Battle Royale (novel)

Battle Royale (Japanese: バトル・ロワイアル, Hepburn: Batoru Rowaiaru) is the first novel by the Japanese author Koushun Takami. Originally completed in 1996, it was not published until 1999. The story tells of junior high school students who are forced to fight each other to the death in a program run by a fictional authoritarian Japanese government known as the Republic of Greater East Asia.

For other uses, see Battle Royale.

Battle Royale
First edition cover, as published by Ohta Publishing
AuthorKoushun Takami
TranslatorYuji Oniki
CountryJapan
LanguageJapanese
GenreDystopian
Horror
PublisherOhta Publishing
Publication date
April 1999
Published in English
February 26, 2003 by Viz Media
Media typePrint (Paperback)
Pages666
ISBN4-87233-452-3

The dystopian novel was previously entered into the 1997 Japan Horror Fiction Awards but was eventually rejected in the final round due to concerns over its depictions of students killing each other. Upon publication in 1999, the novel became a surprise bestseller.

In 2000, one year after publication, Battle Royale was adapted into a manga series, written by Takami himself, and a feature film. The film was both controversial and successful, becoming one of the year's highest-grossing films as well as prompting condemnation by Japan's National Diet. The film spawned a sequel, and two more brief manga adaptations were also created.

Plot
Map of Okishima Island, seen inside the cover of the 2003 English translation

Battle Royale takes place in a fictional fascist Japan in the year 1997. The state, known as the Republic of Greater East Asia (大東亜共和国, Dai Tōa Kyōwakoku), arose after an alternate World War 2 where Japan emerged victorious and a rebellion was put down by the combined military and police forces. The government controls everything, and anything "immoral", such as rock music, is banned, unless it beatifies the government, along with an unnamed dictator with a strong cult of personality able to bend the whims of the populace.

The government has established a military program, the Battle Experiment No. 68 Program (戦闘実験第六十八番プログラム, Sentō Jikken Dai Rokujū Hachi Ban Puroguramu), wherein fifty randomly selected classes of third-year junior high school students are kidnapped, dropped into a remote location, and forced to kill one another until only one student of each class remains. Ostensibly, it is to help the government and its military research survival skills and battle readiness – in actuality, it is meant to instill terror and distrust in all of Japan's citizens to curb any attempts at rebellion, by showcasing the government's power and ability to target citizen's families and preying on the fear of being killed by a friend.

A group of students from Shiroiwa Junior High School (城岩中学校, Shiroiwa Chūgakkō), a junior high school in the fictional Kagawa Prefecture town of Shiroiwa, prepare for a field trip – among them are wannabe rock star Shuya Nanahara, whose father was killed by the regime; Noriko Nakagawa, the demure crush of Shuya's best friend; Shogo Kawada, a quiet, tough young transfer student; and sociopathic prodigy Kazuo Kiriyama. En route, they are gassed – the "field trip" was a ruse for the Program.

They awake in a classroom in a small, vacated island, surrounded by troops, and wearing metal collars around their necks. A teacher, psychopathic sadist Kinpatsu Sakamochi, briefs the students: the class has been chosen to participate in the Program. The students are also given a time limit. If twenty-four hours pass without someone being killed, then all of the collars will be detonated simultaneously and there will be no winner. It is mentioned that only 0.5% of Programs end in this fashion. The students are issued survival packs and a random weapon/tool, and sent out onto the island one by one. While most of the students receive guns and knives, some acquire relatively useless items like boomerangs, dartboard darts, or a fork. Hiroki Sugimura finds a radar device that tracks nearby students, and Toshinori Oda receives a bulletproof vest.

To make sure the students obey the rules and kill each other, the metal collars around their necks track their positions and will explode if they attempt to remove the collars, or linger in "Forbidden Zones"; randomly chosen areas of the map that increase in number over time, re-sculpting and shrinking the battlefield and forcing the students to move around. The collars secretly transmit sound back to the organizers of the game, allowing them to hear the students' conversations, root out escape plans, and log their activities. The collars will explode if the students go a full day without anyone dying.

The students desperately fight amongst each other for survival, with mentally-ill bully Mitsuko Souma and Kiriyama killing many. Shuya takes Noriko under his wing after his best friend is killed, believing that he has a duty to honor his fallen friend by protecting his crush. Shogo – who was in a previous Battle Royale and hopes to put an end to the Program – avoids the fighting, joining with Shuya. Shuya's friend, athlete Shinji Mimura, attempts to hack the system running the Program and bomb the building where Sakamochi and the other personnel overseeing the Program are stationed, but is killed by Kiriyama.

