California State University

Students of the opening year of the newly constructed San Diego Normal School.

Today's California State University system is the direct descendant of the Minns Evening Normal School, a normal school in San Francisco that educated the city's future teachers in association with the high school system. The school was taken over by the state in 1862 and moved to San Jose and renamed the California State Normal School; it eventually evolved into San Jose State University.[15] A southern branch of the California State Normal School was created in Los Angeles in 1882.[16]

In 1887, the California State Legislature dropped the word "California" from the name of the San Jose and Los Angeles schools, renaming them "State Normal Schools." Later Chico (1887), San Diego (1897), and other schools became part of the State Normal School system.[17] However, these did not form a system in the modern sense, in that each normal school had its own board of trustees and all were governed independently from one another. In 1919, the State Normal School at Los Angeles became the Southern Branch of the University of California; in 1927, it became the University of California at Los Angeles (the "at" was later replaced with a comma in 1958).[18]

In May 1921, the legislature enacted a comprehensive reform package for the state's educational system, which went into effect that July.[19] The State Normal Schools were renamed State Teachers Colleges, their boards of trustees were dissolved, and they were brought under the supervision of the Division of Normal and Special Schools of the new California Department of Education located at the state capital in Sacramento.[19] This meant that they were to be managed from Sacramento by the deputy director of the division, who in turn was subordinate to the State Superintendent of Public Instruction (the ex officio director of the Department of Education) and the State Board of Education. By this time it was already commonplace to refer to most of the campuses with their city names plus the word "state" (e.g., "San Jose State," "San Diego State," "San Francisco State").

The resulting administrative situation from 1921 to 1960 was quite complicated. On the one hand, the Department of Education's actual supervision of the presidents of the State Teachers Colleges was minimal, which translated into substantial autonomy when it came to day-to-day operations.[20] According to Clark Kerr, J. Paul Leonard, the president of San Francisco State from 1945 to 1957, once boasted that "he had the best college presidency in the United States—no organized faculty, no organized student body, no organized alumni association, and...no board of trustees."[21] On the other hand, the State Teachers Colleges were treated under state law as ordinary state agencies, which meant their budgets were subject to the same stifling bureaucratic financial controls as all other state agencies (except the University of California).[20] At least one president would depart his state college because of his express frustration over that issue: Leonard himself.[20]

During the 1920s and 1930s, the State Teachers Colleges started to transition from normal schools (that is, vocational schools narrowly focused on training elementary school teachers in how to impart basic literacy to young children) into teachers colleges (that is, providing a full liberal arts education) whose graduates would be fully qualified to teach all K–12 grades.[22] A leading proponent of this idea was Charles McLane, the first president of Fresno State, who was one of the earliest persons to argue that K–12 teachers must have a broad liberal arts education.[22] Having already founded Fresno Junior College in 1907 (now Fresno City College), McLane arranged for Fresno State to co-locate with the junior college and to synchronize schedules so teachers-in-training could take liberal arts courses at the junior college.[22]

In 1932, the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching was asked by the state legislature and governor to perform a study of California higher education.[22] The Foundation's 1933 report sharply criticized the State Teachers Colleges for their intrusion upon UC's liberal arts prerogative and recommended their transfer to the Regents of the University of California (who would be expected to put them back in their proper place).[22] This recommendation spectacularly backfired when the faculties and administrations of the State Teachers Colleges rallied to protect their independence from the Regents.[22] In 1935, the State Teachers Colleges were formally upgraded by the state legislature to State Colleges and were expressly authorized to offer a full four-year liberal arts curriculum, culminating in bachelor's degrees, but they remained under the Department of Education.[22]

During World War II, a group of local Santa Barbara leaders and business promoters (with the acquiescence of college administrators) were able to convince the state legislature and governor to transfer Santa Barbara State College to the University of California in 1944.[23] After losing a second campus to UC, the state colleges' supporters arranged for the California state constitution to be amended in 1946 to prevent it from happening again.[23]

The period after World War II brought a great expansion in the number of state colleges. Additional state colleges were established in Los Angeles, Sacramento, and Long Beach from 1947 to 1949, and then seven more state colleges were authorized to be established between 1957 and 1960. Six more state colleges were founded after the enactment of the Donahoe Higher Education Act of 1960, bringing the total number to 23.

