E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial

E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial is a 1982 American science fiction film produced and directed by Steven Spielberg, and written by Melissa Mathison. It tells the story of Elliott, a boy who befriends an extraterrestrial, dubbed E.T., who is stranded on Earth. The film stars Dee Wallace, Peter Coyote, and Henry Thomas.

"E.T." redirects here. For other uses, see ET.

E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial
Theatrical release poster by John Alvin[1]
Directed bySteven Spielberg
Produced by
Written byMelissa Mathison
Starring
Music byJohn Williams
CinematographyAllen Daviau
Edited byCarol Littleton
Production
company
Distributed byUniversal Pictures
Release date
  • May 26, 1982 (1982-05-26) (Cannes)
  • June 11, 1982 (1982-06-11) (United States)
Running time
114 minutes[2]
CountryUnited States
LanguageEnglish
Budget$10.5 million[3]
Box office$792.9 million[3]

The concept was based on an imaginary friend Spielberg created after his parents' divorce. In 1980, Spielberg met Mathison and developed a new story from the failed project Night Skies. Filming took place from September to December 1981 on a budget of $10.5 million (equivalent to $25 million in 2019 dollars). Unlike most films, it was shot in rough chronological order, to facilitate convincing emotional performances from the young cast. The animatronics of E.T. were designed by Carlo Rambaldi.

Released on June 11, 1982, by Universal Pictures, E.T. was an immediate blockbuster, surpassing Star Wars to become the highest-grossing film of all time—a record it held for 11 years until Jurassic Park, another Spielberg-directed film, surpassed it. E.T. was widely acclaimed by critics and is considered to be one of the greatest films of all time, and it won four Oscars at the 55th Academy Awards: Best Original Score, Best Visual Effects, Best Sound and Best Sound Editing. It was re-released in 1985, and again in 2002, to celebrate its 20th anniversary, with altered shots, visual effects, and additional scenes. In 1994, the film was added to the National Film Registry of the Library of Congress, being designated as "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant."

Plot

Alien botanists secretly visit Earth under cover of night to gather plant specimens in a California forest. When government agents appear on the scene, the aliens flee in their spaceship, but in their haste, one of them is left behind. In a suburban neighborhood in the San Fernando Valley, a ten-year-old boy named Elliott is spending time with his brother, Michael, and his friends. As he returns from picking up a pizza, he discovers that something is hiding in their tool shed. The alien promptly flees upon being discovered.

Despite his family's disbelief, Elliott leaves Reese's Pieces candy to lure the alien to his house. Before going to sleep, Elliott realizes the alien is imitating his movements. He feigns illness the next morning to stay home from school and play with him. It gradually becomes apparent that Elliot can "feel" the alien's thoughts and emotional perceptions, which is clearly shown when the alien accidentally opens an umbrella, startling him and simultaneously startling Elliot in a kitchen several rooms away. Later that day, Elliot, Michael, and their five-year-old sister, Gertie, meet the alien. They decide to keep him hidden from their mother, Mary. When they ask him about his origin, he levitates several balls to represent his planetary system and demonstrates his powers by reviving dead chrysanthemums. Picking up the English language, he demonstrates his signature power, revealed through his glowing fingertip by healing a minor flesh wound on Elliott's finger.

Makeshift communicator used by E.T. to phone home. Among its parts is a Speak & Spell, an umbrella lined with tinfoil, and a coffee can filled with other electronics.

At school the next day, Elliott begins to experience his empathic connection with the alien much more strongly, including exhibiting signs of intoxication (because the alien is at his home, drinking beer and watching television), and he begins freeing all the frogs in his biology class. As the alien watches John Wayne kiss Maureen O'Hara in The Quiet Man on television, Elliott kisses a girl he likes in the same manner and is sent to the principal's office.

The alien dubs himself "E.T." and reads a comic strip where Buck Rogers, stranded, calls for help by building a makeshift communication device and is inspired to try it himself. E.T. receives Elliott's help in building a device to "phone home" by using a Speak & Spell toy. Michael notices that E.T.'s health is declining and that Elliott is referring to himself as "we".

At Halloween, Michael and Elliott dress E.T. as a ghost so they can sneak him out of the house. That night, Elliott and E.T. head through the forest, where they make a successful call home. The next day, Elliott wakes up in the field, only to find E.T. gone. Elliott returns home to his worried family. Michael searches for and finds E.T. dying next to a culvert. Michael takes E.T. home to Elliott, who is also dying. Mary becomes horrified when she discovers her son's illness and the dying alien, just as a group of government agents dressed in astronaut suits led by "Keys" invades the house.