Eventually, halfway through the third day, only Shogo, Shuya, Noriko, and Kiriyama remain, with Kiriyama dead set on hunting down the trio. After a frantic car chase Kiriyama is finally gunned down, but Nanahara and Nakagawa are held at gunpoint by Shogo, who taunts them over being so naive as to trust anyone in the Program. The collars record gunshots and Shuya and Noriko flatlining.

Declared the winner by Sakamochi, Shogo is escorted to his transport off the island, surrounded by soldiers. Sakamochi, however, reveals that he knows Nanahara and Nakagawa are alive and that his supposed execution of Noriko and Shuya was a ruse after he found a way to disable their collars, and attempts to kill Shogo. Shogo kills him as a hidden Nanahara and Nakagawa hijack the ship and kill the soldiers on board. As the boat sails towards the mainland, Shogo succumbs to his wounds sustained during the fight with Kiriyama and dies, but not before thanking Shuya and Noriko for being his friends.

On the advice of Shogo, Shuya and Noriko escape to the mainland and plan to escape to a democratic America, pursued by the government.

Characters
Main article: List of Battle Royale characters
  • Shuya Nanahara – An orphan whose parents were killed for taking part in anti-government activities. Shuya is a self-proclaimed "rock star," listening to and playing rock 'n' roll music in spite of the ban on the genre. After the death of his best friend Yoshitoki Kuninobu, he vows to protect Kuninobu's crush, Noriko Nakagawa, in his stead.
  • Noriko Nakagawa – A quiet, reserved girl who teams up with Nanahara from the beginning and becomes a sort of love interest. She is shot in the leg by a soldier before the Program starts.
  • Shogo Kawada – A transfer student from Kobe that is one year older than the rest of the class and covered in scars. He is a loner and, unbeknownst to his classmates, won the Program the previous year. He teams up with Nanahara and Nakagawa with a plan to escape the island together.
  • Kazuo Kiriyama – The leader of delinquents, who is also the smartest and one of the most athletic students in the class. He feels no emotion due to damage suffered in an accident while in utero, leading to a partial lobotomy. He actively takes part in the Program, killing his fellow students without remorse.
  • Mitsuko Souma – The beautiful leader of a female gang. Having been sexually abused several times as a child, Souma actively takes part in the Program, using her sexuality to kill her male classmates.
  • Kinpatsu Sakamochi – The government official in charge of supervising this year's Program. He is stocky, with long hair reaching his shoulders, and ruthless.

Background

Origin

In the 1990s, Koushun Takami came up with the original story concept for Battle Royale after having a dream.[1] Takami stated in 2009:

I was lying in my futon, half asleep, half awake, and I got the mental image of a teacher from a school drama I saw on TV long ago. He said, “All right class, listen up.” [...] “Now today, I’m going to have you kill each other!” The image of him grinning as he spoke was so vivid, I laughed, but was also terrified. [...] And with just that, I knew I had something to write about.

— Koushun Takami (2009)[1]

He came up with the title Battle Royale after discussing his story concept with his friends, who said it sounded like a reimagined pro-wrestling battle royal match. Takami then took an interest in the social aspect of a battle royal match, such as how former enemies work together in order to defeat a stronger foe and particularly how former allies betray each other for their own glory. For the worldbuilding, he was inspired by his upbringing in 1960s Japan, when large groups of revolutionaries fought back against police brutality. His depiction of a totalitarian fascist government was also influenced by his favourite Stephen King novel, The Long Walk (1979), which is about a walking contest organized by a totalitarian government.[1]

Publication
Cover of the first English-language edition

Takami completed Battle Royale when he stopped working as a journalist in 1996.[2] The story was rejected in the final round of the 1997 Japan Horror Fiction Awards (ja:日本ホラー小説大賞), which took place in March 1998, because of its controversial content.[3][4] Masao Higashi, who took part in the award's preliminary selection committee, later suspected this was due to its backdrop of students killing each other being too reminiscent of the Kobe child murders committed the previous year.[5] Battle Royale was first published in April 1999 by Ohta Publishing.[6] In August 2002, it was released in a revised, two-part bunkobon by Gentosha.[7][8]

