Art competitions at the 1928 Summer Olympics

Art competitions were held as part of the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Medals were awarded in five categories (architecture, literature, music, painting, and sculpture), for works inspired by sport-related themes.[1]

Jan Wils won the gold medal for the design of the Olympic Stadium in Amsterdam
"Rugby" by Jean Jacoby

The art exhibition was held at the Stedelijk Museum from 12 June to 12 August, and displayed 1150 works of art from 18 different countries. Additionally, the literature competition attracted 40 entries from 10 countries, and the music competition had 22 entries from 9 countries.[2]

The art competitions at the 1928 Games was larger in scope than for previous Games. Instead of a single competition in each of the five artistic categories, awards were presented in multiple subcategories.[3] The judges of the music competition declined to award any medals in two of the three subcategories, and only presented a single bronze medal in the third.

Art competitions were part of the Olympic program from 1912 to 1948.[4] At a meeting of the International Olympic Committee in 1949, it was decided to hold art exhibitions instead, as it was judged illogical to permit professionals to compete in the art competitions but only amateurs were permitted to compete in sporting events.[5] Since 1952, a non-competitive art and cultural festival has been associated with each Games.

Architecture

Category Gold Silver Bronze
Architectural design  Jan Wils (NED)
Olympic Stadium at Amsterdam[3]
 Ejnar Mindedal Rasmussen (DEN)
Swimming pool at Ollerup
 Jacques Lambert (FRA)
Stadium at Versailles
Town planning  Alfred Hensel (GER)
Stadium at Nuremberg
 Jacques Lambert (FRA)
Stadium at Versailles
 Max Laeuger (GER)
Municipal Park at Hamburg

Literature

Category Gold Silver Bronze
Lyric works  Kazimierz Wierzyński (POL)
"Laur Olimpijski"
 Rudolf G. Binding (GER)
"Reitvorschrift für eine Geliebte"
 Johannes Weltzer (DEN)
"Symphonia Heroica"
Dramatic works none awarded  Lauro De Bosis (ITA)
"Icarus"
none awarded
Epic works  Ferenc Mező (HUN)
"L'histoire des Jeux Olympiques"
 Ernst Weiß (GER)
"Boetius von Orlamünde"
 Carel Scharten &
Margo Scharten-Antink (NED)
"De Nar uit de Maremmen"

Music

Category Gold Silver Bronze
Song none awarded none awarded none awarded
One instrument none awarded none awarded none awarded
Orchestra none awarded none awarded  Rudolph Simonsen (DEN)
"Symphony No. 2 Hellas"

Painting

Category Gold Silver Bronze
Paintings  Isaac Israëls (NED)
"Cavalier Rouge"
 Laura Knight (GBR)
"Boxeurs"
 Walther Klemm (GER)
"Patinage"
Drawings  Jean Jacoby (LUX)
"Rugby"
 Alex Virot (FRA)
"Gestes de Football"
 Władysław Skoczylas (POL)
Posters
Graphic works  William Nicholson (GBR)
"Un Almanach de douze Sports"
 Carl Moos (SUI)
Posters
 Max Feldbauer (GER)
"Mailcoach"

Sculpture

Category Gold Silver Bronze
Statues  Paul Landowski (FRA)
"Boxeur"
 Milo Martin (SUI)
"Athlète au repos"
 Renée Sintenis (GER)
"Footballeur"
Reliefs and medallions  Edwin Grienauer (AUT)
Médailles
 Chris van der Hoef (NED)
Médaille pour les Jeux Olympiques
 Edwin Scharff (GER)
Plaquette

Medal table

At the time, medals were awarded to these artists, but art competitions are no longer regarded as official Olympic events by the International Olympic Committee. These events do not appear in the IOC medal database,[6] and these totals are not included in the IOC's medal table for the 1928 Games.[7]

RankNationGoldSilverBronzeTotal
1 Netherlands (NED)2114
2 Germany (GER)1258
3 France (FRA)1214
4 Great Britain (GBR)1102
5 Poland (POL)1012
6 Austria (AUT)1001
 Hungary (HUN)1001
 Luxembourg (LUX)1001
9  Switzerland (SUI)0202
10 Denmark (DEN)0123
11 Italy (ITA)0101
Totals (11 nations)9101029

