Atonement (film)

Director Joe Wright asked executive producers, Debra Hayward, Liza Chasin, and co-producer Jane Frazer to collaborate a second time, after working on Pride and Prejudice in 2005, as well as production designer Sarah Greenwood, editor Paul Tothill, with costume designer Jacqueline Durran and composer Dario Marianelli, who have all previously worked together with Wright. In an interview, Wright states, "It's important for me to work with the same people. It makes me feel safe, and we kind of understand each other."[8] The screenplay was adapted from Ian McEwan's 2001 novel by Christopher Hampton.[9]

After reading McEwan's book, Hampton, who had previously undertaken many adaptations, was inspired to adapt it into a script for a feature film.[10] When Wright took over the project as director, he decided he wanted a different approach, and Hampton re-wrote much of his original script to Wright's suggestion. The first draft – written with director Richard Eyre in mind – took what Hampton called a more "conventional, literary approach", with a linear structure, and a voiceover and the epilogue of the older Briony being woven in throughout the entire film instead of only at the end. Wright felt that the original approach owed more to contemporary filmmaking than historical filmmaking. The second script was closer to the book.[10][11]

To re-create the Second World War setting, a historian was employed to work with the department heads. Background research involved the examination of paintings, photographs and films, and the study of archives.[11] The war scenes, like many others, were filmed on location in a seaside town. Set decorator, Katie Spencer and production designer, Sarah Greenwood, both visited archives from Country Life in search of finding suitable locations for their initial creative ideas for the interior and exterior scenes.[11] Seamus McGarvey, the cinematographer, worked closely with Wright on the aesthetics of the visualisation, using a range of techniques and camera movements to achieve the final result.

For Wright, casting became a lengthy process, particularly choosing the right actors for his protagonists. Having previously worked with Keira Knightley on Pride and Prejudice, he expressed his admiration for her, stating, "I think she's a really extraordinary actress".[12] Particularly in reference to the character's unlikeability, Wright commended her bravery in tackling this type of role without any fear of how the audience will receive this characterisation, stating "It's a character that's not always likeable and I think so many young actors these days are terrified of being disliked at any given moment in case the audience doesn't come and pay their box-office money to see them again. Keira is not afraid of that. She puts her craft first."[12] As opposed to casting McAvoy, "Knightley was in almost the opposite position—that of a sexy, beautiful movie star who, despite having worked steadily since she was seven, was widely underestimated as an actress."[13] In preparation for her role, Knightley watched films from the 1930s and 1940s, such as Brief Encounter and In Which We Serve, to study the "naturalism" of the performance that Wright wanted in Atonement.[14]

James McAvoy, despite turning down previous offers to work with Wright, nonetheless remained the director's first choice. Producers met several actors for the role, but McAvoy was the only one offered the part. He fitted Wright's bid for someone who "had the acting ability to take the audience with him on his personal and physical journey". McAvoy describes Robbie as one of the most difficult characters he has ever played, "because he's very straight-ahead".[14] Further describing his casting process, Wright commented how "there is something undeniably charming about McAvoy".[15] One of the most important qualities that particularly resonated with Wright was "McAvoy's own working-class roots",[15] which McAvoy noted was something that Wright was very much interested in. Once Wright put both Knightley and McAvoy together, their "palpable sexual chemistry"[13] immediately became apparent. The biggest risk Wright took in casting McAvoy was that "The real question was whether the five-foot-seven, slightly built, ghostly pale Scotsman had what it takes to be a true screen idol."[13]

In addition, the casting of Briony Tallis also proved challenging, yet once Wright discovered Saoirse Ronan her involvement enabled Wright to finally commence filming. On the casting process for this particular role, Wright commented how "We met many, many kids for that role. Then we were sent this tape of this little girl speaking in this perfect 1920s English accent. Immediately, she had this kind of intensity, dynamism, and willfulness."[16] After inviting Ronan to come to London to read for the part, Wright was not only surprised by her Irish accent, but immediately recognised her unique acting ability.[16] Upon casting Ronan, Wright revealed how completing this final casting decision enabled "the film to be what it became" and considered her participation in the film "lucky".[17]

Abbie Cornish was pegged for the role of 18-year-old Briony,[18] but had to back out due to scheduling conflicts with Elizabeth: The Golden Age.[19] Romola Garai was cast instead, and was obliged to adapt her performance's physicality to fit the appearance that had already been decided upon for Ronan and Redgrave. Garai spent much time with Ronan, and watched footage of her to approximate the way the younger actress moved.[14] Vanessa Redgrave became everyone's ideal to play the oldest Briony[14] and was the first approached (although she was not cast until Ronan had been found),[20] and committed herself to the role after just one meeting with Wright. She, Ronan and Garai worked together with a voice coach to keep the character's timbre in a familiar range throughout the film.[14]