Takami describes the characters as possibly all being "kind of alike", being "all the same" despite differing appearances and hobbies, and being static characters. Takami used these descriptions in contrast to the manga adaptation he wrote, with Masayuki Taguchi illustrating, which he believes has a more diverse and well-developed cast.[9]

Battle Royale was translated into English by Yuji Oniki and released in North America by Viz Media on February 26, 2003. An expanded edition with a revision of Oniki's translation and an afterword by Takami was published on November 17, 2009 by Haikasoru, a division of Viz Media. This version also included an interview with the director of the book's film adaptation, Kinji Fukasaku. Viz released a new translation by Nathan Collins on April 1, 2014, under the title Battle Royale: Remastered.[10] They also published The Battle Royale Slam Book: Essays on the Cult Classic by Koushun Takami on the same day, which includes essays on the details of the novel and the controversies surrounding it as well as its adaptations written by science-fiction, horror, and thriller authors such as Brian Keene, John Skipp, and Catherynne M. Valente.[10]

Adaptations

Manga
Main article: Battle Royale (manga)

A manga adaptation, written by Takami and illustrated by Masayuki Taguchi, was serialized in Akita Shoten's Young Champion from 2000 to 2005.[9] It was collected into fifteen tankōbon volumes,[11][12] and published in North America by Tokyopop from 2003 to 2006.[13][14]

A second manga, Battle Royale II: Blitz Royale, ran in Young Champion from 2003 to 2004.[15][16] Written and illustrated by Hiroshi Tomizawa, it was collected into two tankōbon volumes.

In 2011, a two chapter spin-off manga titled Battle Royale: Angels' Border was drawn by Mioko Ohnishi and Youhei Oguma (each drawing one chapter). It focuses on the six girls who holed up in the lighthouse, was published in Young Champion and later combined into one tankōbon volume on January 20, 2012.[17] The single volume was published in North America by Viz Media on June 17, 2014.[18]

Feature films
Main articles: Battle Royale (film) and Battle Royale II: Requiem

Battle Royale was adapted into a 2000 feature film of the same name, directed by Kinji Fukasaku and written by his son Kenta Fukasaku. The film was also controversial and successful, with it being condemned by members of Japan's National Diet on grounds of it being harmful to the youth,[19] yet becoming one of the year's highest-grossing films.[20] It was followed in 2003 by Battle Royale II: Requiem.

In June 2006, Variety reported that New Line Cinema, with producers Neal Moritz and Roy Lee, intended to produce a new American film adaptation of Battle Royale.[21] However, New Line never secured remake rights and, following the Virginia Tech shooting in April 2007, Lee stated that prospects for the project had been "seriously shaken."[22] In 2012, Lee stated a remake would no longer be possible due to the release of the film adaptation of The Hunger Games, which has been criticized for its similarities to Battle Royale, stating, "Audiences would see it as just a copy of Games — most of them wouldn't know that Battle Royale came first. It's unfair, but that's reality." However, he stated that he might return to the film in ten years to "develop a Battle Royale movie for the next generation."[23]

Theater

In 2012, the Sipat Lawin Ensemble and two other college theater groups in the Philippines, made an unofficial loose adaptation of the novel into a live-action performance called Battalia Royale, which had its debut at the Cultural Center of the Philippines. Performances were also held at an abandoned high school in Quezon City.[24]

Television

On July 26, 2012, the Los Angeles Times reported that The CW Television Network had been in discussions with Hollywood representatives about the possibility of turning Battle Royale into an American television show. According to a spokesperson, the talks were only preliminary, but if a deal could be reached, the network would acquire rights to Koushun Takami's novel, then expand on it for an hourlong dramatic series. Joyce Jun, a Hollywood attorney representing U.S. rights to the title, states that "there is no deal in place." A CW spokesman only confirmed there had been some discussion, declining to comment further.[25]

At the Television Critics Association winter press tour on January 13, 2013, CW president Mark Pedowitz stated "At this time, we're not planning to do anything with Battle Royale."[26] He clarified that the reports stemmed from one phone call he made to see if the rights to the book were available and also noted that his interest in the novel predated the 2012 Aurora, Colorado shooting and the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting.[27]

Reception

Upon publication in 1999, Battle Royale became a best-seller in Japan.[28] The original Japanese novel sold more than 1 million copies, before being translated into nearly a dozen languages.[29]