Scientists set up a hospital at the house, asking Michael, Mary, and Gertie if they have met E.T. While the scientists are treating Elliott and E.T., the mental connection between the two disappears. E.T. appears to die while Elliott recovers. Elliott is carried away, shouting that the doctors are killing E.T. as they try to revive him. When the scientists reluctantly pronounce E.T. dead, Michael discovers that the chrysanthemum plant that E.T. previously revived appears to be dying again.

As Elliott recovers, the scientists first bring him back to Mary, Michael and Gertie but then Keys leaves him alone with the motionless E.T. Elliott says a tearful goodbye, telling E.T. that he loves him before closing the case in which E.T. is to be taken away. E.T.'s heartlight begins to glow, and Elliott notices the dead chrysanthemum plant is once again coming back to life and opens the case. E.T. reanimates and tells Elliott that his people are returning. Elliott and Michael steal the van that E.T. had been loaded into and a chase ensues, with Michael's friends joining them on bicycles as they attempt to evade the authorities. Suddenly facing a police roadblock, E.T. helps them escape by using his telekinesis to lift them into the air and towards the forest, like he had done for Elliott before.

Standing near the spaceship, E.T.'s heart glows as he prepares to return home. Mary, Gertie, and Keys show up. E.T. says goodbye to Michael and Gertie, as she presents him with the chrysanthemum that he had revived. Before boarding the spaceship, he embraces Elliott and tells him "I'll be right here", pointing his glowing finger to Elliott's forehead. He picks up the chrysanthemum and boards the spaceship. As the others watch it take off, the spaceship leaves a rainbow in the sky.

Cast
  • Dee Wallace as Mary, a single parent and Elliott's mother
  • Henry Thomas as Elliott, a 10-year-old boy and Mary's son
  • Peter Coyote as Keys, a government agent bent on capturing E.T. It was revealed that he wanted to see an alien ever since he was 10 years old. His real name is unknown as he is called Keys because he has keys on the pocket of his pants.
  • Robert MacNaughton as Michael, Elliott's older brother
  • Drew Barrymore as Gertie, Elliott's younger sister
  • K.C. Martel as Greg
  • C. Thomas Howell as Tyler
  • Sean Frye as Steve
  • Erika Eleniak as Pretty Girl
  • Pat Welsh as the voice of E.T.
  • Anne Lockhart as Nurse
  • Robert W. Scholler as Medical Unit

Production

Development

After his parents' divorce in 1960, Spielberg filled the void with an imaginary alien companion. He said that the imaginary alien was "a friend who could be the brother [he] never had and a father that [he] didn't feel [he] had anymore".[4] In 1978, he announced he would shoot a film entitled Growing Up, which he would film in four weeks. The project was set aside because of delays on 1941, but the concept of making a small autobiographical film about childhood would stay with him.[5] He also thought about a follow-up to Close Encounters of the Third Kind, and began to develop a darker project he had planned with John Sayles called Night Skies in which malevolent aliens terrorize a family.[5]

Filming Raiders of the Lost Ark in Tunisia caused a sense of loneliness in Spielberg, far from his family and friends, and made memories of his childhood creation resurface.[5][6] He told screenwriter Melissa Mathison about Night Skies, and developed a subplot from the failed project, in which Buddy, the only friendly alien, befriends an autistic child. His abandonment on Earth in the script's final scene inspired the E.T. concept.[6] She wrote a first draft titled E.T. and Me in eight weeks,[6] which he considered perfect.[7] The script went through two more drafts, which deleted an "Eddie Haskell"–esque friend of Elliott. The chase sequence was also created, and he also suggested having the scene where E.T. got drunk.[5]

In early summer 1981, while Raiders of the Lost Ark was being promoted, Columbia Pictures met with Spielberg to discuss the script, after having to develop Night Skies with the director as the intended sequel to Close Encounters of the Third Kind. However, the head of Columbia Pictures' marketing and research development, Marvin Atonowsky, concluded that it had a limited commercial potential, believing that it would appeal to mostly young kids.[8] The President of Columbia's worldwide productions, John Veitch, also felt that the script was not good or scary enough to draw enough crowd. On the advice of Atonowsky and Veitch, Columbia Pictures CEO Frank Price passed on the project, thus putting it in a turnaround, so Spielberg approached the more receptive Sid Sheinberg, president of MCA, the then-parent company of Universal Studios.[9][8] Spielberg told Sheinberg to acquire the E.T. script from Columbia Pictures, which he did for $1 million and struck a deal with Price in which Columbia would retain 5% of the film's net profits. Veitch later recalled that "I think [in 1982] we made more on that picture than we did on any of our films."[8]

Pre-production
Italian special effects artist Carlo Rambaldi created E.T.'s design.