During the 1950s, the state colleges' peculiar mix of fiscal centralization and operational decentralization began to look rather incongruous in comparison to the highly centralized University of California (then on the brink of its own decentralization project) and the highly decentralized local school districts around the state which operated K–12 schools and junior colleges—all of which enjoyed much more autonomy from the rest of the state government than the state colleges.

The state legislature was limited to merely suggesting locations to the UC Board of Regents for the planned UC campus on the Central Coast.[24] In contrast, because the state colleges lacked autonomy, they became vulnerable to pork barrel politics in the state legislature. In 1959 alone, state legislators introduced separate bills to individually create nineteen state colleges. Two years earlier, one bill that had actually passed had resulted in the creation of a new state college in Turlock, a town better known for its turkeys than its aspirations towards higher education, and which made no sense except that the chair of the Senate Committee on Education happened to be from Turlock.[25]

In 1960, the California Master Plan for Higher Education and the resulting Donahoe Higher Education Act granted similar autonomy to the state colleges. The Donahoe Act merged all the state colleges into the State College System of California, severed them from the Department of Education (and also the State Board of Education and the State Superintendent of Public Instruction), and authorized the appointment of a systemwide board of trustees and a systemwide chancellor. The board was initially known as the "Trustees of the State College System of California"; the word "board" was not part of the official name.

As enacted, the Donahoe Act provides that UC "shall be the primary state-supported academic agency for research" and "has the sole authority in public higher education to award the doctoral degree in all fields of learning".[26] In contrast, CSU may only award the doctoral degree as part of a joint program with UC or "independent institutions of higher education" and is authorized to conduct research "in support of" its mission, which is to provide "undergraduate and graduate instruction through the master’s degree."[26] This language reflects the intent of UC President Kerr and his allies to bring order to "a state of anarchy"—in particular, the state colleges' repeated attempts (whenever they thought UC was not looking) to quietly blossom into full-fledged research universities, as was occurring elsewhere with other state colleges like Michigan State.[25]

Kerr explained in his memoirs: "The state did not need a higher education system where every component was intent on being another Harvard or Berkeley or Stanford."[27] As he saw it, the problem with such mission creep was that state resources would be spread too thin across too many universities, all would be too busy chasing the "holy grail of elite research status" (in that state college faculty members would inevitably demand reduced teaching loads to make time for research) for any of them to fulfill the state colleges' traditional role of training teachers, and then "some new colleges would have to be founded" to take up that role.[27] At the time, California already had too many research universities; it had only 9 percent of the American population but 15 percent of the research universities (12 out of 80).[28] The language about joint programs and authorizing the state colleges to conduct some research was offered by Kerr at the last minute on December 18, 1959 as a "sweetener" to secure the consent of a then-wavering Glenn Dumke, the state colleges' representative on the Master Plan survey team.[29] (Dumke had succeeded Leonard in 1957 as president of San Francisco State College.)

Most state college presidents and approximately 95 percent of state college faculty members (at the nine campuses where polls were held) strongly disagreed with the Master Plan's express endorsement of UC's primary role with respect to research and the doctorate, but they were still subordinate to the State Board of Education.[30] In January 1960, Louis Heilbron was elected as the new chair of the State Board of Education.[31] A Berkeley-trained attorney, Heilbron had already revealed his loyalty to his alma mater by joking that UC's ownership of the doctorate ought to be protected from "unreasonable search and seizure."[31] He worked with Kerr to get the Master Plan's recommendations enacted in the form of the Donahoe Act, which was signed into state law on April 27, 1960.[30]

Heilbron went on to serve as the first chairman of the Trustees of the State College System of California (1960-1963), where he had to "rein in some of the more powerful campus presidents," improve the smaller and weaker campuses, and get all campuses accustomed to being managed for the first time as a system.[32] Heilbron set the "central theme" of his chairmanship by saying that "we must cultivate our own garden" (an allusion to Candide) and stop trying to covet someone else's.[33] Under Heilbron, the board also attempted to improve the quality of state college campus architecture, "in the hope that campuses no longer would resemble state prisons."[32]