The novel was entered into the 1997 Japan Horror Fiction Awards, but was eventually rejected in the final round with no winner that year.[3] All three members of the final round's selection committee that year admitted Battle Royale was the best work, but declined to award it due to its controversial content. Hiroshi Aramata said that while it was the best nominee in terms of "story, structure, and subject matter," he felt it was too much of a Kinpachi-sensei parody and suspected its content would cause problems. Katsuhiko Takahashi felt that although it was the superior work as far as its construction as a novel, giving the award to a story about students killing each other at "this time" would hurt the reputation of the competition. Mariko Hayashi said that while she believed it was the best of the four novels, it was like reading an "unpleasant near-future manga" and "No matter how squarely it might be horror or how interesting it might be, I'm not so sure we should be writing stories like this."[3] In 2001, Kōji Ōnuma wrote Battle Royale: Kyokugenshinri Kaisekisho (バトル・ロワイアル 極限心理解析書, Batoru Rowaiaru Kyokugenshinri Kaisekisho, roughly "Battle Royale: Analysis of Extreme Psychology"), a dissertation that explores the themes of the book.[30]

Battle Royale has been critically acclaimed abroad. In Entertainment Weekly, writer Stephen King included it as one of the seven books in his 2005 summer reading list, after it was recommended to him by novelist Kelly Braffet (writer of Josie and Jack). King described Battle Royale as "an insanely entertaining pulp riff that combines Survivor with World Wrestling Entertainment. Or maybe Royale is just insane." He also notes that it has some similarities to his own novel The Long Walk. He concludes the brief review with a "No prob," as "Takami's Springsteen-quoting teenagers are fond of saying."[31]

David N. Alderman, writing for the Red Room site, gave Battle Royale a score of 4½ out of 5 stars, stating that the "story itself is brilliant. Touted as being extremely controversial, especially for the time it was released, the book opens up all sorts of doors to conversations and thoughts about psychology, murder, survival, love, loyalty, and moral ground." While noting that those who "cringe at slash and hack" should "steer away from this" since "it is a bit gory," he states that it is "definitely worth the read" and concludes that it has "touches of romance, and definitely some great moral themes to spark off in-depth conversations with others."[32] Complete Review gave the novel a B rating, describing it as "a perfectly fine thriller, with a fun premise, quite well drawn-out."[33] In The Journal of the Lincoln Heights Literary Society, Tom Good praises the novel, concluding that, as "a pulp-fiction horror tale, Battle Royale delivers plenty of thrills, action, suspense and fun."[34]

Legacy
Further information: Battle Royale (film) § Popular culture, Battle royale genre, and Battle royale game

Since its release, the novel and its film adaptation have had an influence on later works. These include filmmakers such as Quentin Tarantino,[35][36] most notably his Kill Bill films;[37] the character Gogo Yubari, played by Chiaki Kuriyama, is similar to the character she plays in the Battle Royale film, Takako Chigusa.[38] V.A. Musetto of the New York Post also compared it to The Condemned, which the critic called "a bad rip-off" of Battle Royale as well as The Most Dangerous Game.[39] Critics have also noted the influence of Battle Royale on other later works, such as the 2008 film Kill Theory,[40] the 2009 film The Tournament,[41] and the 2016 film The Belko Experiment,[42] and have noted similarities with the novel and film franchise The Hunger Games.[23][43] The manga, anime and film franchise Gantz and the 2007 video game The World Ends with You have both been compared to Battle Royale.[44][45]

The 2008 American young adult novel The Hunger Games by Suzanne Collins has been accused of being strikingly similar to Battle Royale in terms of the basic plot premise. While Collins maintains that she "had never heard of that book until her book was turned in", Susan Dominus of The New York Times reports that "the parallels are striking enough that Collins's work has been savaged on the blogosphere as a baldfaced ripoff," but argued that "there are enough possible sources for the plot line that the two authors might well have hit on the same basic setup independently."[46] The general consensus in the time since has been one of amicable controversy, especially since the release of The Hunger Games film adaptation. Battle Royale author Takami said he appreciated fans "standing up" for his book, but stated that he thinks "every novel has something to offer," and that if "readers find value in either book, that's all an author can ask for."[47]

The 2012 comic Avengers Arena has a similar plot to Battle Royale. Additionally, the cover of its first issue bears a homage to the Battle Royale film poster; featuring the main characters posed in the same manner and a similarly designed logo.[48]

