Atlantean language

The Atlantean language is a constructed language created by Marc Okrand for the Disney film Atlantis: The Lost Empire. The language was intended by the script-writers to be a possible "mother language", and Okrand crafted it to include a vast Indo-European word stock with its very own grammar, which is at times described as highly agglutinative, inspired by Sumerian and North American languages.

For the language from the Stargate franchise, see Ancient (Stargate).
Atlantean

Dig Adlantisag
Pronunciationdiɡ ɑdlɑntisɑɡ
Created byMarc Okrand
Date1996–2001
Setting and usage2001 film Atlantis: The Lost Empire and related media
UsersNone
Purpose
Atlantean Script
Sourcesconstructed languages
 A posteriori languages
Language codes
ISO 639-3None (mis)
GlottologNone

Creation
Marc Okrand was hired by Disney to create the Atlantean language.

The Atlantean language (Dig Adlantisag) is a historically constructed, artistic language put together by Marc Okrand for Disney's 2001 film Atlantis: The Lost Empire and associated media.[1] The Atlantean language is therefore based both on historic reconstructions as well as on the elaborate fantasy/science fiction of the Atlantis: The Lost Empire mythos. The fictional principles upon which the Atlantean language was created are: Atlantean is the “Tower of Babel language”, the “root dialect” from which all languages descended; it has existed without change since sometime before 100,000 B.C., within the First or Second Age of Atlantis until the present.

To accomplish this, Okrand looked for common characteristics from various world languages and was also heavily inspired by the Proto-Indo-European language. His main source of words (roots and stems) for the language is Proto-Indo-European,[1] but Okrand combines this with Biblical Hebrew, later Indo-European languages such as Latin and Greek, and a variety of other known or reconstructed ancient languages.[2][3][4]

Writing systems

Atlantean has its own script created expressly for the movie by John Emerson with the help of Marc Okrand, and inspired by ancient alphabetical scripts, most notably Semitic. There are, however, different kinds of transliteration into the Roman script.

Atlantean Script
The Atlantean script and numerals

There is no punctuation or capitalization in the native Atlantean Writing System. Okrand based this on ancient writing systems. The Atlantean Script is normally in boustrophedon, that is to say it is written left to right for the first line, right to left the second, and left to right again the third, to continue the pattern. This order was also suggested by Okrand, based on ancient writing systems, and it was accepted because, as he explained, "It's a back-and-forth movement, like water, so that worked."[1][5]

The Atlantean script includes more characters than are actually employed in the language itself. These letters being c, f, j, q, v, x, z, ch, or th, they were created so that Atlantean might be used as a simple cipher code in the media and for promotional purposes. They are all also based on diverse ancient characters, just like the rest of the alphabet.[1]

Roman Script

Apart from the native Atlantean script created for the show, the language can be transcribed using the Roman script. There are two versions for doing so:

  1. Standard Transcription,[6] how the language is transliterated by Marc Okrand himself.
  2. Reader's Script,[6][7] a Berlitz-style notation devised by Okrand, which he hoped would make the Atlantean easier to read for the actors.

Example:

  1. Nishentop Adlantisag, kelobtem Gabrin karoklimik bet gim demottem net getunosentem bernotlimik bet kagib lewidyoh.
  2. NEE-shen-toap AHD-luhn-tih-suhg, KEH-loab-tem GAHB-rihn KAH-roak-lih-mihk bet gihm DEH-moat-tem net GEH-tuh-noh-sen-tem behr-NOAT-lih-mihk bet KAH-gihb LEH-wihd-yoakh.

This sentence, for example, further breaks down into:

Nishentop Adlantisag, kelobtem Gabrin karoklimik bet gim demottem net getunosentem bernotlimik bet kagib lewidyoh.
spirit-PL-VOC Atlantis-GEN, chamber-OBL 2ND.PL.FAM-GEN defile-PPERF-1ST.SG for and land-OBL into intruder-PL-OBL bring-PPERF-1ST.SG for 1ST.SG-DAT forgive-IMP-PL
"Spirits of Atlantis, forgive me for defiling your chamber and bringing intruders into the land."