Buell G. Gallagher was selected by the board as the first chancellor of the State College System (1961-1962), but resigned after only nine unhappy months to return to his previous job as president of the City College of New York.[34] Dumke succeeded him as the second chancellor of the State College System (1962-1982). As chancellor, Dumke faithfully adhered to the system's role as prescribed by the Master Plan,[30] despite continuing resistance and resentment from state college dissidents who thought he had been "out-negotiated" and bitterly criticized the Master Plan as a "thieves' bargain".[28] Looking back, Kerr thought the state colleges had failed to appreciate the vast breadth of opportunities reserved to them by the Master Plan, as distinguished from UC's relatively narrow focus on basic research and the doctorate.[28] In any event, "Heilbron and Dumke got the new state college system off to an excellent start."[33]

In 1972, the system became The California State University and Colleges, and the board was renamed the "Trustees of the California State University and Colleges". The board also became known in the alternative as the "Board of Trustees," similar to how the Regents of the University of California are also known in the alternative as the Board of Regents.

On May 23, 1972, fourteen of the nineteen CSU campuses were renamed to "California State University," followed by a comma and then their geographic designation.[35] The five campuses exempted from renaming were the five newest state colleges created during the 1960s.[35] The new names were very unpopular at certain campuses, and in 1974, all CSU campuses were given the option to revert to an older name: e.g., San Jose State, San Diego State, San Francisco State, etc.

In 1982, the CSU system dropped the word "colleges" from its name.

Today the campuses of the CSU system include comprehensive universities and polytechnic universities along with the only maritime academy in the western United States—one that receives aid from the U.S. Maritime Administration.

In May 2020, it was announced that all 23 institutions within the CSU system would host majority-online courses in the Fall 2020 semester as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic and the impact of the pandemic on education[36][37][38]

The California State University is administered by the 25 member Board of Trustees (BOT). Regulations of the BOT are codified in Title 5 of the California Code of Regulations (CCR). The BOT is composed of:[39][40][41]

• 16 members that are appointed by the Governor of California with the consent of the Senate
• two students from the California State University appointed by the Governor
• a tenured faculty member appointed by the Governor selected from a list of names from the Academic Senate
• a representative of the alumni associations of the state university selected for a two-year term by the alumni council of the California State University
• 5 ex officio members:
  • Governor
  • Lieutenant Governor
  • Speaker of the Assembly
  • State Superintendent of Public Instruction
  • the CSU Chancellor

Ex officio trustees:

• Gavin Newsom, Governor of California
• Eleni Kounalakis, Lieutenant Governor of California
• Anthony Rendon, Speaker of the Assembly
• Tony Thurmond, State Superintendent of Public Instruction
• Timothy P. White, CSU Chancellor

Appointed trustees: Silas Abrego, Jane W. Carney, Adam Day (Chair), Rebecca D. Eisen, Douglas Faigin, Debra S. Farar, Jean P. Firstenberg, Wenda Fong, Lillian Kimbell (Vice-chair), Jack McGrory, Thelma Melendez de Santa Ana, Hugo M. Moralas, John Nilon, J. Lawrence Norton, Romey Sabalius, Lateefah Simon, Christopher Steinhauser, Peter J. Taylor.[42]

Student Trustees (also appointed): Emily F. Hinton (voting) and Juan Garcia (non-voting).

The position of the Chancellor is declared by statute and is defined by resolutions of the BOT. The delegation of authority from the BOT to the Chancellor was historically governed by a BOT resolution titled "Statement of General Principles in the Delegation of Authority and Responsibility" of August 4, 1961. It is now controlled by the Standing Orders of the Board of Trustees of the California State University.[43] Under the Standing Orders, the Chancellor is the chief executive officer of the CSU, and all Presidents report directly to the Chancellor.[43]

• Buell Gallagher (1961–1962)
• Glenn S. Dumke (1962–1982)
• W. Ann Reynolds (1982–1990)
• Ellis E. McCune [Acting] (1990–1991)
• Barry Munitz (1991–1998)
• Charles B. Reed (1998–2012)
• Timothy P. White (2012–2020 _{(term ending January 2021)})[44]
• Joseph I. Castro (2020 _{(term beginning January 2021)})[45]

All 23 campuses have mandatory student body organizations with mandatory fees, all with the "Associated Students" moniker, and are all members of the California State Student Association (CSSA). California Education Code § 89300 allows for the creation of student body organizations at any state university for the purpose of providing essential activities closely related to, but not normally included as a part of, the regular instructional program.[46] A vote approved by two-thirds of all students causes the Trustees to fix a membership fee required of all regular, limited, and special session students attending the university such that all fee increases must be approved by the Trustees and a referendum approved by a majority of voters.[46] Mandatory fee elections are called by the president of the university,[47] and the membership fees are fixed by the Chancellor.[48] All fees are collected by the university at the time of registration except where a student loan or grant from a recognized training program or student aid program has been delayed and there is reasonable proof that the funds will be forthcoming.[49] The Gloria Romero Open Meetings Act of 2000 mandates that the legislative body of a student body organization conduct its business in public meetings.[50]