The novel and especially its film adaptation have been influential in global popular culture, inspiring numerous works of fiction in a number of different media, particularly in East Asia and the Western world. Since the film's release, the term "battle royale" has been used to refer to a fictional narrative genre and/or mode of entertainment inspired by the film, where a select group of people are instructed to kill each off until there is a triumphant survivor. The "battle royale" phenomenon has become especially popular in the 2010s.[49] A video game genre with the same name became popular in the 2010s, with games such as PlayerUnknown's Battlegrounds, Fortnite Battle Royale, and Apex Legends setting player-count records. Other works focused on the doubt and mistrust among a group of people in a "murder game", such as the Saw film series, The Cube, and games in the Danganronpa series.[50][51]

See also

References
  1. Greszes, Sam (May 26, 2019). "Hunting down the true origins of the battle royale craze". Polygon. Retrieved June 3, 2020.
  2. To Kill or Be Killed Saga of Battle Royale Continues as Viz Media Releases New Manga One-Shot: Battle Royale: Angel's Border, Viz Media, May 21, 2014, retrieved December 19, 2016
  3. Higashi, Masao (April 1, 2014). "Battle Royale: The Fight the Night Before". Battle Royale Slam Book. Translated by Allen, Jocelyne. Haikasoru. ISBN 978-1-421-56599-6.
  4. "ホラー小説　ホラーとファンタジーは今、文学的実験の敵地に". Asahi Shimbun. December 11, 2008. Retrieved August 8, 2016.
  5. "'Battle Royale' wins the game for hungry fans". The Japan Times. June 7, 2014. Retrieved December 17, 2016.
  6. "バトル・ロワイアル [新書]". Amazon.co.jp (in Japanese). Retrieved May 8, 2014.
  7. "バトル・ロワイアル 上 幻冬舎文庫 た 18–1 [文庫]". Amazon.co.jp (in Japanese). Retrieved May 8, 2014.
  8. "バトル・ロワイアル 下 幻冬舎文庫 た 18–2 [文庫]". Amazon.co.jp (in Japanese). Retrieved May 8, 2014.
  9. "Final Chapter Memorial Discussion: Koushun Takami and Masayuki Taguchi". Battle Royale. 15. Tokyopop.
  10. "Viz to Release All You Need is Kill Graphic Novel, Battle Royale Essay Book". Anime News Network. July 18, 2013. Retrieved July 19, 2013.
  11. "バトル・ロワイアル 第1巻" (in Japanese). Akita Shoten. Retrieved December 1, 2014.
  12. "バトル・ロワイアル 第15巻" (in Japanese). Akita Shoten. Retrieved December 1, 2014.
  13. "Battle Royale Volume 1". Tokyopop. Archived from the original on May 8, 2006. Retrieved December 1, 2014.
  14. "Battle Royale Volume 15". Tokyopop. Archived from the original on May 8, 2006. Retrieved December 1, 2014.
  15. "ヤングチャンピオン 2003年No.13" (in Japanese). Akita Shoten. Retrieved December 1, 2014.
  16. "ヤングチャンピオン 2004年No.7" (in Japanese). Akita Shoten. Retrieved December 1, 2014.
  17. "バトル・ロワイアル 新作単行本は高見広春シナリオ付き" (in Japanese). Comic Natalie. January 20, 2012. Retrieved March 12, 2012.
  18. "Battle Royale: Angel's Border". Amazon.com. Retrieved July 29, 2014.
  19. Sharp, Jasper; Mes, Tom (April 9, 2001). "Midnight Eye interview: Kinji Fukasaku". Midnight Eye. Retrieved December 16, 2016.
  20. "Cinemas raked in record 200 billion yen last year". The Japan Times. February 1, 2002. Retrieved December 16, 2016.
  21. McNary, Dave (June 7, 2006). "New Line set to do 'Battle'". Variety. Reed Business Information. Retrieved September 24, 2012.
  22. Cieply, Michael (April 30, 2007). "After Virginia Tech, Testing Limits of Movie Violence". The New York Times. The New York Times Company. Retrieved September 24, 2012.
  23. Yang, Jeff (March 23, 2012). "'Hunger Games' Vs. 'Battle Royale'". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved September 24, 2012.
  24. "Watch Filipino Teens Recreate BATTLE ROYALE In Live Theater Event". Twitch Film. Archived from the original on March 1, 2012. Retrieved March 2, 2012.
