Anna Mae Hays

Anna Mae Violet McCabe was born in 1920 in Buffalo, New York, as the middle of three children in the family.[3][2] Her father was Daniel Joseph McCabe (1881–1939),[4] while her mother was the former Matie Florence Humphrey (1885–1961),[5][6] who was of Welsh descent;[7] both her parents were officers of The Salvation Army.[2]

During her childhood, the McCabe family moved several times in the western New York and eastern Pennsylvania areas, but settled in Allentown, Lehigh County, Pennsylvania, in 1932.[2][8] She had an elder brother, Daniel Joseph II and a younger sister, Catherine Evangeline.[6] Hays attended Allentown High School, now William Allen High School, graduating with honours in 1938.[9][10] Hays had a love of music, playing the piano, the organ and the French horn, and wanted to go to Juilliard School to study music but due to a lack of funds for tuition she decided to pursue nursing instead.[2]

Following her high school studies, Hays enrolled in 1939[6] at the Allentown General Hospital School of Nursing, from which she graduated in 1941, having obtained a diploma in nursing. In May 1942, she joined the Army Nurse Corps, and was sent to India in January 1943, serving with the 20th Field Hospital,[11] to the town of Ledo in Assam.[12][13][14]

The hospital was stationed at the entrance to Ledo Road, which cut through the jungles into Burma.[15] The living and working conditions were somewhat primitive; the buildings were made of bamboo, and dysentery, leeches and snakes were common, particularly during monsoon seasons. Just over two years later, in April 1945, she was promoted to the rank of first lieutenant.[10]

After serving two and a half years in India, Hays was on leave in the United States when the war ended.[8] Remaining with the Corps, she served as an operating room nurse and later as a head nurse at Tilton General Hospital at Fort Dix, New Jersey; as obstetrics supervisor at Valley Forge General Hospital in Phoenixville, Pennsylvania; and as a head nurse at Fort Myer, Virginia.[8]

In August 1950,[7] she was deployed to Inchon to serve in the Korean War.[13] She was posted to the 4th Field Hospital[11] for seven months, and later described the conditions in the hospital there as worse than those in India in World War II, due to the cold temperatures in the operating room and a lack of supplies.[2][13]

During the next fourteen months, she and 31 other nurses treated more than 25,000 patients.[7] As she had done in India, Hays spent some of her off-duty time in Korea assisting chaplains by playing a field pump organ for church services, some of which were held on the front lines.[8] Following her tour in Korea, Hays was transferred to Tokyo Army Hospital in April 1951[16] and served a year there.[8] A year later, she was transferred to Fort Indiantown Gap, Pennsylvania, as an obstetric and pediatric director.[16]

After graduating from the Nursing Service Administration Course at Fort Sam Houston, Texas, she was appointed head nurse at the Walter Reed Hospital in Washington D.C.[16] emergency room, where she served as the head nurse of the Radioisotope Clinic.[16][10] During this time she was selected as one of three private nurses for President Dwight D. Eisenhower after he became ill with ileitis; on her retirement she said that this experience was one of the most memorable of her nursing career.[9]

She earned a bachelor's degree in nursing education in 1958 from Columbia University, and a Master of Science in Nursing degree in 1968 from The Catholic University of America in Washington, D.C.[14] In October 1960, she became the chief nurse of the 11th Evacuation Hospital in Pusan.[16] From 1963 to 1966, she was assistant chief of the Army Nurse Corps. In July 1967, she was promoted to the rank of Colonel, and on September 1 of the same year she was appointed chief of the Corps, a position she held until her retirement on August 31, 1971.[8][12]

During the Vietnam War Hays travelled to Vietnam three times to monitor American nurses stationed there. She also managed the development of new training programs and an increase in the number of nurses serving overseas.[10]

On May 15, 1970, President Richard Nixon appointed Hays to the rank of brigadier general and on June 11, 1970, she was promoted at a ceremony, officiated by the Army Chief of Staff, General William C. Westmoreland, and the Secretary of the Army, Stanley R. Resor. Following Hays' promotion, Elizabeth P. Hoisington, Director of the Women's Army Corps, was also promoted to the rank of brigadier general.[13][8] Hays said in her address to the gathering, that the general stars "reflect[ed] the dedicated, selfless, and often heroic efforts of Army nurses throughout the world since 1901 in time of peace and war."[8]

After her appointment she asked to be dropped off at the army officers' club front entrance, countering the prevailing occupational sexism. Although entitled to enter and use the club before, female officers were expected to come through the side entrance.[17]

Hays made a number of recommendations regarding the treatment of women, which were accepted into military policy, including not to automatically discharge officers for becoming pregnant and not to determine appointments to the Army Nurse Corps Reserve based on the age of the nurse's dependents.[13] In addition, regulations were changed to allow spouses of female service members to claim similar privileges to spouses of male service members.[10]

She married William A. Hays, in July 1956, who directed the Sheltered Workshops that provided jobs for disabled people in Washington D.C.[5] William Hays died in 1962 or 1963.[6][11][5]

Anna Mae Hays died at Knollwood Retirement Facility,[4] in Washington, D.C., on January 7, 2018, of complications from a heart attack, at the age of 97.[5][1] She could have been buried at Arlington National Cemetery, but she had chosen instead to be buried with her parents in Grandview Cemetery in South Whitehall Township.[2] Three days later, Pennsylvania governor Tom Wolf ordered the state flag at the Capitol Complex and at all state facilities in Allentown to fly at half staff in honor to her death.[18]

• List of female United States military generals and flag officers
• Timeline of women in warfare in the United States from 1900 to 1949
• Timeline of women in warfare in the United States from 1950 to 1999
• Women in the military
• Women in the military by country
• Women in the military in Europe
• Women in the military in the Americas

• Frank, Lisa Tendrich (17 January 2013). An Encyclopedia of American Women at War: From the Home Front to the Battlefields (Illustarted ed.). ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-5988-4444-3.
• Witt, Linda (2005). A Defense Weapon Known to be of Value: Servicewomen of the Korean War Era (Illustarted ed.). UPNE. ISBN 978-1-5846-5472-8.