Events summary

Architecture

Designs for Town Planning

The following architects took part:[8]

RankNameCountry
1Alfred Hensel Germany
2Jacques Lambert France
3Max Laeuger Germany

Architectural Designs

The following architects took part:[9]

RankNameCountry
1Jan Wils Netherlands
2Ejnar Mindedal Rasmussen Denmark
3Jacques Lambert France

Further entries

The following architects took part:[10]

RankNameCountry
ACAdolf Abel Germany
ACHermann Alker Germany
ACMax Bromme Germany
ACHeinrich de Fries Germany
ACKarl Hoffmann Germany
ACHans Hohloch Germany
ACRichard Konwiarz Germany
ACOtto Linne Germany
ACWerner March Germany
ACEmil Pohle Germany
ACGeorg Holke Germany
ACHubert Ritter Germany
ACBalduin Schilling Germany
ACPaul Wolf Germany
ACErnst Stahl Germany
ACEmil Hoppe Austria
ACJean Noé Belgium
ACAxel Høeg-Hansen Denmark
ACNiels Knudsen Denmark
ACFrits Schlegel Denmark
ACArthur Wittmaack Denmark
RankNameCountry
ACRalph Cram United States
ACDelano & Aldrich United States
ACHolabird & Roche United States
ACAlbert Kahn United States
ACCharles Klauder United States
ACLockwood, Greene & Co. United States
ACBenjamin Marshall United States
ACProudfoot, Rawson & Souers United States
ACRebori, Wentworth & Dewey United States
ACHorace Trumbauer United States
ACZantzinger, Borie & Medary United States
ACLéopold Bévière France
ACLouis Bonnier France
ACGeorges Fauvelle France
ACJacques Lambert France
ACPaul Marozeau France
ACLouis Rey France
ACPierre Souziff France
ACGuillaume Tronchet France
ACAlfréd Hajós Hungary
ACOttorino Aloisio Italy
RankNameCountry
ACDuilio Torres Italy
ACOscar Prati Italy
ACPaolo Vietti Violi Italy
ACMichel Ravarino Monaco
ACOle Sverre Norway
ACHenri-Robert von der Mühll Switzerland
ACJadwiga Dobrzyńska Poland
ACZygmunt Łoboda Poland
ACLeon Suzin Poland
ACMieczysław Łęczycki Poland
ACJózef Łęczycki Poland
ACLudwik Oli Poland
ACEdgar Norwerth Poland
ACErwin Barth Germany
ACFernando Biscaccianti Italy
ACMinistero della Guerra Italy
ACKarl Pregizer Germany
ACHermann Dieter Germany
ACOtto Schönthal Austria
ACConstantin Krage Denmark
ACFrederik Hvalsøe Denmark

Literature

Dramatic works

The following writers took part:[11]

RankNameCountry
1Not awarded
2Lauro De Bosis Italy
3Not awarded
ACPlus que de Raison France
ACHenri van Wermeskerken Netherlands
ACLouis Grivel Switzerland
ACVoittout Switzerland

Epic works

The following writers took part:[12]

RankNameCountry
1Ferenc Mező Hungary
2Ernst Weiß Germany
3Margo Scharten-Antink, Carel Scharten Netherlands
ACTheodor Mayer Austria
ACWilly Meisl Austria
ACArthur Steiner Austria
ACMaurice Carême Belgium
ACEdvard Nielsen-Stevns Denmark
ACKasimir Edschmid Germany
ACHermann Roßmann Germany
ACDezső Király Hungary
ACHenriëtte Laman Trip-de Beaufort Netherlands
ACLouis Grivel Switzerland
ACVoittout Switzerland

Lyric works

The following writers took part:[13]

RankNameCountry
1Kazimierz Wierzyński Poland
2Rudolf Binding Germany
3Johannes Weltzer Denmark
ACH. J. Ken Austria
ACWilly Meisl Austria
ACLudwig Valentich Austria
ACTony Schaller Belgium
ACMaurits Verdonck Belgium
ACHet Lichtet Overal Belgium
ACAage Hermann Denmark
ACÉmile Moussat France
ACEt quasi cursores vitaï lampada tradunt France
ACGerhart Drabsch Germany
ACKarl Schenk Germany
ACBruno Fattori Italy
ACEdward Koster Netherlands
ACKazimierz Przerwa-Tetmajer Poland
ACWilly Favez Switzerland
ACVoittout Switzerland

