanced enough that his father obtained a two-month teaching position for him at a school in Reading, Massachusetts, in summer 1806 and another in the fall at a public school in Dunstable, New Hampshire (now known as Nashua).[14][15] Amos Kendall entered the Lawrence Academy at Groton in Groton, Massachusetts, in April 1807. Despite poor health, he felt prepared enough to apply to Dartmouth College. He succeeded, and was admitted to Dartmouth on September 10, 1807.[16]

Dartmouth College in the early 1800s

Unable to afford the $80 to $90 cost of the fall and winter term, Zebedee Kendall obtained another teaching position for Amos at a school in Dunstable, New Hampshire. Away from his father's control for an extended period of time, Kendall began to play cards, dance, and occasionally drink alcohol.[17] With money in hand, he entered Dartmouth in March 1808.[18] Kendall joined the Social Friends, a fraternal society, as well as a small, semisecret study and debating society known as the Gymnasion Adelphon. Through the college's and society's libraries, he had access to more than 4,000 books (a huge number by the standards of the day), many of which were by recent authors and in fields which he had been unable to study while under his father's strict moral supervision. Kendall later said that the informal education he received through reading and discussion outside the classroom was more productive than the formal classes he attended.[19]

Kendall spent the fall and winter terms of 1808 teaching in New Ipswich and began attending classes again in March 1809.[20] When the college banned on-campus drinking, students blamed Kendall — who had circulated a petition to have it stopped. He was bullied and nearly assaulted on several occasions, and some students attempted to injure him by dropping heavy roof timbers onto him as he exited a building. Kendall would have left Dartmouth if not for the support of the members of the Gymnasion Adelphon. He later admitted that he learned a valuable lesson from the experience: Never attempt to impose his moral values on others.[21] In July 1809 he joined the Handel Society, and regularly participated in their productions.[22] He again taught in Ipswich from November 1809 to February 1810.[23]

Returning to Dartmouth in the spring of 1810, Kendall's social standing at school improved. He participated in a prank in which the cattle of the townspeople were herded into a basement room at the college. When several students were brought up on charges, Kendall defended them so ably that the charges were dropped.[24] Kendall, like most people from Dunstable, was a member of the Democratic-Republican Party. But most students at Dartmouth belonged to the Federalist Party. When asked to provide an oration at the Independence Day celebrations in 1810, he declined by arguing that the Federalists were taking over the event. When he was embraced by the radical Democratic-Republicans, he refused their support by announcing that he found them too "Frenchified" (e.g., too supportive of Napoleonic France and not patriotic enough). His determination to stand his ground but not embrace radicalism won him a great deal of admiration.[25] Kendall taught school again during winter term 1810-1811.[26]

Kendall returned to Dartmouth in March 1811. During his senior year, Kendall joined the Philoi Euphradias literary society,[27] joined the Phi Beta Kappa Society, and was elected first in his class by his classmates.[25] He graduated from Dartmouth at the top of his class on August 27, 1811.[4][28]

William M. Richardson

Shortly before graduation, Kendall traveled to Groton, Massachusetts, to seek a teaching position. He met with William M. Richardson, a prominent local attorney and friend of his father's. Richardson advised Kendall to abandon teaching and to study law. He became a legal apprentice in Richardson's legal practice on September 4, 1811. Since Richardson's current apprentice would not leave until March 1812, Kendall resolved to live in Groton.[29] All able-bodied men were required to join the local militia, and Kendall did so eagerly since his father had been a militiaman. But musters left him physically exhausted for days, he fainted at the sight of blood, and was so unable to withstand physical pain that he fainted when pricked with a needle. A physician certified him as unable to perform his duties.[30] But when funds ran out, he spent the winter of 1811-1812 at home reading law books and performing chores for his father.[29]

Kendall suffered a bout of "lung fever" (most likely community-acquired pneumonia) in June 1813 that left him bedridden for three weeks and suffering such severe migraines that he could not tolerate loud sounds.[31]