Student body organization funds obtained from mandatory fees may be expended for:[51]

• Programs of cultural and educational enrichment and community service.
• Recreational and social activities.
• Support of student unions.
• Scholarships, stipends, and grants-in-aid for only currently admitted students.
• Tutorial programs.
• Athletic programs, both intramural and intercollegiate.
• Student publications.
• Assistance to recognized student organizations.
• Student travel insurance.
• Administration of student fee program.
• Student government-scholarship stipends, grants-in-aid, and reimbursements to student officers for service to student government. Before such scholarship stipends, grants-in-aid, and reimbursements are established by a student body association, the principle of establishing such payments shall be approved by a student referendum.
• Student employment to provide payment for services in connection with the general administration of student fee.
• Augmentation of counseling services, including draft information, to be performed by the campus. Such counseling may also include counseling on legal matters to the extent of helping the student to determine whether he should retain legal counsel, and of referring him to legal counsel through a bar association, legal aid foundation or similar body.
• Transportation services.
• Child day care centers for children of students and employees of the campus.
• Augmentation of campus health services. Additional programs may be added by appropriate amendment to this section by the Board.

CSU San Bernardino Palm Desert Campus.

A handful of universities have off campus branches that make education accessible in a large state. Unlike the typical university extension courses, they are degree-granting and students have the same status as other California State University students. The newest campus, the California State University, Channel Islands, was formerly an off campus branch of CSU Northridge. Riverside County and Contra Costa County, which have three million residents between them, have lobbied for their off campus branches to be free-standing California State University campuses. The total enrollment for all off campus branches of the CSU system in Fall 2005 was 9,163 students, the equivalent of 2.2 percent of the systemwide enrollment. The following are schools and their respective off campus branches:

• California State University, Bakersfield
  • Antelope Valley (in Lancaster, California)
• California State University, Chico
  • Redding (affiliated with Shasta College)
• California State University, Fullerton
  • Irvine
  • Garden Grove
• California State University, East Bay
  • Concord
  • Oakland (Professional & Conference Center)
• California State University, Fresno
  • Visalia
• California State University, Los Angeles
  • Downtown Los Angeles
• California State University, Monterey Bay
  • Salinas (Professional & Conference Center)
• California State University, San Bernardino
  • Palm Desert
• California State University, San Marcos
  • Temecula/Murrieta
• San Diego State University
  • Imperial Valley (in Brawley, California and Calexico, California)
  • SDSU-Georgia (in Tbilisi in the former Soviet Republic of Georgia)
• San Francisco State University
  • Cañada College (in Redwood City, California)
  • Downtown Campus (in San Francisco, California)
• California State University, Stanislaus
  • Stockton, California[66]
• Sonoma State University
  • Rohnert Park, California

Research facilities owned and operated by units of the CSU:

• Desert Studies Center
  • Research consortium and field site managed by California State University, Fullerton[67]
• Moss Landing Marine Laboratories
  • Independent degree-granting campus managed by San Jose State University
  • Oceanographic laboratory located in the Monterey Bay area[68]
• Murillo Family Observatory
  • Newest research observatory in the San Bernardino Metropolitan Area and the CSU system. It is located in and managed by California State University, San Bernardino.[69]
• Southern California Marine Institute
  • Oceanographic laboratory in the Los Angeles Basin[70]
• Mount Laguna Observatory
  • Astronomical observatory part of the Astronomy Department of San Diego State University[71]
• T.S. Golden Bear
  • The training ship of the California Maritime Academy[72]
• Telonicher Marine Laboratory at Humboldt State University in Trinidad, CA[73]
  • Marine research laboratory on the North California coast
  • Home of the research vessel RV Coral Sea

Former campuses of the CSU system:

• Los Angeles State Normal School (State Normal School at Los Angeles), founded 1882, became the University of California at Los Angeles in 1919.
• Santa Barbara State College, founded 1909, became the University of California at Santa Barbara in 1944.[74]

Historically the requirements for admission to the CSU have been less stringent than the UC system. However, both systems require completion of the A-G requirements in high school as part of admission. The CSU attempts to accept applicants from the top one-third of California high school graduates. In contrast, the UC attempts to accept the top one-eighth. In an effort to maintain a 60/40 ratio of upper division students to lower division students and to encourage students to attend a California community college first, both university systems give priority to California community college transfer students.