Music

Compositions for orchestra

The following composers took part:[14]

RankNameCountry
1not awarded
2not awarded
3Rudolph Simonsen Denmark
ACL. Vandeput Belgium
ACKnudåge Riisager Denmark
ACMarc-César Scotto Monaco
ACJacques Jansen Netherlands
ACKazimierz Kresowiak Poland
ACAlexandre Dénéréaz Switzerland
ACB. Bosserdet Switzerland
ACIXe Olympiade Amsterdam Switzerland

Compositions for solo or chorus

The following composers took part:[15]

RankNameCountry
1not awarded
2not awarded
3not awarded
ACChant Olympique France
ACPeter Schmitz Germany
ACJan Andenne Netherlands
ACMarius Ulfrstad Norway
ACRoger Moret Switzerland

Compositions for instrumental and chamber

The following composers took part:[16]

RankNameCountry
1not awarded
2not awarded
3not awarded
ACSijoma Belgium
ACMarius Ulfrstad Norway
ACSimon Frey Switzerland
ACRoger Moret Switzerland
ACIXe Olympiade Amsterdam Switzerland

Painting

Drawings and water colours

The following painters took part:[17]

RankNameCountry
1Jean Jacoby Luxembourg
2Alex Virot France
3Władysław Skoczylas Poland
ACArtur Brusenbauch Austria
ACErwin Lang Austria
ACWillia Menzel Belgium
ACAlfred Schuermans Belgium
ACLucienne Pageot-Rousseaux France
ACMaxwell Ayrton Great Britain
ACHenry Bateman Great Britain
ACLewis Baumer Great Britain
ACGeorge Belcher Great Britain
ACCecil Ross Burnett Great Britain
ACLionel Edwards Great Britain
ACDavid Ghilchik Great Britain
ACFrank Gillett Great Britain
ACReginald Higgins Great Britain
ACCecil King Great Britain
RankNameCountry
ACTom Purvis Great Britain
ACFrank Reynolds Great Britain
ACE. H. Shepard Great Britain
ACCharles Simpson Great Britain
ACGeorge Stampa Great Britain
ACAnton van Anrooy Great Britain
ACLeonard Walker Great Britain
ACLudwig von Hofmann Germany
ACWilly Jaeckel Germany
ACRudolf Koch Germany
ACEmil Rudolf Weiss Germany
ACTibor Gergely Hungary
ACKathleen Bridle Ireland
ACLilian Davidson Ireland
ACHarry, Baron Kernoff Ireland
ACEdward Louis Lawrenson Ireland
ACStella Steyn Ireland
ACFriedrich Baur Latvia
RankNameCountry
ACCees Bolding Netherlands
ACDavid Bueno de Mesquita Netherlands
ACGeert Grauss Netherlands
ACFelix Hess Netherlands
ACWilly Sluiter Netherlands
ACJan Sluijters Netherlands
ACJelle Troelstra Netherlands
ACBertha van Hasselt Netherlands
ACJaap Weyand Netherlands
ACMichał Boruciński Poland
ACStanisław Noakowski Poland
ACWacław Piotrowski Poland
ACWilliam Aldrich United States
ACLouis Bonniot de Fleurac France
ACGaboriau France
ACJuillerat France
ACMaurice Pellerier France
ACGeorges Scott France

Graphic arts

The following painters took part:[18]

RankNameCountry
1William Nicholson Great Britain
2Carl Moos Switzerland
3Max Feldbauer Germany
ACJohn Platt Great Britain
ACGerald Spencer Pryse Great Britain
ACSteven Spurrier Great Britain
ACNorman Wilkinson Great Britain
ACErnst Aufseeser Germany
ACErnst Böhm Germany
ACFritz Heinsheimer Germany
RankNameCountry
ACHanns Hoyer Germany
ACWalther Klemm Germany
ACMax Slevogt Germany
ACArthur Wellmann Germany
ACMax Liebermann Germany
ACAnton Versluijs Netherlands
ACAleksander Kłopotowski Poland
ACMaria Brodacka Poland
ACMaria Dunin Poland
ACJanina Kaczkowska Poland
RankNameCountry
ACLeonią Nadelman Poland
ACWanda Pleszczyńska Poland
ACStanisław Prauss Poland
ACWładysław Skoczylas Poland
ACBolesław Surałło Poland
ACEduard Büsser Switzerland
ACJean Raoul Chaurand-Naurac France
ACMaurice Ménardeau France
ACElie de la Morinière France