The following is a table that shows the correspondences between the different modes of transcription and also provides the probable IPA values.[5][8][9]

Correspondences
Standard Transcription a b g d e u w h i y k l m n o p r s sh t
Reader's Script ah, uh b g d eh, e oo, u w kh ee, ih y k l m n oa, oh p r s sh t
IPA [ɑ, ə] [b] [g] [d] [e, ɛ] [u, ʊ] [w] [x] [i, ɪ] [j] [k] [l] [m] [n] [o, ɔ] [p] [r, ɾ] [s] [ʃ] [t]

Numerals

John Emerson, Marc Okrand, and the filmmakers also created numerals for 0–9. They are stacked horizontally, however, and hold place values of 1, 20, and 400. Their components are based on Mayan numerals and internally composed for the font (example above) like Roman numerals. If used according to the now-offline Official Website's directions, they are used, alternatively, like Arabic numerals.[1][6][10]

Cardinal numbers[11]
NumeralAtlanteanEnglish
1dinone
2duttwo
3seythree
4kutfour
5shafive
6luksix
7tosseven
8yaeight
9nitnine
10ehepten
30sey dehep[12]thirty

Numeral suffixes

Ordinals are formed adding the suffix -(d)lag: sey 'three', seydlag 'third'. The d is omitted if the root ends with an obstruent or nasal consonant: dut 'two', dutlag 'second'.[13] Fractions are formed with the suffix -(d)lop: kut 'four', kutlop 'quarter', sha 'five', shadlop 'fifth (part)'.[14] And finally, distributives are formed with the suffix noh: din 'one', dinnoh 'one at a time, one each'.[13]

Phonology

Consonants
IPA chart of Atlantean consonants
Bilabial Alveolar Alveolo-
palatal		 Palatal Velar Labiovelar
Plosive p   b t   d k   ɡ
Nasal m n
Fricative s ʃ [decimal 1] x [decimal 2]
Approximant j [decimal 3] w
Trill r
Lateral l

Where symbols occur in pairs, the left represents the voiceless consonant and the right represents the voiced consonant.

Notes:

  1. Transliterated as sh in Writer's Script and Reader's Script.
  2. Transliterated as h in Writer's Script (bibɪx, inner cover of Subterranean Tours) and "kh" in Reader's Script.
  3. Transliterated as y in Writer's Script and Reader's Script.

Vowels

Atlantean's phonetic inventory includes a vowel system with five phonemes. Most vowels have two prominent allophonic realizations, depending on whether it occurs in a stressed or unstressed syllable.

IPA chart of Atlantean vowels
Front Central Back
Tense Lax Tense Lax Tense Lax
High i ɪ u ʊ
Mid e ɛ o ɔ
Low a ə

Vowels in stressed syllables tend to be tense, and likewise unstressed ones tend to be more lax. Thus, for example, /i/ is realized as [i] or [ɪ] in stressed and unstressed syllables, respectively. Likewise, /e/ is realized as [e] or [ɛ], and so on. There are three diphthongs, namely ay, ey, oy.

Aside from the stressed-syllable-based vowel system, the only other example of prominent phonological phenomenon seems to be a special kind of sandhi occurring in verbs, when the pronoun is combined with the aspect marker.

When the suffix for the first person singular -ik combines with tenses that employ -i, -o (Past and Future tenses), it becomes -mik.

bernot-o-ik → bernot-o-mik

But when combined with suffixes that feature -e (Present tenses), the same suffix becomes -kik.

bernot-e-ik → bernot-e-kik

Grammar

Atlantean has a very strict subject–object–verb word order, with no deviations from this pattern attested. Adjectives and nouns in the genitive case follow the nouns they modify, adpositions appear only in the form of postpositions, and modal verbs follow the verbs that they modify and subsequently take all personal and aspectual suffixes. However, adverbs precede verbs. The language includes the use of an interrogative particle to form questions with no variation in word order.[1]

Some sentences appear to employ some kind of particles sometimes termed "sentence connectors". These particles are of obscure meaning but are theorized to relate two clauses in a logical yet idiomatic manner.[1] The exact meaning and usage of these particles is not known, but without them sentences are difficult to reconcile with their translations.

Example:

Wiltem neb gamosetot deg duweren tirid.
city-ACC DEM see-PRES-3RD.SG PART outsider-PL all.
No outsiders may see the city and live. But more literally: "He sees the city PARTICLE all outsiders."