However, the following 17 CSU campuses use higher standards than the basic admission standards due to the number of qualified students who apply which makes admissions at these schools more competitive:[95]

Furthermore, seven California State University campuses are fully impacted for both freshmen and transfers, meaning in addition to admission into the school, admission into all majors is also impacted for the academic 2020-2021 program. The seven campuses that are fully impacted are Los Angeles, Fresno, Fullerton, Long Beach, San Diego, San Jose, and San Luis Obispo.

The UC system follows a consistent style in the naming of campuses, using the words "University of California" followed by the name of its declared home city, with a comma as the separator. Most CSU campuses follow a similar pattern, though several are named only for their home city or county, such as San Francisco State University, San Jose State University, San Diego State University, or Sonoma State University.

Some of the colleges follow neither pattern. California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo and California State Polytechnic University, Pomona use the word "polytechnic" in both their full names (but in different word orders) per California Education Code section 89000.[96] and section 89005.5[97] CSU's editorial style guide refers to the same formal names while they also refer to the abbreviated forms "Cal Poly San Luis Obispo" and "Cal Poly Pomona" respectively, but not the name "Cal Poly" by itself.[98] Cal Poly San Luis Obispo unilaterally claims the "Cal Poly" name per its own marketing brand guides[99] and, since the 1980s, the CSU Chancellor's Office has taken numerous small and medium-sized businesses to court on Cal Poly San Luis Obispo's behalf for not having a licensing agreement to sell merchandise with the words "Cal Poly".[100][101]

In addition, the California Maritime Academy (Cal Maritime) is the only campus whose official name does not refer to its location in California.[102] Both Channel Islands and San Marcos campuses' official names do not include a comma, unlike the typical style of the CSU naming convention, and instead follow California State University San Marcos, or Channel Islands.[103] Some critics, including Donald Gerth (former President of Sacramento State), have claimed that the weak California State University identity has contributed to the CSU's perceived lack of prestige when compared to the University of California.[104]

An impacted campus or major is one which has more CSU-qualified students than capacity permits. As of 2012, 16 out of the 23 campuses are impacted including Chico, Fresno, Fullerton, Humboldt, Long Beach, Los Angeles, Northridge, Pomona, San Bernardino, Sacramento, San Diego, San Francisco, San Jose, Sonoma, San Marcos, and San Luis Obispo. Some programs at other campuses are similarly impacted. All undergraduate programs, pre-programs, and undeclared/undecided programs are impacted for the following campuses: as the academia year 2021-22 for Cal Poly San Luis Obispo, Fresno State, CSU Fullerton, Cal State LA, CSU Long Beach, San Diego State University, and San José State. Despite this, CSU undergraduate admissions are quantitatively based and generally do not include items such as personal statements, SAT Subject Test scores, letters of recommendation, or portfolios. In addition, there is geographic preference given to those residing within the commuting areas of the colleges.[107]

The Maritime Academy uses a different admissions process from other CSU schools. Because of the nature of its programs, the Maritime Academy requires all applicants to pass a standard physical examination prior to enrollment.[108]

The University of California and most of its campuses are members of the Association of American Universities (AAU) and the Association of Public and Land-grant Universities (APLU).

The California State University (CSU) and most of its campuses are members of APLU and the American Association of State Colleges and Universities (AASCU).

