Associated Television

Associated Television (ATV; originally stylized as Associated TeleVision) was a British television broadcaster within the Independent Television (ITV) network. It provided a service to London at weekends from 1955 to 1968, to the Midlands on weekdays from 1956 to 1968, and to the Midlands all week from 1968 to 1982. It was one of the "Big Four" until 1968, and the "Big Five" after 1968, that between them produced the majority of ITV networked programmes. In 1982, ATV was restructured and rebranded as Central Independent Television, under which name it continued to provide the service for the Midlands.

This article is about the British commercial broadcaster. For the American production and distribution company, see Associated Television International.

Associated Television
TypeRegion of television network
BrandingATV
Country
England
First air date
24 September 1955 (1955-09-24), in London
17 February 1956 (17 February 1956) in the Midlands
All week in the Midlands from 29 July 1968
TV transmittersSutton Coldfield, Waltham, Ridge Hill, The Wrekin, Croydon, Lichfield, Membury
HeadquartersElstree, London, Birmingham
Broadcast area
London (weekends, 1955 to 1968)
Midlands (weekdays, 1956 to 1968; all week, 1968 to 1982)
OwnerAssociated Communications Corporation
Dissolved28 July 1968 (London)
1 January 1982 (1982-01-01), at 12.34 a.m. (Midlands)
Former names
ABC before 8 October 1955
Picture format
625- and 405-line
Affiliation(s)ITV
LanguageEnglish
ReplacedABC Weekend TV in the Midlands on weekends from 1968
Replaced byCentral Independent Television in the Midlands from 1982
London Weekend Television in London from 1968
SubsidiaryATV Music Publishing

ATV was awarded its first franchise by the Independent Television Authority (ITA) to provide the Independent Television service at weekends for the London region. This service started on Saturday, 24 September 1955, the second ITA franchise to go on air, and was extended until Sunday, 28 July 1968. ATV was also awarded the franchise to provide the weekdays Independent Television service for the Midlands region. This service started on Friday, 17 February 1956, the third ITA franchisee to go on air, and was extended until Monday, 29 July 1968.

Subsequent to the changes made by the ITA to the regional structure of the Independent Television service, ATV was awarded the franchise to provide a seven-day Independent Television service for the Midlands region which started on Tuesday, 30 July 1968 and was finally extended until 00:34 on Friday, 1 January 1982.

History
Further information: Timeline of ATV

Formation

The company was formed from the merger of the Associated Broadcasting Development Company (ABDC) under the control of Norman Collins, and the Incorporated Television Programme Company (ITC) under the control of Prince Littler and Lew Grade, two showbusiness agents.

Both companies had applied for a contract to become one of the new ITV stations. ABDC won the contract but had insufficient money to operate it; ITC failed to win a contract, mainly due to a perceived conflicts of interest resulting from the business operations of Grade and Littler. By the time of the merger ABDC were well advanced with their plans whilst ITPC planned to operate as an independent producer selling their shows to the new network contractors.

When financial problems hit ABDC, the Independent Television Authority, the governing body of ITV, invited Grade and Littler to join the ABDC consortium. This provided the money required and put Littler and Grade in control of the new company, sidelining Collins.

The new company was originally named the Associated Broadcasting Company (ABC), but Associated British Corporation's parent company, which wished to call their station ABC and ran a large chain of cinemas under those initials, successfully sued for prior ownership of the name. After ABC had been operating for three weeks the name was changed to Associated TeleVision Ltd (ATV). The logo, designed for ABC and tweaked for ATV, was a "shadowed eye" inspired by the CBS logo and reputedly designed by Lew Grade on a transatlantic flight back from the US. The logo is one of the most recognisable in broadcasting.[1]

Broadcasting
The two ATV regions before the franchise changes in 1968
  ATV London
  ATV Midlands

ABC began broadcasting in its own right on Saturday 24 September 1955, after jointly presenting the network's opening night on Thursday 22 September. The name ATV was first seen in London on Saturday 8 October 1955. The company won two contracts, the weekend contract for London and the Monday–Friday contract for the Midlands. The latter service opened on 17 February 1956, with ABC providing the weekend programmes.

The company ran into financial difficulty due to the staggering losses of the first two years of ITV and start-up costs. The London weekday contractor Associated-Rediffusion shouldered some of ATV's losses and further funding was achieved by selling shares to the Daily Mirror newspaper. The company structure was changed several times until 1966, when ATV and ITC both became subsidiaries of the Associated Communications Corporation (ACC), formed by turning the old structure on its head. This marked the point where Lew Grade advanced from being the greatest influence over the company to taking control.