Paintings

The following painters took part:[19]

RankNameCountry
1Isaac Israëls Netherlands
2Laura Knight Great Britain
3Walther Klemm Germany
ACLudwig Graf Austria
ACErnst Huber Austria
ACFerdinand Kitt Austria
ACErwin Lang Austria
ACSergius Pauser Austria
ACHeinrich Révy Austria
ACLilly Steiner Austria
ACLudwig Wieden Austria
ACGeorg Mayer-Marton Austria
ACJoseph Dierickx Belgium
ACJoe Bridge France
ACJane Deley France
ACÉdouard Fraisse France
ACCharles Kiffer-Porte France
ACLucienne Pageot-Rousseaux France
ACGeorges Rasetti France
ACEdgar Seligman Great Britain
ACAnna Airy Great Britain
ACDenholm Armour Great Britain
ACArthur Burgess Great Britain
ACCharles Cundall Great Britain
ACHarold Knight Great Britain
ACMaurice Lambert Great Britain
ACJohn Lavery Great Britain
ACAlfred Munnings Great Britain
ACWilliam Nicholson Great Britain
ACCharles Pears Great Britain
ACGerald Spencer Pryse Great Britain
ACWalter Russell Great Britain
ACCharles Simpson Great Britain
ACHarold Speed Great Britain
ACAnton van Anrooy Great Britain
ACLeonard Walker Great Britain
ACGeorge Watson Great Britain
ACWilliam Orpen Great Britain
ACAugust Babberger Germany
ACWilli Baumeister Germany
ACErich Büttner Germany
ACTheo Champion Germany
ACMax Clarenbach Germany
ACOtto Dill Germany
ACGeorg Gelbke Germany
ACGeorge Grosz Germany
ACErich Heckel Germany
ACFranz Heckendorf Germany
RankNameCountry
ACFritz Heinsheimer Germany
ACLudwig von Hofmann Germany
ACEduard Hopf Germany
ACWilly Jaeckel Germany
ACErnst Oppler Germany
ACPaul Paeschke Germany
ACMax Slevogt Germany
ACGertraud Stemmler Germany
ACGert Wollheim Germany
ACLenigret Mallwitz Germany
ACWolf Röhricht Germany
ACTibor Gergely Hungary
ACKathleen Bridle Ireland
ACLilian Davidson Ireland
ACMainie Jellett Ireland
ACSeán Keating Ireland
ACHarry, Baron Kernoff Ireland
ACDermod O'Brien Ireland
ACFerruccio Pasqui Italy
ACKonstantīns Visotskis Latvia
ACJean Jacoby Luxembourg
ACÁngel Zárraga Mexico
ACAuguste Philippe Marocco Monaco
ACLizzy Ansingh Netherlands
ACRie de Balbian Verster-Bolderheij Netherlands
ACEd Gerdes Netherlands
ACGeert Grauss Netherlands
ACEngelina Hameetman-Schlette Netherlands
ACOtto Hanrath Netherlands
ACChris Huidekooper Netherlands
ACJan Kleintjes Netherlands
ACCornelis Kloos Netherlands
ACHarrie Kuyten Netherlands
ACThies Luijt Netherlands
ACHenri MacLean Netherlands
ACKees Maks Netherlands
ACMartin Monnickendam Netherlands
ACAlbert Mulder Netherlands
ACNicolaas Pieneman Netherlands
ACDavid Schulman Netherlands
ACJos Seckel Netherlands
ACJan Sluijters Netherlands
ACCoba Surie Netherlands
ACBern van Beek Netherlands
ACPiet van den Bergh Netherlands
ACNicolaas van der Waay Netherlands
ACGerrit van Duffelen Netherlands
ACKees van Waning Netherlands
RankNameCountry
ACAdriaan van 't Hoff Netherlands
ACGerard Westermann Netherlands
ACJaap Weyand Netherlands
ACLeon Dołżycki Poland
ACWłastimil Hofmann Poland
ACWładysław Jarocki Poland
ACZygmunt Kamiński Poland
ACWojciech Kossak Poland
ACRoman Kramsztyk Poland
ACWacław Piotrowski Poland
ACZygmunt Rozwadowski Poland
ACKazimierz Sichulski Poland
ACWładysław Skoczylas Poland
ACLudomir Sleńdziński Poland
ACJerzy Zaruba Poland
ACIrving Couse United States
ACWalter Granville-Smith United States
ACChilde Hassam United States
ACHunt Diederich United States
ACJohn Johansen United States
ACHayley Lever United States
ACJonas Lie United States
ACPatrick O'Connor United States
ACRoderic O'Connor United States
ACCarl Rungius United States
ACEugen Weisz United States
ACCharles Morris Young United States
ACHenri Barnoin France
ACEugène Delécluse France
ACLouis Denis-Valvérane France
ACRaoul du Gardier France
ACGaston Gélibert France
ACF. Gras France
ACPaul Jobert France
ACR. Laisné France
ACRémy Landeau France
ACLouis Malespina France
ACHenry Malfroy France
ACAuguste Matisse France
ACMaurice Ménardeau France
ACElie de la Morinière France
ACDaniel Octobre France
ACRené Quillivic France
ACAlbert Fernand-Renault France
ACAlphonse Roubichou France
ACGustave Salgé France
ACCharles Martin-Sauvaigo France
ACHenri Zo France