Carlo Rambaldi, who designed the aliens for Close Encounters of the Third Kind, was hired to design the animatronics of E.T. Rambaldi's own painting Women of Delta led him to give the creature a unique, extendable neck.[7] Its face was inspired by those of Carl Sandburg, Albert Einstein, and Ernest Hemingway.[10] Producer Kathleen Kennedy visited the Jules Stein Eye Institute to study real and glass eyes. She hired Institute staffers to create E.T.'s eyes, which she felt were particularly important in engaging the audience.[11] Four heads were created for filming, one as the main animatronic and the others for facial expressions, as well as a costume.[10] A team of puppeteers controlled E.T.'s face with animatronics. Two little people, Tamara De Treaux and Pat Bilon,[5] as well as 12-year-old Matthew DeMeritt, who was born without legs,[12] took turns wearing the costume, depending on what scene was being filmed. DeMeritt actually walked on his hands and played all scenes where he walked awkwardly or fell over. The head was placed above that of the actors, and the actors could see through slits in its chest.[7] Caprice Roth, a professional mime, filled prosthetics to play E.T.'s hands.[11] The puppet was created in three months at the cost of $1.5 million.[13] Spielberg declared it was "something that only a mother could love".[7]

Mars, Incorporated refused to allow M&M's to be used in the film, believing E.T. would frighten children. The Hershey Company was asked if Reese's Pieces could be used, and it agreed. This product placement resulted in a large increase in Reese's Pieces sales.[14] Science and technology educator Henry Feinberg created E.T.'s communicator device.[15][16]

Casting

Having worked with Cary Guffey on Close Encounters of the Third Kind, Spielberg felt confident in working with a cast composed mostly of child actors.[11] For the role of Elliott, he auditioned hundreds of boys[17] before Jack Fisk suggested Henry Thomas for the role because Henry had played the part of Harry in the film Raggedy Man, which Fisk had directed.[18] Thomas, who auditioned in an Indiana Jones costume, did not perform well in the formal testing, but got the filmmakers' attention in an improvised scene.[11] Thoughts of his dead dog inspired his convincing tears.[19] Robert MacNaughton auditioned eight times to play Michael, sometimes with boys auditioning for Elliott. Spielberg felt Drew Barrymore had the right imagination for mischievous Gertie after she impressed him with a story that she led a punk rock band.[7] He enjoyed working with the children, and he later said that the experience made him feel ready to be a father.[20]

The major voice work of E.T. for the film was performed by Pat Welsh. She smoked two packs of cigarettes a day, which gave her voice a quality that sound effects creator Ben Burtt liked. She spent nine-and-a-half hours recording her part, and was paid $380 by Burtt for her services.[5] He also recorded 16 other people and various animals to create E.T.'s "voice". These included Spielberg, actress Debra Winger, his sleeping wife, who had a cold, a burp from his USC film professor, raccoons, otters, and horses.[21][22]

Doctors working at the USC Medical Center were recruited to play the ones who try to save E.T. after government agents take over Elliott's house. Spielberg felt that actors in the roles, performing lines of technical medical dialogue, would come across as unnatural.[20] During post-production, he decided to cut a scene featuring Harrison Ford as the principal at Elliott's school. It featured his character reprimanding Elliott for his behavior in biology class and warning of the dangers of underage drinking. He is then taken aback as Elliott's chair rises from the floor, while E.T. is levitating his "phone" equipment up the stairs with Gertie.[7] Ford's face is never seen.[23]

Filming

Principal photography began in neighborhoods in Los Angeles County and in the San Fernando valley in September 1981.[24] The project was filmed under the cover name A Boy's Life, as Spielberg did not want anyone to discover and plagiarize the plot. The actors had to read the script behind closed doors, and everyone on set had to wear an ID card.[11] The shoot began with two days at Culver City High School and the crew spent the next 11 days moving between locations at Northridge and Tujunga.[5] The next 42 days were spent at Laird International Studios in Culver City for the interiors of Elliott's home.[25] The crew shot at a redwood forest near Crescent City in Northern California for the production's last six days.[5][6] The exterior Halloween scene and the "flying bicycle" chase scenes were filmed in Porter Ranch.[26]