ATV's main impact was in variety and light entertainment.

In the contract and region changes in 1968, ATV lost the weekend franchise in London to the London Television Consortium, later renamed London Weekend Television, but its Midlands contract was renewed and extended for the full seven days. At this point the company was renamed ATV Network Limited.

End of franchise

During the 1970s, ATV received much criticism over its lack of local programming, particularly for the east of its region; such critics held that local shows had a Birmingham focus. In 1980, the Independent Broadcasting Authority (IBA) decided that ATV's lack of regional programming and production (it had a major studio centre at Elstree in Hertfordshire, a legacy of its London contract, well outside its Midlands franchise) was hampering the region, so it insisted that the new applicant for the franchise be more clearly based in the region and have separate facilities for the East and West Midlands.

ATV Midlands Limited, a shell company created by ACC solely for the franchise process, applied successfully for the contract. As a condition of its award, ACC was forced to sell 49% of the company, relinquish executive roles, sell the Elstree studios and rename the company to demonstrate that it was effectively a new business.[2][3]

ATV ceased broadcasting at 12.34am on Friday 1 January 1982, following Scottish Television's networked Hogmanay Show. The final closedown was marked by a brief tribute to ATV from original announcer Shaw Taylor before duty announcer Mike Prince signed off with the playing of the National Anthem (an organ recording made at St. Chad's Cathedral, Birmingham). The newly reformed company, Central Independent Television plc, began broadcasting with an extended promo at 9.25am that morning.

Central inherited the studios at ATV Centre, Birmingham and ATV Elstree along with land that ATV Midlands had purchased for their new Nottingham studio centre. Central also maintained control of ATV's news archive and regional programmes, along with programming already in production or being shown at the time of changeover and schools programming; the rest of the ATV archive was sold by ACC.

ACC later divested itself of the remainder of Central after the Australian investor Robert Holmes à Court staged a boardroom coup and forced Grade to cede control.[4][5][6] ACC remained in control of ITC and Stoll-Moss Theatres until 1988 when The Bell Group, the owners of ITC were taken over by the Bond Corporation.[7][8][9] Subsequently, the new owners started an asset-stripping programme at ITC. In November 1988, ITC Entertainment was bought by its management.[10]

In January 1995, PolyGram Filmed Entertainment bought ITC for $156 million,[11] with Grade returning as chairman for life, bringing him back into control of ITC until his death in 1998. Carlton Communications spent much of the 1980s and 1990s buying up the intellectual property of the former ACC, including the rights to the ATV logo and company name, the ATV news archive (via its purchase of Central) and finally in early January 1999, the company bought ITC's television and film library from PolyGram/Seagram for £91 million, which reunited the programme library of Associated Television and Central Television and doubled the stock of its library division Carlton International, by giving it a total of 15,000 hours of programming.[12]

Granada plc merged with Carlton in 2002,[13] and all of ATV's national archive programming has been taken into their ownership. The regional news archive from both ATV and Central, plus some regional programmes, are stored at the Media Archive for Central England at the University of Nottingham.

Studios
ATV camera at the National Media Museum, Bradford

For most of its time on air, ATV's main production centre was based at Elstree, near Borehamwood, Hertfordshire, where the majority of ATV's earlier programming was produced and distributed. The Elstree studios were acquired by the company in May 1958 and gradually converted for television use - the first of four studios opened in November 1960.[14]

Up until production began at Elstree, ATV's London operation used a number of other converted locations for production during its first decade on air, such as the Wood Green Empire, the Hackney Empire, the former Highbury Film Studios, and briefly, the New Cross Empire.[15]

Playout and presentation for ATV London was based at a separate master control facility at Foley Street in Central London, which included two studios for continuity and smaller-scale programming, such as Police 5. Shortly after ATV ceased transmission in London, the Foley Street centre was also used to transmit a management-run national ITV service during the ITV technicians' strike of August 1968.

ATV's Midlands studios were originally based in Aston, Birmingham, jointly owned by ATV and ABC under the banner Alpha Television. They supplied both ATV and ABC, and supplemented production from Elstree. In readiness for colour television, a large 'state of the art' television studio was built by ATV, the ATV Centre off Broad Street near the centre of Birmingham. This replaced the Aston studios, which were sold. The ATV Centre was in use until 1997 although two of the production studios had been 'mothballed' in the early 1990s as demand for production studios fell. As of June 2014, the complex has been partially demolished to be replaced by the upcoming Arena Central development, with the main studio building off Bridge Street standing derelict, pending the commencement of further demolition work. The Alpha Tower remains as a listed building.