The film was produced by StudioCanal and filmed throughout the summer of 2006 in Great Britain.[21]

Due to restrictions in the filming schedule which meant that production only had two full days to film all the needed scenes of the war front on Dunkirk beach, and the lack of budget to fund the 1000+ extras needed for the shooting of these scenes, Joe Wright and cinematographer Seamus McGarvey were forced to reduce the shooting down into a 5½ minute long-take following James McAvoy's character as he moved a quarter of a mile along the beach.

The first of the two days, and part of the second day, were dedicated to blocking and rehearsing the sequence until the sun was in the correct position in the afternoon ready to shoot. The shot took 3½ takes. The fourth was abandoned mid-flow due to the lighting becoming too bad for shooting. They ended up using the third take. The sequence was accomplished by Steadicam operator, Peter Robertson, moving from a tracking vehicle, to on foot, to a rickshaw via a ramp and back to on foot.[22][23]

Original film set, August 2006; Redcar's beach was the site of the Dunkirk beach sequence and stood in for Bray-Dunes

Seven Sisters cliffs and the coastguard cottages, South Downs National Park

These mainly were:

• Stokesay Court, Onibury, Shropshire.[24][25][26]
• The seafront in Redcar.[27][28] This work included an acclaimed five-minute tracking shot of the seafront as a war-torn Dunkirk and a scene in the local cinema on the promenade.[29][30]
• Dunkirk street scenes were shot at the Grimsby ice factory on Grimsby Docks, interior and exterior.
• Streatham Hill, London (for neighbouring Balham, Cecilia's new home after breaking with her family).

The other places across London were Great Scotland Yard and Bethnal Green Town Hall, the latter being used for a 1939 tea-house scene, as well as the church of St John's, Smith Square, Westminster for Lola's wedding. Re-enactment of the 1940 Balham station disaster took place in the former Piccadilly line station of Aldwych, closed since the 1990s.

War scenes (in the French countryside) were filmed in Coates and Gedney Drove End, Lincolnshire; Walpole St Andrew and Denver, Norfolk; and in Manea and Pymoor, Cambridgeshire.

Much of the St Thomas's hospital ward interior was filmed at Park Place, Berkshire and exterior at University College London.[29]

All the exteriors and interiors of the Tallis family home were filmed at Stokesay Court, selected from an old Country Life edition to tie in with the period and pool fountain of the novel.[31] This mansion was built in 1889 commissioned by the glove manufacturer John Derby Allcroft. It remains an undivided family home.

The third portion of Atonement was entirely filmed at the BBC Television Centre, London. The beach with cliffs first shown on the postcard and later seen towards the end of the film was Cuckmere Haven Seven Sisters, Sussex (near Roedean School, which Cecilia was said to have attended).

The film opened at the 2007 Venice International Film Festival, making Wright, at 35, the youngest director ever to be so honoured.[32] The film also opened at the 2007 Vancouver International Film Festival.[33] Atonement was released in the United Kingdom and Ireland on 7 September 2007, and in North America on 7 December 2007.[34] Along with a worldwide theatrical distribution which was managed by Universal Pictures, with minor releases through other divisions on 7 September 2007.[35]

Atonement was released on DVD in the US on 3 January 2008 in region 2, and followed a release in Blu-ray edition on 13 March 2012.[36] The film followed a DVD release on 4 February 2010 on Amazon in the UK and in Blu-ray with a release on 27 May 2010.[37]

The film grossed a cumulative $131,016,624 worldwide and in opening weekend in USA, $784,145, 9 December 2007 with a budget to make the film of $30,000,000 (estimated).[38] A total gross of $23,934,714 (worldwide) and with the release in the US a total gross of $50,927,067.[39]

Keira Knightley attending the première of Atonement, in Leicester Square, London

The film received positive reviews from film critics. The review site Rotten Tomatoes records that 83% of 217 critics gave the film positive reviews, with an average rating of 7.44/10. The consensus reads, "Atonement features strong performances, brilliant cinematography and a unique score. Featuring deft performances from James McAvoy and Keira Knightley, it's a successful adaptation of Ian McEwan's novel."[40] On other review sites, Metacritic records an average score of 85%, based on 36 reviews.[41]