  25. Zeitchik, Steven (September 24, 2012). "'Battle Royale' could be reborn as a TV show". Los Angeles Times.
  26. Rose, Lacey; Goldberg, Lesley (January 14, 2013). "CW Boss Mark Pedowitz on Fates of 'Supernatural,' 'Wonder Woman,' 'Battle Royale'". The Hollywood Reporter.
  27. "CW Head: Network Is Not Planning to Remake Battle Royale". Anime News Network. January 14, 2013.
  28. "Battle Royale: The Novel". Amazon.com. Retrieved March 29, 2012.
  29. "'Battle Royale' wins the game for hungry fans". The Japan Times. June 7, 2014.
  30. "バトル・ロワイヤル 極限心理解析書 (単行本)". Amazon.co.jp (in Japanese). Retrieved May 8, 2009.
  31. King, Stephen (August 4, 2005). "Kick-Back Books: Stephen King's summer reading list". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved March 23, 2012.
  32. Alderman, David N. (October 7, 2010). "Battle Royale – (Book Review)". Red Room. Archived from the original on September 29, 2013. Retrieved March 28, 2012.
  33. "Battle Royale by Takami Koushun". Complete Review. Retrieved March 28, 2012.
  34. Good, Tom (October 7, 2007). "Book review: Battle Royale (Novel)". The Journal of the Lincoln Heights Literary Society. Retrieved March 28, 2012.
  35. "DVD reviews: Battle Royale (Arrow)". The Scotsman. December 9, 2010. Retrieved March 27, 2012.
  36. "Quentin Tarantino's Favorite 20 Films Since 1992". Washington City Paper. Archived from the original on October 28, 2009. Retrieved September 20, 2009.
  37. Mulligan, Jake (March 21, 2012). "Blu-ray Review: "Battle Royale – The Complete Collection"". The Suffolk Voice. Retrieved March 24, 2012.
  38. Sandhu, Sukhdev (October 10, 2003). "Bloody, marvellous". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved March 27, 2012.
  39. V.A. Musetto (April 27, 2007). "Executioner's wrong: Fans condemned to bad cinema". New York Post. Retrieved October 31, 2009.
  40. Shaffer, R.L. (March 26, 2010). "Kill Theory: DVD Review". IGN. Retrieved December 19, 2016.
  41. Hunter, Rob (September 11, 2016). "Review: The Tournament". Film School Rejects. Retrieved December 19, 2016.
  42. Harvey, Dennis (March 26, 2010). "Toronto Film Review: 'The Belko Experiment'". Variety. Retrieved December 19, 2016.
  43. Poland, David (March 20, 2012). "Review: The Hunger Games". Movie City News. Archived from the original on March 23, 2012. Retrieved March 24, 2012.
  44. McCarthy, Jonathan Clements, Helen (2007). The Anime Encyclopedia: A Guide to Japanese Animation Since 1917 (Rev. & expanded ed.). Berkeley, Calif.: Stone Bridge Press. p. 220. ISBN 1-933330-10-4. Like Battle Royale crashed into Wings of Desire with courtesy breasts, Gantz throws everyday people into a life-or-death conflict, but focuses on their humdrum musings — what to wear, how to impress girls, who gets the rocket launcher.
  45. Patterson, Shane (March 20, 2008). "The World Ends With You – Hero bios". GamesRadar. Retrieved March 29, 2012.
  46. Dominus, Susan (April 8, 2011). "Suzanne Collins's War Stories for Kids". The New York Times. Retrieved March 27, 2012.
  47. Fujita, Akiko (March 22, 2012). "'The Hunger Games,' a Japanese Original?". ABC News. Retrieved March 29, 2012.
  48. "Marvel Rips Off 'Battle Royale' With 'Avengers Arena'". Bloody Disgusting. September 13, 2012. Retrieved August 18, 2016.
  49. "The Japanese Thriller That Explains 'Fortnite' and American Pop Culture in 2018". The Ringer. July 19, 2018.
  50. Zavarise, Giada (December 6, 2018). "How Battle Royale went from a manga to a Fortnite game mode". Rock Paper Shotgun. Retrieved May 26, 2019.
  51. GReszes, Sam (May 26, 2019). "Hunting down the true origins of the battle royale craze". Polygon. Retrieved May 26, 2019.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.