Spielberg shot the film in roughly chronological order to achieve convincingly emotional performances from his cast. It was also done to help the child actors with the workload. Spielberg calculated that the film would hit home harder if the children were really saying goodbye to E.T. at the end. In the scene in which Michael first encounters E.T., his appearance caused MacNaughton to jump back and knock down the shelves behind him. The chronological shoot gave the young actors an emotional experience as they bonded with E.T., making the quarantine sequences more moving.[20] Spielberg ensured the puppeteers were kept away from the set to maintain the illusion of a real alien. For the first time in his career, he did not storyboard most of the film, in order to facilitate spontaneity in the performances.[24] The film was shot so adults, except for Dee Wallace, are never seen from the waist up in its first half, as a tribute to Tex Avery's cartoons.[7]

According to Spielberg, the scene in which E.T. disguises himself as a stuffed toy in Elliott's closet was suggested by fellow director Robert Zemeckis after he read a draft of the screenplay that Spielberg had sent him.[27]

The shoot was completed in 61 days, four ahead of schedule.[6]

Music
Main article: E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (soundtrack)

Longtime Spielberg collaborator John Williams, who composed the film's musical score, described the challenge of creating one that would generate sympathy for such an odd-looking creature. As with their previous collaborations, Spielberg liked every theme Williams composed and had it included. Spielberg loved the music for the final chase so much that he edited the sequence to suit it.[28] Williams took a modernist approach, especially with his use of polytonality, which refers to the sound of two different keys played simultaneously. The Lydian mode can also be used in a polytonal way. Williams combined polytonality and the Lydian mode to express a mystic, dreamlike, and heroic quality. His theme—emphasizing coloristic instruments such as the harp, piano, celesta, and other keyboards, as well as percussion—suggests E.T.'s childlike nature and his "machine".[29]

Allegations of plagiarism

There were allegations that the film was plagiarized from a 1967 script, The Alien, by Indian Bengali director Satyajit Ray. He stated, "E.T. would not have been possible without my script of The Alien being available throughout the United States in mimeographed copies." Spielberg denied this claim, stating, "I was a kid in high school when his script was circulating in Hollywood."[30] Spielberg's friend, director Martin Scorsese, has also alleged the film was influenced by Ray's script.[31] Star Weekend Magazine disputes Spielberg's claim, pointing out that he had graduated from high school in 1965 and began his career as a director in Hollywood in 1969.[32] The Times of India noted that E.T. and Close Encounters of the Third Kind (1977) had "remarkable parallels" with The Alien.[33][34] These parallels include the physical nature of the alien. In his screenplay, which Ray wrote entirely in English, he described the alien as "a cross between a gnome and a famished refugee child: large head, spindly limbs, a lean torso. Is it male or female or neuter? We don't know. What its form basically conveys is a kind of ethereal innocence, and it is difficult to associate either great evil or great power with it; yet a feeling of eeriness is there because of the resemblance to a sickly human child."[35]

Ray first found out about E.T. from a friend, British science fiction writer Arthur C. Clarke, who was familiar with The Alien and believed it was plagiarized by E.T. Clarke called Ray and encouraged him to take legal action against E.T.[36] No such legal action was taken, as Ray did not want to show himself as having a "vindictive" mindset against Spielberg and acknowledged that he "has made good films and he is a good director."[37]

In 1984, a federal appeals court ruled against playwright Lisa Litchfield, who sued Spielberg for $750 million, claiming he used her one-act musical play Lokey from Maldemar as the basis for E.T. She lost the case, with the court stating "No reasonable jury could conclude that Lokey and E.T. were substantially similar in their ideas and expression. Any similarities in plot exist only at the general level for which (Ms. Litchfield) cannot claim copyright protection."[38]

Themes
Spielberg admitted this scene triggered speculation as to whether the film was a spiritual parable.[39]

Spielberg drew the story of the film from his parents' divorce.[40] Gary Arnold of The Washington Post called it "essentially a spiritual autobiography, a portrait of the filmmaker as a typical suburban kid set apart by an uncommonly fervent, mystical imagination."[41] References to his childhood occur throughout: Elliott fakes illness by holding a thermometer to the bulb in his lamp while covering his face with a heating pad, a trick frequently employed by the young Spielberg.[42] Michael picking on Elliott echoes Spielberg's teasing of his younger sisters,[7] and Michael's evolution from tormentor to protector reflects how Spielberg had to take care of his sisters after their father left.[20]

