Beamwidth

In a radio antenna pattern, the half power beam width is the angle between the half-power (-3 dB) points of the main lobe, when referenced to the peak effective radiated power of the main lobe. See beam diameter. Beamwidth is usually but not always expressed in degrees and for the horizontal plane.

A 'polar' diagram showing beamwidth

The beamwidth can be computed for arbitrary antenna arrays. Defining the array manifold as the complex response of the ${\displaystyle \mathrm {m} }$ element antenna array as ${\displaystyle \mathrm {A} (\theta )}$, where ${\displaystyle \mathrm {A} (\theta )}$ is a matrix with ${\displaystyle \mathrm {m} }$ rows, the beam pattern is first computed as:

${\displaystyle \mathrm {B} (\theta )={\frac {1}{\mathrm {m} }}\mathrm {A} (\theta _{o})^{*}\mathrm {A} (\theta )}$

where ${\displaystyle \mathrm {A} (\theta _{o})^{*}}$ is the conjugate transpose of ${\displaystyle \mathrm {A} }$ at the reference angle ${\displaystyle \theta _{o}}$.

From the beam pattern ${\displaystyle \mathrm {B} (\theta )}$, the antenna power is computed as:

${\displaystyle \mathrm {P} =|\mathrm {B} |^{2}}$

The half power beamwidth (HPBW) is then found as the range of ${\displaystyle \theta }$ where ${\displaystyle \mathrm {P} =0.5\mathrm {P} _{max}}$.

Note that other definitions of beamwidth exist, such as the distance between nulls and distance between first side lobes.