In the fall of 1813, Richardson announced that he was leaving Groton. Although Richardson offered to secure Kendall an apprenticeship with the attorney taking over his practice, Kendall declined the offer.[31] Kendall decided that, with an economic depression afflicting New England and his only patron leaving, it was time to leave Massachusetts.[32] He resolved to relocate to Washington, D.C., and arrived in the city on March 2, 1814.[33] Introduced to numerous politicians by William M. Richardson, who had been elected to the United States House of Representatives, he was hired by Senator Jesse Bledsoe of Kentucky to tutor the Bledsoe children. He left Washington on March 9, traveling by stagecoach to Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and then by flatboat down the Ohio River to Cincinnati, Ohio. He largely walked the 85 miles (137 km) south to Lexington, Kentucky,[34] reaching the city on April 12.[33]

One of the few images of Lucretia Hart Clay, depicted with her husband, Henry Clay

Kendall claims that, upon arrival in Lexington, Senator Bledsoe hinted that he no longer wanted to use Kendall's services.[35] Other sources, however, claim that Bledsoe's family had not learned of the senator's decision to hire Kendall as a tutor and refused to allow him in the home.[36] Kendall angrily resolved to have nothing to do with Bledsoe. On April 27,[37] Kendall met John Watkins, the younger half-brother of the powerful Speaker of the House of Representatives, Henry Clay. Watkins, a law student, frequented the same tavern which Kendall did, and quickly introduced Kendall to Henry Clay's wife, Lucretia. With seven children and both parents frequently absent from the Clay estate, Ashland, the Clays desperately needed someone who could help maintain order as well as educate the children. Mrs. Clay offered Kendall room, board, use of her husband's extensive library, and $300 a year (nearly three times as much as Bledsoe had promised).[38] He eagerly accepted the offer and began his duties on May 5.[39]

Amos Kendall spent only a year teaching the Clay children. Twelve-year-old Theodore exhibited violent rages and threatened the life of a slave with a knife, which foreshadowed the insanity which would claim him in 1833. Eleven-year-old Thomas threw extreme temper tantrums and often hurled abuse at Kendall. (Thomas suffered from severe depression throughout adulthood.) Neither boy was interested in studies, and Mrs. Clay was reluctant to rein them in. But Kendall's influence slowly exerted itself, and all the school-age Clay children began to show improvement in their studies and behavior.[40][41] Additionally, Mrs. Clay taught Kendall many of the social skills his upbringing had not: How to walk with confidence, enter a room with flair, make small talk, and dance better.[42] Although he remained socially awkward due to his shyness, Kendall managed to impress many with his education, intellect, and penchant for reading and writing poetry.[43]

Determined to avoid teaching as a long-term career option, Kendall applied for a license to practice law in Kentucky. On October 12, 1814, he traveled to the state capital of Frankfort to present himself for examination before the Kentucky Court of Appeals. He asked Major William Barry (whom he had traveled with part of the way from Pennsylvania to Kentucky) to introduce him to the judges, but Barry did not appear. He then asked a Frankfort lawyer, Robert Wickliffe, to introduce him, but Wickliffe could not be found. Kendall introduced himself to the judges, and spent about an hour that night under examination. He was further examined in the morning. Kendall made so many errors (many of them in response to simple questions) that he feared he would not obtain the law license. But Barry and Wickliffe both appeared at midday and spoke privately with the judge examiners, and Kendall was granted his license that afternoon.[44] He swore the legal oath on March 21, 1815.[45] Kendall quit his employment with the Clays on April 29, 1814.[46]

Believing he could not establish a legal practice in Lexington,[47] Kendall resolved to move to an adjacent community. He explored the towns of Richmond, Nicholasville, Georgetown, and Versailles, and took up residence in Georgetown on May 10, 1815.[48] On June 3, Kendall attended a Democratic-Republican meeting at the home of Representative Richard Mentor Johnson.[49] Johnson was deeply impressed with Kendall's writing, and offered to sell him the local Democratic-Republican newspaper, the Georgetown Minerva. Kendall declined to buy the paper, but agreed to become its editor-in-chief.[50]

Back in private life, he started two newspapers in Washington, D.C., but both ceased operations shortly after opening.[59] Throughout the 1840s, Kendall was the subject of numerous lawsuits from postal contractors who sued him for damages over his manipulation of Post Office operations.[65] While in office, Kendall lost one Supreme Court decision. He had refused to honor a contract for mail delivery signed by his predecessor, even though Congress had enacted legislation requiring him to do so. Kendall said the legislation was an unconstitutional infringement on the executive branch. In Kendall v. United States ex rel. Stokes, 37 U.S. 524 (1838), the Supreme Court disagreed.[66] But in Kendall v. Stokes, 44 U.S. 87 (1845), the Supreme Court held that Kendall was not personally liable for the debt owed, saving him from incarceration in debtors' prison.[36]