A documentary about the ATV Centre was released in 2011 by MACE (Media Archive for Central England).[16] Entitled From ATVLand In Colour (referring to the nickname used on ATV's children's programme, Tiswas, and the building being purpose-built for colour broadcasting), the documentary features presenters, actors, announcers and behind-the-scenes staff talking about their time working there, and the programmes that were made there.[17] Contributors include Chris Tarrant, Shaw Taylor, Jane Rossington and Bob Carolgees.

In the 1981 franchise review, the IBA ordered that for ATV Midlands to keep the franchise the Elstree centre must be sold and a studio centre built in the east of the region. ATV Midlands, renamed Central Independent Television, needed an immediate start for separate East and West Midlands facilities. The new east site was at Lenton Lane, Nottingham, and the land had been bought while ATV was still in control. Planning issues delayed construction so Central purchased an independent production studio in the city (at Giltbrook) as its East Midlands newsroom. Industrial action prevented this centre from being used, with the new studios ready by the time it was resolved.

In 1983 the Elstree centre was sold to the BBC for around £7 million,[18] and is now home of the soap EastEnders.[19][20]

East Midlands Television Centre in Nottingham began operation in September 1983[21] but was officially opened by H.R.H. Duke of Edinburgh, Prince Philip, in March 1984.[22] The studio was eventually sold in 2004 to the University of Nottingham as an independent facility and as the home of the Media Archive for Central England, where most of ATV's and Central's programmes are archived.

Identity

ATV's logo has always consisted of a shadowed eye, inspired supposedly by the logo of CBS. This shadowed eye with the letters ATV inside came to represent the company. The first ident featured a single eye shape, moving to reveal the shadowed eye, and animating so that each of the letters ATV animate in accompanied by one of the three musical notes on the ident score. The caption below read Associated TeleVision Ltd., the only time the station's full name was displayed in an ident. The shadowed eye however was out of proportion, attributed to the hurry to redraw the ident following the name change from ABC.[23][24][25][26][27]

Shortly after the launch of the Midlands franchise, the ident was again changed to an ident consisting of five stripes. Three of four vertical stripes contain the letters ATV, which animate in to the same musical score, with the other vertical stripe housing the logo and the stations airing times, either displaying both or those of the region being viewed in. the final stripe is horizontal, with the caption 'Presents' inside.[23][24][25][26][27]

The next ident, launched in 1959, featured the shadowed eye zooming into the screen, whilst the familiar letters animate in as in the previous versions. This was altered in 1964 to add either the region name below it, or the word 'Presents' if the programme was an outside broadcast.[23][24][25][26][27]

The company's most recognisable ident, however, is the one launched in 1969. Called Zoom 2, it was the ident that heralded colour broadcasts to the region for the first time. Starting with three lightspots of red, blue and green that grow individually and combine to form six colours above the caption 'In Colour', the three lightspots fully merge forming a single cream dot which then animates out into the ATV shadowed eye, fully formed, in yellow, while the background dissolves from light grey to dark blue. The score for the ident featured four trumpets, four trombones, timpani and vibraphone in a twelve beat fanfare for the station, by Jack Parnell and arranged by Wally Stott. This ident was used from the introduction of colour in 1969 right until the ATV name ceased to be used in 1982.[23][24][25][26][27] In addition to this, a variation was produced which only featured a white dot on a black background, growing and transforming into the white shadowed eye for programmes still being shown in black and white.

Names used

Company names:

  • Associated Broadcasting Company Limited (1954–1955)
  • Associated TeleVision Limited (1955–1964)
  • Associated TeleVision Corporation (1964–1966)
  • Associated Communications Corporation (1966–1982)—parent company
  • ATV Network Limited (1966–1982)
  • ATV Midlands Limited (1981) - This is the company that was renamed to Central Independent Television from 1 January 1982, and was the licence holder for the Channel 3 Midlands region service until November 2008, when the licence was transferred to ITV Broadcasting Limited.

On-air names:

  • Associated Broadcasting Company (24 September 1955 – 2 October 1955)
  • Associated TeleVision (8 October 1955 – 11 February 1956)
  • ATV London (18 February 1956 – 28 July 1968)
  • ATV Midlands (17 February 1956 – 28 July 1968 but referred to in continuity until 1981)
  • ATV Network (29 July 1968 – 1 January 1982) (always branded on-air as simply 'ATV')

Initials used:

  • ABC (24 September 1955 – 2 October 1955)
  • ATV (8 October 1955 – 1 January 1982)

Revival of brand

In 2015, ITV Broadcasting Ltd surrendered its rights to the ATV trademark and it was acquired by Associated Television Productions Ltd which has produced programming for the Made Television network of local television channels.