Critics have focused on the parallels between E.T.'s life and Elliott, who is "alienated" by the loss of his father.[43][44] A.O. Scott of The New York Times wrote that while E.T. "is the more obvious and desperate foundling," Elliott "suffers in his own way from the want of a home."[45] E.T. is the first and last letter of Elliott's name.[46] At the film's heart is the theme of growing up. Critic Henry Sheehan described the film as a retelling of Peter Pan from the perspective of a Lost Boy (Elliott): E.T. cannot survive physically on Earth, as Pan could not survive emotionally in Neverland; government scientists take the place of Neverland's pirates. Furthering the parallels, there is a scene in the film where Mary reads Peter Pan to Gertie.[47] Vincent Canby of The New York Times similarly observed that the film "freely recycles elements from [...] Peter Pan and The Wizard of Oz."[48] Some critics have suggested that Spielberg's portrayal of suburbia is very dark, contrary to popular belief. According to A.O. Scott, "The suburban milieu, with its unsupervised children and unhappy parents, its broken toys and brand-name junk food, could have come out of a Raymond Carver story."[45] Charles Taylor of Salon.com wrote "Spielberg's movies, despite the way they're often characterized, are not Hollywood idealizations of families and the suburbs. The homes here bear what the cultural critic Karal Ann Marling called 'the marks of hard use'."[40]

Other critics found religious parallels between E.T. and Jesus.[49][50] Andrew Nigels described E.T.'s story as "crucifixion by military science" and "resurrection by love and faith."[51] According to Spielberg biographer Joseph McBride, Universal Pictures appealed directly to the Christian market, with a poster reminiscent of Michelangelo's The Creation of Adam (more specifically the "fingers touching" detail) and a logo reading "Peace."[6] Spielberg answered that he did not intend the film to be a religious parable, joking, "If I ever went to my mother and said, 'Mom, I've made this movie that's a Christian parable,' what do you think she'd say? She has a Kosher restaurant on Pico and Doheny in Los Angeles."[39]

As a substantial body of film criticism has built up around the film, numerous writers have analyzed it in other ways as well. It has been interpreted as a modern fairy tale[52] and in psychoanalytic terms.[44][52] Producer Kathleen Kennedy noted that an important theme of E.T. is tolerance, which would be central to future Spielberg films such as Schindler's List.[7] Having been a loner as a teenager, Spielberg described it as "a minority story."[53] Spielberg's characteristic theme of communication is partnered with the ideal of mutual understanding: he has suggested that the story's central alien-human friendship is an analogy for how real-world adversaries can learn to overcome their differences.[54]

Reception

Release and sales

The film was previewed in Houston, Texas, where it received high marks from viewers.[6] It premiered at the 1982 Cannes Film Festival's closing gala,[55][56] and was released in the United States on June 11, 1982. It opened at number one with a gross of $11 million, and stayed at the top of the box office for six weeks; it then fluctuated between the first and second positions until October, before returning to the top spot for the final time in December during a brief holiday season re-release of the film.[57] In its second weekend, it recorded the highest-grossing second weekend of all-time surpassing the record of $10,765,687 set by Superman II in 1981.[58] In its fourth weekend, it recorded the highest-grossing weekend of all-time surpassing the record set earlier in the year by Rocky III with $16,706,592.[59] It had a record 8 weekends with a gross over $10 million, a feat not matched until Home Alone (1990)[60] and set a record for being at number one for 16 weeks in total.[61]

The film began its international rollout in Australia on November 26, 1982 and grossed $839,992 in its first 10 days from 9 theatres, setting 5 weekly house records and 43 daily records. In South Africa it opened in late November and grossed $724,340 in 8 days from 14 screens, setting 13 weekly highs. In France it opened December 1 and had 930,000 admission in its first 5 days on 250 screens, setting an all-time record in Paris for most daily admissions (Saturday, December 4). It opened Saturday, December 4, 1982 in Japan and grossed $1,757,527 in two days from 35 theatres in 11 cities, setting 10 house records on Saturday and 14 on Sunday. It opened December 9 in the United Kingdom after a charity performance in London on the Thursday. It added another 138 screens in Japan on Saturday, December 11, with advance sales of 1.3 million tickets.[62]

In 1983, E.T. surpassed Star Wars as the highest-grossing film of all-time,[63] and by the end of its theatrical run it had grossed $359 million in North America and $619 million worldwide.[3][64] Box Office Mojo estimates that the film sold more than 120 million tickets in the US in its initial theatrical run.[65] Spielberg earned $500,000 a day from his share of the profits,[66][67] while The Hershey Company's profits rose 65% due to its prominent use of Reese's Pieces.[14] The "Official E.T. Fan Club" offered photographs, a newsletter that let readers "relive the film's unforgettable moments [and] favorite scenes", and a phonographic record with "phone home" and other sound clips.[68]