Sculpture

Medals and Reliefs

The following sculptors took part:[20]

RankNameCountry
1Edwin Grienauer Austria
2Chris van der Hoef Netherlands
3Edwin Scharff Germany
ACPierre de Soete Belgium
ACOskar Gloeckler Germany
ACErnst Gorsemann Germany
ACKurt Harald Isenstein Germany
ACRichard Langer Germany
ACWaldemar Raemisch Germany
ACHans Schwegerle Germany
ACElisabeth von Esseö Germany
ACTheodor von Gosen Germany
ACJosef Wackerle Germany
ACRichard Scheibe Germany
ACGiuseppe Cassioli Italy
ACLeen Bolle Netherlands
ACWładysław Gruberski Poland
ACJosef Büsser Switzerland
ACSamuel Henchoz Switzerland
ACAndré Pettineroli Switzerland
ACJames Fraser United States
ACHenri Dropsy France
ACÉdouard Fraisse France

Statues

The following sculptors took part:[21]

RankNameCountry
1Paul Landowski France
2Milo Martin Switzerland
3Renée Sintenis Germany
ACFranz Barwig Austria
ACFerdinand Opitz Austria
ACAdolf Wagner Austria
ACAlphonse De Cuyper Belgium
ACGuillaume Dumont Belgium
ACHerman Pick Belgium
ACLeon Sarteel Belgium
ACPierre de Soete Belgium
ACGéo Verbanck Belgium
ACTait McKenzie Canada
ACViggo Jarl Denmark
ACSuzanne de Sainte-Croix France
ACBerthe Girardet France
ACRaymond Rivoire France
ACConstant Roux France
ACGilbert Bayes Great Britain
ACWilliam Dick Great Britain
ACPaul Berger Germany
ACArno Breker Germany
ACErnesto de Fiori Germany
ACCarl Egler Germany
ACEberhard Encke Germany
ACHermann Hahn Germany
ACAugust Kraus Germany
ACMax Laeuger Germany
RankNameCountry
ACGerhard Marcks Germany
ACOttmar Obermaier Germany
ACAlexander Oppler Germany
ACWolfgang Schaper Germany
ACHans Schwegerle Germany
ACFranz von Stuck Germany
ACFred Voelckerling Germany
ACWilliam Wauer Germany
ACGeorg Kolbe Germany
ACLajos Petri Hungary
ACOliver Sheppard Ireland
ACCarlo Fontana Italy
ACToon Dupuis Netherlands
ACJan Kriege Netherlands
ACGra Rueb Netherlands
ACHenriëtte Vaillant Netherlands
ACOlga Niewska Poland
ACPietro Borsari Switzerland
ACCharles L'Éplattenier Switzerland
ACAugust Peisker Switzerland
ACJulius Schwyzer Switzerland
ACRobert Aitken United States
ACRuth Ball United States
ACChester Beach United States
ACNessa Cohen United States
ACJohn Donoghue United States
ACLaura Gardin Fraser United States
RankNameCountry
ACCharles Hafner United States
ACHunt Diederich United States
ACAnna Hyatt Huntington United States
ACHermon Atkins MacNeil United States
ACPaul Manship United States
ACCarl Mose United States
ACAndrew O'Connor United States
ACAlexander Proctor United States
ACCharles Rumsey United States
ACJanet Scudder United States
ACPhilip Sears United States
ACAbastenia St. Leger Eberle United States
ACJohn Quincy Ward United States
ACAdolph Weinman United States
ACEvelyn Batchelder United States
ACLouis d'Ambrosio France
ACPierre Christophe France
ACJean Joire France
ACAlbert-Léon Lebarque France
ACMarcel Mérignargues France
ACEugène Molineau France
ACPaul Moreau-Vauthier France
ACGaston Petit France
ACHippolyte Peyrol France
ACGilbert Privat France
ACRené Quillivic France
ACJacques-Louis Villeneuve France