ABET (Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology, Inc.) is the recognized U.S. accreditor of college and university programs in applied and natural science, computing, engineering, and engineering technology. The California State University has 18 colleges with ABET-accredited programs.[109]

• Cal Poly Pomona, Cal Poly Pomona College of Engineering
• Cal Poly San Luis Obispo, College of Engineering
• CSU Maritime Academy, School of Engineering
• CSU Bakersfield, School of Natural Sciences, Mathematics, and Engineering
• CSU Chico, College of Engineering, Computer Science, & Construction Management
• CSU Dominguez Hills, College of Natural & Behavioral Sciences
• CSU East Bay, College of Science
• CSU Fresno, Lyles College of Engineering
• CSU Fullerton, College of Engineering & Computer Science
• CSU Long Beach, College of Engineering
• CSU Los Angeles, College of Engineering, Computer Science, and Technology
• CSU Northridge, College of Engineering & Computer Science
• CSU Sacramento, College of Engineering & Computer Science
• CSU San Bernardino, College of Natural Sciences
• Humboldt State University, College of Natural Resources & Sciences
• San Diego State University, College of Engineering
• San Francisco State University, College Science & Engineering
• CSU San José State University, Charles W. Davidson College of Engineering

The CSU is a founding and charter member of CENIC, the Corporation for Education Network Initiatives in California, the nonprofit organization which provides extremely high-performance Internet-based networking to California's K–20 research and education community.

A comprehensive applied agricultural and environmental research program joining the CSU's four colleges of agriculture (at San Luis Obispo, Pomona, Chico and Fresno) and the state's agriculture and natural resources industries and allied business communities.[110]

• Cal Poly Pomona
• Cal Poly San Luis Obispo
• Chico State
• Fresno State

The California State University Program for Education and Research in Biotechnology (CSUPERB) mission is to develop a professional biotechnology workforce. CSUPERB provides grant funding, organizes an annual symposium, sponsors industry-responsive curriculum, and serves as a liaison for the CSU with government, philanthropic, educational, and biotechnology industry partners. The program involves students and faculty from Life, Physical, Computer and Clinical Science, Engineering, Agriculture, Math and Business departments at all 23 CSU campuses.[111]

The CSU Council on Ocean Affairs, Science & Technology (CSU COAST) affinity group is the umbrella organization for marine, coastal, and coastal watershed-related activities. A highly effective CSU affinity group with active faculty and administration members across each of the system's 23 campuses, CSU COAST functions primarily as a coordinating force to stimulate new research, teaching, and policy tools via administrative support, robust networking opportunities, and by providing small incubator/accelerator funding to students and faculty.

Graduation Initiative 2025

The Graduation Initiative 2025 is a plan to increase graduation rates, eliminate equity gaps in degree completion and meet California's workforce needs.[112] The initiative organizes an annual symposium with keynote speakers such as, California Governor Gavin Newsom.[113] The initiative focuses mainly on enhancing guidance and academic planning for first generation and transfer students. The initiative has resulted in a six percentage point increase in the four-year graduation rate of first-time freshman over three years, from 19.2 percent in 2015 to 25.4 percent in 2018 and an increase in the six-year graduation by four percentage points, from 57 percent in 2015 to 61.1 percent in 2018.[114]

The Hospitality Management Education Initiative (HMEI) was formed in 2008 to address the shortage of hospitality leaders in California. HMEI is a collaboration between the 14 CSU campuses that have hospitality-related degrees and industry executives.[115] CSU awarded 95% of hospitality bachelor's degrees in the state in 2011.[116]

Headquartered and administered at the Dominguez Hills campus, the CSU Statewide Nursing Program offers registered nurses courses available throughout California that lead to Bachelors, Masters of Science, and a Doctoral degree in Nursing (awarded by the closest participating CSU campus).[117] The campuses that award a Doctorate in Nursing Practice (DNP) are:

• Fresno
• Fullerton
• Long Beach
• Los Angeles
• San Jose

Beginning in 2013, the CSU made a radical change in the way it delivered online education. The university approved more than 30 courses for system-wide consumption, meaning any student attending one of the 23 campuses will be able to enroll in an online course offered at another campus, concurrently. The new online education delivery method is part of $17 million additional funding from the state to improve online education, and ultimately improve graduation rates and access to "bottleneck courses" across the 23 campuses. Courses offered include biology, business finance, chemistry, and microeconomics.[118][119]

California Pre-Doctoral Program is designed to increase the pool of potential faculty by supporting the doctoral aspirations of California State University students who have experienced economic and educational disadvantages.[120]

The Chancellor's Doctoral Incentive Program provides financial and other assistance to individuals pursuing doctoral degrees. The program seeks to provide loans to doctoral students who are interested in applying and competing for California State University instructional faculty positions after completion of the doctoral degree.[121]

The CSU intends to expand its post-graduate education focus to establish and encourage Professional Science master's degree (PSM) programs using the Sloan model.[122][123]