Broadband

In telecommunications, broadband is wide bandwidth data transmission which transports multiple signals and traffic types. The medium can be coaxial cable, optical fiber, radio or twisted pair.

This article is about telecommunications signalling methods. For high-speed Internet access, see Internet access.

In the context of Internet access, broadband is used to mean any high-speed Internet access that is always on and faster than dial-up access over traditional analog or ISDN PSTN services.

Overview

Different criteria for "broad" have been applied in different contexts and at different times. Its origin is in physics, acoustics, and radio systems engineering, where it had been used with a meaning similar to "wideband",[1][2] or in the context of audio noise reduction systems, where it indicated a single-band rather than a multiple-audio-band system design of the compander. Later, with the advent of digital telecommunications, the term was mainly used for transmission over multiple channels. Whereas a passband signal is also modulated so that it occupies higher frequencies (compared to a baseband signal which is bound to the lowest end of the spectrum, see line coding), it is still occupying a single channel. The key difference is that what is typically considered a broadband signal in this sense is a signal that occupies multiple (non-masking, orthogonal) passbands, thus allowing for much higher throughput over a single medium but with additional complexity in the transmitter/receiver circuitry.

The term became popularized through the 1990s as a marketing term for Internet access that was faster than dialup access, which was limited to a maximum bandwidth of 56 kbit/s. This meaning is only distantly related to its original technical meaning.

Broadband technologies

Telecommunications

In telecommunications, a broadband signalling method is one that handles a wide band of frequencies. "Broadband" is a relative term, understood according to its context. The wider (or broader) the bandwidth of a channel, the greater the data-carrying capacity, given the same channel quality.

In radio, for example, a very narrow band will carry Morse code, a broader band will carry speech, and a still broader band will carry music without losing the high audio frequencies required for realistic sound reproduction. This broad band is often divided into channels or "frequency bins" using passband techniques to allow frequency-division multiplexing instead of sending a higher-quality signal.

In data communications, a 56k modem will transmit a data rate of 56 kilobits per second (kbit/s) over a 4-kilohertz-wide telephone line (narrowband or voiceband). In the late 1980s, the Broadband Integrated Services Digital Network (B-ISDN) used the term to refer to a broad range of bit rates, independent of physical modulation details.[3] The various forms of digital subscriber line (DSL) services are broadband in the sense that digital information is sent over multiple channels. Each channel is at higher frequency than the baseband voice channel, so it can support plain old telephone service on a single pair of wires at the same time.[4] However, when that same line is converted to a non-loaded twisted-pair wire (no telephone filters), it becomes hundreds of kilohertz wide (broadband) and can carry up to 100 megabits per second using very-high-bit-rate digital subscriber line (VDSL or VHDSL) techniques.[5]

Computer networks

Many computer networks use a simple line code to transmit one type of signal using a medium's full bandwidth using its baseband (from zero through the highest frequency needed). Most versions of the popular Ethernet family are given names such as the original 1980s 10BASE5 to indicate this. Networks that use cable modems on standard cable television infrastructure are called broadband to indicate the wide range of frequencies that can include multiple data users as well as traditional television channels on the same cable. Broadband systems usually use a different radio frequency modulated by the data signal for each band.[6]

The total bandwidth of the medium is larger than the bandwidth of any channel.[7]

The 10BROAD36 broadband variant of Ethernet was standardized by 1985, but was not commercially successful.[8][9]

The DOCSIS standard became available to consumers in the late 1990s, to provide Internet access to cable television residential customers. Matters were further confused by the fact that the 10PASS-TS standard for Ethernet ratified in 2008 used DSL technology, and both cable and DSL modems often have Ethernet connectors on them.

TV and video

A television antenna may be described as "broadband" because it is capable of receiving a wide range of channels, while e.g. a low-VHF antenna is "narrowband" since it receives only 1 to 5 channels. The U.S. federal standard FS-1037C defines "broadband" as a synonym for wideband.[10] "Broadband" in analog video distribution is traditionally used to refer to systems such as cable television, where the individual channels are modulated on carriers at fixed frequencies.[11] In this context, baseband is the term's antonym, referring to a single channel of analog video, typically in composite form with separate baseband audio.[12] The act of demodulating converts broadband video to baseband video. Fiber optic allows the signal to be transmitted farther without being repeated. Cable companies use a hybrid system using fiber to transmit the signal to neighborhoods and then changes the signal from light to radio frequency to be transmitted over coaxial cable to homes. Doing so reduces the use of having multiple head ends. A head end gathers all the information from the local cable networks and movie channels and then feeds the information into the system.

However, "broadband video" in the context of streaming Internet video has come to mean video files that have bit-rates high enough to require broadband Internet access for viewing. "Broadband video" is also sometimes used to describe IPTV Video on demand.[13]

Alternative technologies

Power lines have also been used for various types of data communication. Although some systems for remote control are based on narrowband signaling, modern high-speed systems use broadband signaling to achieve very high data rates. One example is the ITU-T G.hn standard, which provides a way to create a local area network up to 1 Gigabit/s (which is considered high-speed as of 2014) using existing home business and home wiring (including power lines, but also phone lines and coaxial cables).

In 2014, researchers at Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology made developments on the creation of ultra-shallow broadband optical instruments.[14]

Internet broadband
Main article: Internet access

In the context of Internet access, the term "broadband" is used loosely to mean "access that is always on and faster than the traditional dial-up access".[15][16]

A range of more precise definitions of speed have been prescribed at times, including:

Broadband Internet service in the United States was effectively treated or managed as a public utility by net neutrality rules until being overturned by the FCC in December, 2017.[21][22][23][24][25][26]

Speed qualifiers

A number of national and international regulators categorize broadband connections according to upload and download speeds, stated in Mbps (megabits per second).