Selected programmes

The majority of ITC programmes were first broadcast by ATV and distributed in the UK by them. Similarly, ATV's productions were distributed by ITC outside of the UK, with most ATV idents replaced with those for ITC.

Other ventures

ATV Music

As a side note to ATV's television activities, the company also set up a music publishing division. This was known as ATV Music and existed initially to publish TV-related music, such as theme tunes, composed by its in-house composers. It was formed after ATV acquired a substantial share of Pye Records.[28] This company was eventually split away from the parent company and went through numerous different owners as well as buying into other established music publishers including Northern Songs, which was the Beatles' publishing company. ATV Music eventually settled into the hands of Michael Jackson before being merged into Sony/ATV Music Publishing.

See also

References
  1. Rogers, Jeremy. "ATV". Archived from the original on 4 February 2012.
  2. Rogers, Jeremy. "ATV (Associated Television) History". Independent TeleWeb. Archived from the original on 4 February 2012. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
  3. Southern and Westward TV lose franchises and others to be restructured.By Kenneth Gosling. The Times, Monday, 29 December 1980; pg. 1
  4. AUSTRALIA'S ACQUISITIVE RECLUSE Archived 2 June 2013 at the Wayback Machine
  5. Grade is ousted in £37 m ACC takeoverBrown, MaggieThe Guardian (1959-2003); 15 January 1982;
  6. IBA gives ACC go-aheadThe Guardian (1959-2003); 2 June 1982;
  7. Holmes à Court announces reverse takeover at Bell.Richard Battley. The Times, Tuesday, 1 March 1988; pg. 27;
  8. Bond plan to merge with Bell empire. Richard Battley. The Times, Saturday, 2 July 1988; pg. 25
  9. Bell recommends Bond Corp offer.(Reuter). The Times (London, England), Friday, 19 August 1988; pg. 25
  10. Bond's sale of ITC estimated at £60m. John Bell, City Editor. The Times, Thursday, 10 November 1988
  11. PolyGram buys ITC for $156m. The Times, Wednesday, 11 January 1995; pg. 25
  12. "Thunderbirds are going, going, gone". BBC News. 19 January 1999. Archived from the original on 17 March 2004. Retrieved 22 June 2013.
  13. "Granada and Carlton agree merger". 16 October 2002. Archived from the original on 24 October 2008. Retrieved 28 May 2015.
  14. History of ITV studios in London, tvstudiohistory.co.uk
  15. History of ITV studios in London, tvstudiohistory.co.uk
  16. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 4 October 2011. Retrieved 21 July 2011.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  17. "atvlandproductions.com – atvlandproductions.com". Archived from the original on 12 November 2009.
  18. BBC buys four studios at Elstree for £7m. By Kenneth Gosling.The Times, Wednesday, 12 October 1983; pg. 5;
  19. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 17 April 2013. Retrieved 15 September 2013.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  20. "This is Elstree, part 2 - Studios - Transdiffusion". Archived from the original on 3 August 2013.
  21. Buxton, Roddy. "A trip to Giltbrook". Studio One. Transdiffusion Broadcasting System. Archived from the original on 24 July 2012. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
  22. Court Circular. The Times, Saturday,3 March 1984; pg10
  23. Meldrum, Darren. "ATV". The Ident Zone. MHP. Archived from the original on 12 September 2011. Retrieved 8 October 2011. Contains images and RealMedia videos of some of ATV's idents.
  24. Barnes, Steve. "ATV Idents". TVARK. Archived from the original on 20 November 2008. Retrieved 8 October 2011. Contains authentic videos of these idents.
  25. Bernard, Marcus. "ATV London". TVARK. Archived from the original on 30 September 2011. Retrieved 8 October 2011. Contains authentic videos of these idents.
  26. "ATV Idents and Clocks". TV Room. Archived from the original on 4 February 2013. Retrieved 8 October 2011.
  27. Robertson, Jason. "Zooms and other great stuff". subTV. Archived from the original on 3 October 2011. Retrieved 8 October 2011.
  28. Doyle, Jack (7 July 2009). "Michael & McCartney, 1990s-2009". The Pop History Dig. Archived from the original on 27 October 2010. Retrieved 13 November 2010.
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