In the example above there is no actual mention of the consequences for outsiders, yet the subtitle in the movie translates it as a warning even without any mention of living or dying. A possibility exists that, in order to match the lip movement of the characters in the movie and the time of the dialogue, the language had to be shortened, often leaving out key parts of the sentence. It is known that the Atlantean lines in the movie were ad-libbed afterwards.

Another example:

Tab.top, lud.en neb.et kwam gesu bog.e.kem deg yasek.en gesu.go.ntoh.
father-VOC, person-PL DEM-PL NEG help be.able-PRES-1ST.SG PART noble-PL
Father, these people may be able to help us. But more literally: "Oh Father, we cannot help these people PARTICLE they will help the nobles."[1]

In this example the sentences seem to be better connected, and the particle is rendered as almost "but, yet". It is difficult to reconcile the two, however.

Nouns

Atlantean has seven cases for nouns, five for pronouns and two for numbers.

Grammatical cases
Grammatical Cases
NameSuffixExampleEnglish Gloss
Nominativeno suffixyobthe crystal (subject).
Accusative-temyobtemthe crystal (object).
Genitive-agyobagof the crystal
Vocative-top [decimal 1]YobtopO Crystal!
Instrumental-eshyobeshusing crystal
Essive-kup [decimal 2]yobkup(as, composed of, being) crystal
Dative-nuh [decimal 3]yobnuh(for, to, on behalf of) crystal

Notes:

  1. With the exception of "mat", "mother", which takes the special Maternal Filial Suffix -tim. Note that the only other kinship term, "father", "tab", takes the usual -top.
  2. As discussed in "The Shepherd's Journal" on the "Collector's DVD": ketub-kup (page 4) and setub-mok-en-tem (page 10), setub-mok-en-ag (page 5), and setub-kup (pages 1–4).
  3. As discussed in "The Shepherd's Journal" on the "Collector's DVD": derup-tem and derup-nuh (page 5).

Other suffixes
Other Noun Suffixes
Grammatical FunctionSuffixExampleEnglish Gloss
Plural-enyobencrystals
Augmentative-mokYobmokThe Great Crystal

Nouns are marked as plural with the suffix -en. Case suffixes never precede the -en plural suffix. "-Mok" occurs after it.

Pronouns
Person/number suffixes
PersonNumberFamiliarityIndependent PronounSuffixEnglish Gloss
1stSingular–kag-ikI
2ndSingular–moh-enthou
3rdSingular–tug tuh tok-othe she it
1stPlural–gwis-kemwe
2ndPluralUnfamiliargebr-ehyou (unfamiliar)
2ndPluralFamiliargabr-ehyou (familiar)
3rdPlural–sob-tohthey


There are five cases for pronouns.

Grammatical cases
Grammatical Cases
NameSuffixExampleEnglish Gloss
Nominativeno suffixkagI
Accusative-itkagitme, whom was (sent), etc.
Dative-ibkagib(to) me
Genitive-inkaginmy (my heart, karod kagin)
Instrumental-iskagisby my means, with (using) me, via me, etc. [decimal 1]

Notes:

  1. The pronoun analog to the noun instrumental case suffix -esh. Appears in "First Mural Text" on the "Collector's DVD": tug-is.

Verbs

Verbs are inflected with two suffixes, one for tense/aspect and the next for person/number.[1]

Tense/aspect suffixes
Tense/Aspect suffixes
NameSuffixExampleEnglish GlossOther ExamplesEnglish Gloss
Simple Present-ebernot.e.kikI bringsapoh.e.kikI view
Present Perfect-lebernot.le.kikI have brought
Present Obligatory-sebernot.se.kikI am obliged to bringkaber.se.kemwe are obliged to warn
Simple Past-ibernot.i.mikI broughtes.i.mot, sapoh.i.mikit was, I viewed
Immediate Past-ibbernot.ib.mikI just brought
Past Perfect-libernot.li.mikI had brought
Simple Future-obernot.o.mikI will bringkomtib.o.nenyou will find
Future Possible-gobernot.go.mikI may bringgesu.go.ntohthey may help
Future Perfect-lobernot.lo.mikI will have broughtkomtib.lo.nenyou will have found
Future Obligatory-sobernot.so.mikI will be obliged to bringkomtib.so.nenyou will be obliged to find