The film was re-released in 1985 and 2002, earning another $60 million and $68 million respectively,[69][70] for a worldwide total of $792 million with North America accounting for $435 million.[3] It held the global record until it was surpassed by Jurassic Park—another Spielberg-directed film—in 1993,[71] although it managed to hold on to the domestic record for a further four years, where a Star Wars reissue reclaimed it.[72] It was eventually released on VHS and laserdisc on October 27, 1988; to combat piracy, the tapeguards and tape hubs on the videocassettes were colored green, the tape itself was affixed with a small, holographic sticker of the 1963 Universal logo (much like the holograms on a credit card), and encoded with Macrovision.[19] In North America alone, VHS sales came to $75 million.[73] In 1991, Sears began selling E.T. videocassettes exclusively at their stores as part of a holiday promotion.[74] It was reissued on VHS and Laserdisc again in 1996. The Laserdisc included a 90-minute documentary. Produced and directed by Laurent Bouzereau, it included interviews with Spielberg, producer Kathleen Kennedy, composer John Williams, and other cast and crew members. It also included two theatrical trailers, an isolated music score, deleted scenes, and still galleries. The VHS included a 10-minute version of the same documentary from the Laserdisc.[75]

The film sold over 15 million VHS units in the United States,[76] and grossed more than $250 million in video sales revenue.[77] The VHS cassette was also rented over 6 million times during its first two weeks in 1988, a record that E.T. held up until the VHS release of Batman the following year.[78] The 2012 release of E.T. on DVD and Blu-ray grossed $24.4 million in sales revenue as of 2017 in the United States.[79] E.T. also generated more than $1 billion in merchandise sales, as of 1998.[80]

Critical response
Empire magazine called Elliott and E.T.'s flight to the forest "the most magical moment in cinema history".[81] The image of them encircled by the moon is now the symbol for Spielberg's company Amblin Entertainment. The scene is a tribute to the 1951 Vittorio De Sica film Miracle in Milan, one of Spielberg's favorite films.[82]

The film received universal acclaim. Roger Ebert gave the film four stars and wrote "This is not simply a good movie. It is one of those movies that brush away our cautions and win our hearts."[55] He later added it to his Great Movies list, structuring the essay as a letter to his grandchildren about the first time they watched it.[83] Michael Sragow of Rolling Stone called Spielberg "a space age Jean Renoir. ... for the first time, [he] has put his breathtaking technical skills at the service of his deepest feelings".[84] Derek Malcolm of The Guardian wrote that "E.T. is a superlative piece of popular cinema ... a dream of childhood, brilliantly orchestrated to involve not only children but anyone able to remember being one".[85] Leonard Maltin included it in his list of "100 Must-See Films of the 20th Century" as one of only two movies from the 1980s.[86] Political commentator George Will was one of the few to pan the film, feeling it spread subversive notions about childhood and science.[87]

The film holds a 98% "Certified Fresh" approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 129 reviews, and an average rating of 9.23/10. The website's critical consensus reads: "Playing as both an exciting sci-fi adventure and a remarkable portrait of childhood, Steven Spielberg's touching tale of a homesick alien remains a piece of movie magic for young and old."[88] On Metacritic, it has a weighted average score of 91/100, based on 30 reviews, indicating "universal acclaim".[89] In addition to wide critical acclaim, President Ronald Reagan and First Lady Nancy Reagan were moved by it after a screening at the White House on June 27, 1982.[67] Princess Diana was in tears after watching it.[7] On September 17, 1982, it was screened at the United Nations, and Spielberg received a UN Peace Medal.[90] CinemaScore reported that audiences gave the film a rare "A+" grade, the first known film to earn that grade.[91]