While the court cases were proceeding, Kendall's financial situation deteriorated. His two newspapers lost large sums of money, and the value of the land he owned in Kentucky was greatly depressed. He purchased a 102-acre (410,000 m²) farm in northeast Washington for $9,000 in 1841 to generate income for himself, and named it Kendall Green.[67] But it was not enough. In 1838, Kendall had rented a 10-room mansion named Jackson Hill located at what is now the Smithsonian National Zoological Park.[68] He was forced to give up Jackson Hill in October 1841 and move his family into an unfinished, 26-square-foot (2.4 m²) home at Kendall Green.[67]

Kendall reluctantly returned to the practice of law in 1843, representing individuals and groups which had financial claims against the U.S. government.[65] Among these were the Western Cherokee. Kendall helped to prove the independence of the Western Cherokee from the Old Nation, which gave them control over their lands and a portion of a $5 million settlement.[69]

In March 1845, Samuel Morse and Alfred Vail hired Kendall to be their business manager.[70] Kendall agreed, and received a 10 percent commission on all patent licenses he was able to obtain.[71] Two months later, Kendall incorporated the Magnetic Telegraph Company to own and operate a telegraph line between Washington, D.C., and New York City. It was the first privately owned telegraph line in the nation's history.[70] Within seven years, Boston was linked with New York City; an extensive network of lines linked New York City with Albany and cities throughout Ohio and along the Mississippi River; and New Orleans was linked to Washington, D.C.[72]

Patent commissions, the sale of Magnetic Telegraph to the American Telegraph Company in 1859, and other telegraph investments made Kendall a wealthy man again.[2]

In 1857, Kendall co-founded what would eventually become Gallaudet University for the deaf. Platt H. Skinner had brought 20 deaf children to Washington, D.C. to help raise money for a school for the deaf. Kendall served on the board of Skinner's school, and when a local court removed 15 of the children from Skinner's custody for abuse, the five remaining children (all orphans from New York) were placed in Kendall's care. Kendall incorporated the Kendall School, and donated his home and 2 acres (8,100 m²) of land at Kendall Green for the school's use. On February 16, 1857, at Kendall's urging, Congress passed legislation giving the Kendall School a charter as the Columbia Institution for the Education of the Deaf and Dumb and the Blind. Three months later, Kendall hired Edward Miner Gallaudet as the school's first superintendent, while Kendall assumed the presidency of the institution's board of directors.[73]

Various forces persuaded Gallaudet that a children's school was not enough and that a degree-granting college should be formed. The idea took years to develop, and Kendall was initially opposed to the idea, but Gallaudet persisted and on April 8, 1864, Congress passed legislation transforming the Columbia Institution into the National Deaf-Mute College. The Kendall School, now named Kendall Demonstration Elementary School, remained a unit of the college, and in 1865 Congress appropriated money for the purchase of 14 acres (57,000 m²) of Kendall Green to form the grounds of the new college and permit construction of new instructional buildings.[73]

In his later years, Kendall became increasingly pious and devoted himself to religious study. After a number of the members of the Third (E Street) Baptist Church were dismissed in May 1862 for being too theologically progressive,[74] they founded Calvary (Sixth) Baptist Church on June 2, 1862. Although Kendall was not a member of the church, he had a high regard for its pastor and offered to donate $90,000 toward construction of a building.[75] The congregation built a luxurious $115,000 house of worship. Kendall was welcomed as a member of Calvary Baptist Church on March 31, 1865.[76] The church opened its doors in June 1866, around the time Kendall was made a senior deacon in the church.[77] But within 18 months the building was consumed by fire. Insured for just $50,000, Kendall donated another $15,000 to rebuild the edifice.[78][79]

Kendall also provided for the purchase of land and construction of a chapel at 13-1/2 and D Streets Southwest. It was dedicated on November 21, 1869, just nine days after Kendall's death. It was named Kendall Chapel. Over time, the membership of this branch of Calvary Baptist Church grew large enough to constitute a separate church. The branch was spun off as a distinct congregation in November 1891, and the building renamed Kendall Baptist Church.[80]