Mood and Voice suffixes
Mood suffixes
NameSuffixExampleEnglish Gloss
Imperative Mood Singularno suffixbernot!, nageb!bring!, enter!
Imperative Mood Plural-yohbernot.yoh!, nageb.yoh!(you all) bring!, (you all) enter!
Passive Voice-eshpag.esh.e.nen, bernot.esh.ib.mikyou are thanked (thank you), I was just brought
Infinitive-ebernot.e, wegen.e, gamos.eto bring, to travel, to see

See also

Notes
  1. "Production Notes." Atlantis-The Lost Empire. Ed. Tim Montgomery, 1996–2007. The Unofficial Disney Animation Archive. 13 January 2007. Animationarchive.net
  2. Kalin-Casey, Mary. “Charting Atlantis the crew behind Disney’s latest animated adventure takes you behind the scenes.” Features Interviews. 17 January 2007 Reel.com Archived January 18, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
  3. Murphy, Tab, Platon, David Reyolds, Gary Trousdale, Joss Whedon, Kirk Wise, Bryce Zabel, and Jackie Zabel. Atlantis the Lost Empire: The Illustrated Script [Abridged Version with Notes from the Filmmakers], 55.
  4. Henn, Peter (June 1, 2001). "Finding Atlantis". Film Journal International. Archived from the original on January 16, 2014. Retrieved August 30, 2011.
  5. Wloszczyna, Susan. “New movie trek for wordsmith.” USA Today Online. 24 May 2001. 12 Jan. 2007. USA Today
  6. Anderson, Matt. “Parlez-vous Atlantean?” Movie Habit. 12 January 2006 Moviehabit.com
  7. Henning, Jeffery. “Atlantean: Language of the Lost Empire” Langmaker.com. Jeffrey Henning. 1996–2005. 12 January 2006 Langmaker.com Archived 2007-01-08 at the Wayback Machine "Interview of Don Hahn on Atlantis!" Animagic.Com. 3/26/01.
  8. Kurtti, Jeff. Atlantis Subterranean Tours: A Traveler’s Guide to the Lost City (Atlantis the Lost Empire). New York: Disney Editions: 2001, Inside Front Cover.
  9. Hahn, Don; Wise, Kirk; Trousdale, Gary et al. 2-Disc Collector’s Edition: Atlantis: The Lost Empire, especially Features "How to Speak Atlantean", "The Shepherd's Journal".
  10. John, David. Atlantis: The Lost Empire: The Essential Guide. New York: Dorling Kindersley Publishing, Inc., 2001, 33.
  11. Kurtti, Jeff. Atlantis Subterranean Tours: A Traveler’s Guide to the Lost City (Atlantis the Lost Empire). New York: Disney Editions: 2001, 60.
  12. Kurtti, Jeff. Atlantis Subterranean Tours: A Traveler’s Guide to the Lost City (Atlantis the Lost Empire). New York: Disney Editions: 2001, 31.
  13. Ehrbar, Greg. Atlantis: The Lost Empire. Milwaukee: Dark Horse Comics: June 2001.
  14. Hahn, Don; Wise, Kirk; Trousdale, Gary et al. 2-Disc Collector’s Edition: Atlantis: The Lost Empire, 01 10 0:50:31.

References

  • Cynthia, Benjamin. "Atlantis: The Lost Empire : Welcome to my World." New York: Random House: 2001.
  • Ehrbar, Greg. "Atlantis: The Lost Empire." Milwaukee: Dark Horse Comics: June 2001.
  • Hahn, Don; Wise, Kirk; Trousdale, Gary et al. "2-Disc Collector’s Edition: Atlantis: The Lost Empire."
  • "Disney Adventures" magazine, Summer Issue 2001.
  • Howard, James N. "Atlantis: The Lost Empire An Original Walt Disney Records Soundtrack" : Limited Taiwanese Edition. Taiwan and Hong Kong: Walt Disney Records: Represented by Avex: 2001.
  • Kurtti, Jeff. "Atlantis Subterranean Tours: A Traveler’s Guide to the Lost City (Atlantis the Lost Empire)." New York: Disney Editions: 2001.
  • Kurtti, Jeff. "The Journal of Milo Thatch." New York: Disney Editions: 2001.
  • Murphy, Tab et al. "Atlantis, the Lost Empire : The Illustrated Script." New York : Disney Editions: 2001.
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