Accolades
Waxwork of E.T. at Madame Tussauds, London

The film was nominated for nine Oscars at the 55th Academy Awards, including Best Picture. Gandhi won that award, but its director, Richard Attenborough, declared "I was certain that not only would E.T. win, but that it should win. It was inventive, powerful, [and] wonderful. I make more mundane movies."[92] It won four Academy Awards: Best Original Score, Best Sound (Robert Knudson, Robert Glass, Don Digirolamo, and Gene Cantamessa), Best Sound Effects Editing (Charles L. Campbell and Ben Burtt), and Best Visual Effects (Carlo Rambaldi, Dennis Muren, and Kenneth F. Smith).[93] At the 40th Golden Globe Awards, the film won Best Picture in the Drama category and Best Score; it was also nominated for Best Director, Best Screenplay, and Best New Male Star for Henry Thomas. The Los Angeles Film Critics Association awarded the film Best Picture, Best Director, and a "New Generation Award" for Melissa Mathison.[94] The film won Saturn Awards for Best Science Fiction Film, Best Writing, Best Special Effects, Best Music, and Best Poster Art, while Henry Thomas, Robert McNaughton, and Drew Barrymore won Young Artist Awards. In addition to his Golden Globe and Saturn, composer John Williams won two Grammy Awards and a BAFTA for the score. It was also honored abroad: it won the Best Foreign Language Film award at the Blue Ribbon Awards in Japan, Cinema Writers Circle Awards in Spain, César Awards in France, and David di Donatello in Italy.[95]

In American Film Institute polls, the film has been voted the 24th greatest film of all time,[96] the 44th most heart-pounding,[97] and the sixth most inspiring.[98] Other AFI polls rated it as having the 14th greatest music score[99] and as the third greatest science-fiction one.[100] The line "E.T. phone home" was ranked 15th on AFI's 100 Years...100 Movie Quotes list,[101] and 48th on Premiere's top movie quote list.[102] In 2005, it topped a Channel 4 poll in the UK of the 100 greatest family films,[103] and was listed by Time as one of the 100 best movies ever made.[104]

In 2003, Entertainment Weekly called the film the eighth most "tear-jerking";[105] in 2007, in a survey of both films and television series, the magazine declared it the seventh greatest work of science-fiction media in the past 25 years.[106] The Times also named it as their ninth favorite alien in a film, calling it "one of the best-loved non-humans in popular culture".[107] It is among the top ten in the BFI list of the 50 films you should see by the age of 14. In 1994, it was selected for preservation in the U.S. National Film Registry as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".[108] In 2011, ABC aired Best in Film: The Greatest Movies of Our Time, revealing the results of a poll of fans conducted by ABC and People magazine: It was selected as the fifth best film of all time and the second best science fiction film.[109] On October 22, 2012, Madame Tussauds unveiled wax likenesses of E.T. at six of its international locations.[110]

20th anniversary version
The 20th anniversary version of the film replaces the guns used by the federal agents with walkie-talkies.

An extended version of the film, dubbed the "Special Edition" (currently out of circulation), including altered dialogue and visual effects, premiered at the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles on March 16, 2002; it was released on home media six days later. Certain shots of E.T. had bothered Spielberg since 1982, as he did not have enough time to perfect the animatronics. Computer-generated imagery (CGI), provided by Industrial Light & Magic (ILM), was used to modify several shots, including ones of E.T. running in the opening sequence and being spotted in the cornfield. The spaceship's design was also altered to include more lights. Scenes shot for but not included in the original version were introduced. These included E.T. taking a bath and Gertie telling Mary that Elliott went to the forest on Halloween. Mary's dialogue, during the offscreen argument with Michael about his Halloween costume, was altered to replace the word "terrorist" with "hippie". Spielberg did not add the scene featuring Harrison Ford, feeling that would reshape the film too drastically. He became more sensitive about the scene where gun-wielding federal agents confront Elliott and his escaping friends and had them digitally replaced with walkie-talkies.[7]

At the premiere, John Williams conducted a live performance of the score.[111] The new release grossed $68 million in total, with $35 million coming from Canada and the United States.[70] The changes to it, particularly the escape scene, were criticized as political correctness. Peter Travers of Rolling Stone wondered "Remember those guns the feds carried? Thanks to the miracle of digital, they're now brandishing walkie-talkies. ... Is this what two decades have done to free speech?"[112] Chris Hewitt of Empire wrote "The changes are surprisingly low-key ... while ILM's CGI E.T. is used sparingly as a complement to Carlo Rambaldi's extraordinary puppet."[113] South Park ridiculed many of the changes in the 2002 episode "Free Hat".[114]

The two-disc DVD release which followed on October 22, 2002, contained the original theatrical and 20th Anniversary extended versions of the film. Spielberg personally demanded that the release feature both versions.[115] The features on disc one included an introduction with Steven Spielberg, a 20th Anniversary premiere featurette, John Williams' performance at the 2002 premiere, and a Space Exploration game. Disc two included a 24-minute documentary about the 20th Anniversary edition changes, a "Reunion" featurette, a trailer, cast and filmmaker bios, production notes, and the still galleries ported from the 1996 LaserDisc set. The two-disc edition, as well as a three-disc collector's edition containing a "making of" book, a certificate of authenticity, a film cell, and special features that were unavailable on the two-disc edition,[116] were placed in moratorium on December 31, 2002. Later, it was re-released on DVD as a single-disc re-issue in 2005, featuring only the 20th Anniversary version.