TermRegulator(s)Min Download Speed (Mbit/s)Min Upload Speed (Mbit/s)Notes
Full fibre / FFTP/H[27]Ofcom1001
Gigabit[28]EU10001
Ultrafast[29]Ofcom3001
Ultra-fast / Gfast[30][28]EU, UK Government1001
Fast[28]EU30
Superfast[31]Ofcom301
Superfast[31]UK Government241
Broadband[32]FCC253
Broadband[33]Ofcom101
Broadband[34] CRTC 50 10

Global bandwidth concentration
Global bandwidth concentration: 3 countries have almost 50% between them; 10 countries almost 75%.[35]

Bandwidth has historically been very unequally distributed worldwide, with increasing concentration in the digital age. Historically only 10 countries have hosted 70–75 % of the global telecommunication capacity (see pie-chart Figure on the right).[35] In 2014, only three countries (China, US, Japan) host 50% of the globally installed telecommunication bandwidth potential. The U.S. lost its global leadership in terms of installed bandwidth in 2011, being replaced by China, which hosts more than twice as much national bandwidth potential in 2014 (29% versus 13% of the global total).[35]

See also

Nation specific:

References
  1. Attenborough, Keith (1988). "Review of ground effects on outdoor sound propagation from continuous broadband sources". Applied Acoustics. 24 (4): 289–319. doi:10.1016/0003-682X(88)90086-2.
  2. John P. Shanidin (September 9, 1949). "Antenna". US Patent 2,533,900. Archived from the original on December 1, 2011. Issued December 12, 1950.
  3. Ender Ayanoglu; Nail Akar. "B-ISDN (Broadband Integrated Services Digital Network)". Center for Pervasive Communications and Computing, UC Irvine. Archived from the original on October 16, 2009. Retrieved July 12, 2011.
  4. "Knowledge Base - How Broadband Words". Archived from the original on July 21, 2016. Retrieved July 27, 2016.
  5. "New ITU Standard Delivers 10x ADSL Speeds". May 27, 2005. Archived from the original on September 3, 2016. Retrieved July 27, 2016.
  6. Carl Stephen Clifton (1987). What every engineer should know about data communications. CRC Press. p. 64. ISBN 978-0-8247-7566-7. Archived from the original on 2016-05-29. Broadband: Modulating the data signal onto an RF carrier and applying this RF signal to the carrier media
  7. Clifton, Carl Stephen (1987). What every engineer should know about data communications. New York: M. Dekker. p. 64. ISBN 978-0-8247-7566-7. Archived from the original on 29 June 2016. Retrieved 21 June 2016. Broadband: relative term referring to a systemm which carries a wide frequency range.
  8. "802.3b-1985 – Supplement to 802.3: Broadband Medium Attachment Unit and Broadband Medium Specifications, Type 10BROAD36 (Section 11)". IEEE Standards Association. 1985. Archived from the original on February 25, 2012. Retrieved July 12, 2011.
  9. Paula Musich (July 20, 1987). "Broadband user share pains, gains". Network World. pp. 1, 8. Archived from the original on February 25, 2012. Retrieved July 14, 2011. Broadband networks employ frequency-division multiplexing to divide coaxial cable into separate channels, each of which serves as an individual local network.
  10. "Definition: broadband". Federal Standard 1037C, Glossary of Telecommunication Terms. 1996. Archived from the original on May 5, 2012. Retrieved July 19, 2011.
  11. Gilster, Ron; Heneveld, Helen (2004-06-22). HTI+ Home Technology Integration and CEDIA Installer I All-in-One Exam Guide. google.co.uk. ISBN 9780072231328. Archived from the original on 2016-04-29.
  12. Baxter, Les A.; Georger, William H. (August 1, 1995). "Transmitting video over structured cabling systems". www.cablinginstall.com. AT&T Bell Laboratories. Archived from the original on September 29, 2015. Retrieved April 16, 2017.
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  17. "Recommendation I.113, Vocabulary of Terms for Broadband aspects of ISDN". ITU-T. June 1997. Archived from the original on 6 November 2012. Retrieved 19 July 2011.
  18. "Inquiry Concerning the Deployment of Advanced Telecommunications Capability to All Americans in a Reasonable and Timely Fashion, and Possible Steps to Accelerate Such Deployment Pursuant to Section 706 of the Telecommunications Act of 1996, as Amended by the Broadband Data Improvement Act" (PDF). GN Docket No. 10-159, FCC-10-148A1. Federal Communications Commission. August 6, 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-01-06. Retrieved July 12, 2011.
  19. "FCC Finds U.S. Broadband Deployment Not Keeping Pace | Federal Communications Commission". Fcc.gov. 2015-02-04. Archived from the original on 2016-07-05. Retrieved 2016-06-21.
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  21. Kang, Cecilia. "F.C.C. Repeals Net Neutrality Rules". The New York Times. Retrieved 2018-01-11.
  22. Ruiz, Rebecca R. (March 12, 2015). "F.C.C. Sets Net Neutrality Rules". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 13, 2015. Retrieved March 13, 2015.
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  30. "Ultrafast fibre Gfast". Openreach. Retrieved 10 April 2019.
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  35. "The bad news is that the digital access divide is here to stay: Domestically installed bandwidths among 172 countries for 1986–2014". Escholarship.org. 2016-01-06. Archived from the original on 2016-06-04. Retrieved 2016-06-21.
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