In Britain, the film was listed as #3 on Empire's Top 25 Films of 2007. The American critic Roger Ebert gave it a four-star review, dubbing it "one of the year's best films, a certain best picture nominee".[42] In the film review television program, At the Movies with Ebert & Roeper, Richard Roeper gave the film "thumbs up", adding that Knightley gave "one of her best performances". As for the film, he commented that "Atonement has hints of greatness but it falls just short of Oscar contention".[43] The film received near-unanimous praise on its release, with its casting solidifying Knightley as a leading star in British period dramas while igniting McAvoy's career in leading roles. Most importantly, it catapulted the trajectory of a young Ronan. Upon its release, The Daily Telegraph's David Gritten describes how "Critics who have seen Atonement have reacted with breathless superlatives, and its showing at Venice and subsequent release will almost certainly catapult Wright into the ranks of world-class film directors."[44] The film received many positive reviews for its adherence to McEwan's novel, with Variety reporting that the film "preserves much of the tome's metaphysical depth and all of its emotional power", and commenting that "Atonement is immensely faithful to McEwan's novel."[45] Author Ian McEwan also worked as an executive producer on the film.[46]

However, not all reviews were as favourable. Although The Atlantic's Christopher Orr praises Knightley's performance as "strong" and McAvoy as "likeable and magnetic", he concludes by saying "Atonement is a film out of balance, nimble enough in its first half but oddly scattered and ungainly once it leaves the grounds of the Tallis estate", and remains "a workmanlike yet vaguely disappointing adaptation of a masterful novel".[47] The New York Times' A. O. Scott comes to a similar conclusion, saying "Mr McAvoy and Ms Knightley sigh and swoon credibly enough, but they are stymied by the inertia of the filmmaking, and by the film's failure to find a strong connection between the fates of the characters and the ideas and historical events that swirl around them."[48]

On a more positive note, The New York Observer's Rex Reed considers Atonement his "favorite film of the year", deeming it "everything a true lover of literature and movies could possibly hope for", and particularly singling out McAvoy as "the film's star in an honest, heart-rending performance of strength and integrity that overcomes the romantic slush it might have been", and praising Ronan as a "staggeringly assured youngster", while being underwhelmed by a "serenely bland Keira Knightley".[49] Adding to the film's authentic adaptation, David Gritten once again notes how "If Atonement feels like a triumph, it's a totally British one."[44] McAvoy is singled out: "His performance as Robbie Turner, the son of a housekeeper at a country estate, raised with ambitions but appallingly wronged, holds the movie together."[15]

The film appeared on many critics' top ten lists of the best films of 2007.[50]

The film has received numerous awards and nominations, including seven Golden Globe nominations, more than any other film nominated at the 65th Golden Globe Awards,[52][53] and winning two of the nominated Golden Globes, including Best Motion Picture Drama. The film also received 14 BAFTA nominations for the 61st British Academy Film Awards including Best Film, Best British Film and Best Director,[54] seven Academy Award nominations, including Best Picture,[55] and the Evening Standard British Film Award for Technical Achievement in Cinematography, Production Design and Costume Design, earned by Seamus McGarvey, Sarah Greenwood and Jacqueline Durran, respectively. Atonement also ranks 442nd on Empire magazine's 2008 list of the 500 greatest movies of all time.[56]

Atonement has been named among the Top 10 Films of 2007 by the Austin Film Critics Association,[57] the Dallas-Fort Worth Film Critics Association, New York Film Critics Online[58] and the Southeastern Film Critics Association.[59]

The green dress Keira Knightley's character wears during the love scene in the library garnered considerable interest.[60][61] At the ten-year anniversary of the film's American premiere, the film's costume designer Jacqueline Durran called it "unforgettable".[62]

The film shows an Avro Lancaster bomber flying overhead in 1935, an aircraft whose first flight was not until 1941.[63]

During the scene in 1935 in which Robbie writes and discards letters for Cecilia, he keeps playing a record of the love duet from Act 1 of La bohème, with Victoria de los Ángeles and Jussi Björling singing, which was not recorded until 1956.[64]

In the scene on the Dunkirk beach, Robbie is told that the Lancastria has been sunk, an event that actually happened two weeks after the Dunkirk evacuations.[65]

In the final scene, Briony states that the deadly flooding of Balham tube station, whilst it was being used as an overnight air-raid shelter, occurred on 15 October 1940. However, the flooding actually occurred before midnight, when the date was still 14 October.[66]