References

  1. "Art Competitions at the 1928 Summer Olympics". Olympedia. Retrieved 25 July 2020.
  2. G. van Rossem (ed.) (1928). The Ninth Olympiad. Amsterdam 1928. Official Report (PDF). Amsterdam: J. H. de Bussy. pp. 877–901. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 April 2008. Retrieved 25 March 2008.CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link)
  3. Wagner, Juergen. "Olympic Art Competition 1928 Amsterdam". Olympic Games Museum. Archived from the original on 1 May 2008. Retrieved 25 March 2008.
  4. Kramer, Bernhard (May 2004). "In Search of the Lost Champions of the Olympic Art Contests" (PDF). Journal of Olympic History. 12 (2): 29–34. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 April 2008. Retrieved 25 March 2008.
  5. Bolanaki, A. (June 1951). "Report on Art Exhibitions" (PDF). Bulletin du Comité International Olympique. Lausanne: International Olympic Committee (27): 34. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 April 2008. Retrieved 26 March 2008.
  6. "Olympic Medal Winners". International Olympic Committee. Archived from the original on 28 March 2008. Retrieved 26 March 2008.
  7. "Amsterdam 1928 Medal Table". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 26 March 2008.
  8. "Art Competitions at the 1928 Summer Olympics: Architecture, Designs For Town Planning, Open". Olympedia. Retrieved 25 July 2020.
  9. "Art Competitions at the 1928 Summer Olympics: Architecture, Architectural Designs, Open". Olympedia. Retrieved 25 July 2020.
  10. "Art Competitions at the 1928 Summer Olympics: Architecture, Further Entries, Open". Olympedia. Retrieved 25 July 2020.
  11. "Art Competitions at the 1928 Summer Olympics: Literature, Dramatic Works, Open". Olympedia. Retrieved 25 July 2020.
  12. "Art Competitions at the 1928 Summer Olympics: Literature, Epic Works, Open". Olympedia. Retrieved 25 July 2020.
  13. "Art Competitions at the 1928 Summer Olympics: Literature, Lyric Works, Open". Olympedia. Retrieved 26 July 2020.
  14. "Art Competitions at the 1928 Summer Olympics: Music, Compositions for Orchestra, Open". Retrieved 26 July 2020.
  15. "Art Competitions at the 1928 Summer Olympics: Music, Compositions For Solo Or Chorus, Open". Retrieved 26 July 2020.
  16. "Art Competitions at the 1928 Summer Olympics: Music, Instrumental And Chamber, Open". Retrieved 26 July 2020.
  17. "Art Competitions at the 1928 Summer Olympics: Painting, Drawings And Water Colors, Open". Olympedia. Retrieved 26 July 2020.
  18. "Art Competitions at the 1928 Summer Olympics: Painting, Graphic Arts, Open". Olympedia. Retrieved 27 July 2020.
  19. "Art Competitions at the 1928 Summer Olympics: Painting, Paintings, Open". Olympedia. Retrieved 27 July 2020.
  20. "Art Competitions at the 1928 Summer Olympics: Sculpturing, Medals And Reliefs, Open". Retrieved 29 July 2020.
  21. "Art Competitions at the 1928 Summer Olympics: Sculpturing, Statues, Open". Retrieved 29 July 2020.
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