In a June 2011, interview, Spielberg said

[In the future,] ... There's going to be no more digital enhancements or digital additions to anything based on any film I direct. ... When people ask me which E.T. they should look at, I always tell them to look at the original 1982 E.T. If you notice, when we did put out E.T. we put out two E.T.s. We put out the digitally enhanced version with the additional scenes and for no extra money, in the same package, we put out the original '82 version. I always tell people to go back to the '82 version.[117]

For the film's 30th anniversary release on Blu-ray in 2012, and for its 35th anniversary release on Ultra HD Blu-ray in 2017, as well as its corresponding digital releases; only the original theatrical edition was released, with the 20th anniversary edition now out of circulation.

Other portrayals
Outside facade of E.T. Adventure at Universal Studios Florida.

Atari, Inc. produced a video game based on the film for the Atari 2600 and hired Howard Scott Warshaw to program the game. The game was rushed in five weeks to release within the 1982 holiday season.[118] Released in Christmas 1982, the game was critically panned, with nearly every aspect of the game facing heavy criticism. It has since been considered to be one of the worst video games ever made.[119] It was also a commercial failure. It has been cited as a major contributing factor to the video game industry crash of 1983, and has been frequently referenced and mocked in popular culture as a cautionary tale about the dangers of rushed game development and studio interference. In what was initially deemed an urban legend, reports from 1983 stated that as a result of overproduction and returns, millions of unsold cartridges were secretly buried in an Alamogordo, New Mexico landfill and covered with a layer of concrete. In April 2014, diggers hired to investigate the claim confirmed that the Alamogordo landfill contained many E.T. cartridges, among other games.[120][121][122]

William Kotzwinkle, author of the film's novelization, wrote a sequel, E.T.: The Book of the Green Planet, which was published in 1985. In the novel, E.T. returns home to the planet Brodo Asogi, but is subsequently demoted and sent into exile. He attempts to return to Earth by effectively breaking all of Brodo Asogi's laws.[123]

E.T. Adventure, a theme park ride based on the film, debuted at Universal Studios Florida on June 7, 1990. The $40 million attraction features the title character saying goodbye to visitors by name, along with his home planet.[6] In 1998, E.T. was licensed to appear in television public service announcements produced by the Progressive Corporation. The announcements featured his voice reminding drivers to "buckle up" their seat belts. Traffic signs depicting a stylized E.T. wearing one were installed on selected roads around the United States.[124] The following year, British Telecommunications launched the "Stay in Touch" campaign, with him as the star of various advertisements. The campaign's slogan was "B.T. has E.T.", with "E.T." also taken to mean "extra technology".[125]

At Spielberg's suggestion, George Lucas included members of E.T.'s species as background characters in Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace.[126] E.T. was one of the franchises featured in the 2015 crossover games Lego Dimensions. E.T. appears as one of the playable characters, and a world based on the movie where players can receive side quests from the characters is available.[127][128] In 2017 video game developer Zen Studios released a pinball adaptation as part of the Universal Classics add-on pack for the virtual pinball game Pinball FX 3.[129] It features 3-D animated figures of Elliot, E.T. and his spacecraft.

Sequels

Cancelled feature length sequel

In July 1982, during the film's first theatrical run, Spielberg and Mathison wrote a treatment for a sequel to be titled E.T. II: Nocturnal Fears.[130] It would have shown Elliott and his friends getting kidnapped by evil aliens, and attempting to contact E.T. for help. Spielberg decided against pursuing it, feeling it "would do nothing but rob the original of its virginity. E.T. is not about going back to the planet".[131]

Short film sequel

On November 28, 2019, Xfinity released a four–minute commercial directed by Lance Acord, calling it a "short film sequel" to the original motion picture, titled A Holiday Reunion.[132] The commercial stars Henry Thomas, reprising his role as Elliott, now an adult with a family of his own. The story follows E.T.'s return journey to Earth for the holiday season, and focuses on the importance of bringing family together. The commercial utilizes a practical puppet for E.T. himself. John Williams' score from the original film is mixed into the commercial. Spielberg was consulted by Comcast (parent company of NBCUniversal, which itself owns Universal Pictures) before production on the commercial began.[133] A two–minute version was edited for Comcast's British subsidiary Sky UK.

See also

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