Canini (tribe)

Canini; Temporal range: 9–0 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N Late Miocene–Present[1]
	Canina (represented by the golden jackal) and Cerdocyonina (represented by the crab-eating fox)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Carnivora
Family:	Canidae
Subfamily:	Caninae
Tribe:	Canini; Fischer de Waldheim, 1817[2]
Genera[1]
	Subtribe Canina (wolf-like canines) Canis †Xenocyon; ; Cuon; Lupulella; Lycaon; †Cynotherium; †Eucyon; †Aenocyon; ; Subtribe Cerdocyonina Atelocynus; Cerdocyon; Chrysocyon; Lycalopex; Nyctereutes; Speothos; †Dusicyon; †Nurocyon; †Protocyon; †Theriodictis; ;

Canini is a taxonomic rank which represents the dog-like tribe of the subfamily Caninae (the canines), and is sister to the fox-like tribe Vulpini. The Canini came into existence 9 million years ago. This group was first represented by Eucyon, mostly by Eucyon davisi that was spread widely across North America.[1]

Taxonomy

The critical features that mark the Canini as a monophyletic group include the consistent enlargement of the frontal sinus, often accompanied by the correlated loss of the depression in the dorsal surface of the postorbital process; the posterior expansion of the paroccipital process; the enlargement of the mastoid process; and the lack of lateral flare of the orbital border of the zygoma.
— Richard H. Tedford[1]

Members of this tribe include:

Subtribe	Description	Genus	Species
Canina Fischer de Waldheim, 1817	The wolf-like canines.[3]	Canis Linnaeus, 1758	domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris) gray wolf (Canis lupus) red wolf (Canis rufus) eastern wolf (Canis lycaon) coyote (Canis latrans) Eurasian golden jackal (Canis aureus) African golden wolf (Canis anthus) Ethiopian wolf (Canis simensis)
		Cuon Hodgson, 1838	dhole (Cuon alpinus)
		Lupulella Hilzheimer, 1906	Side-striped jackal (Lupulella adusta Sundevall, 1847) Black-backed jackal (Lupulella mesomelas Schreber, 1775)
		Lycaon Brookes, 1827	Lycaon pictus (Temminck, 1820) †Lycaon sekowei Hartstone-Rose et al., 2010
		†Cynotherium Studiati, 1857	† Sardinian dhole (Cynotherium sardous)
		†Eucyon Tedford and Qiu (1996)	† Eucyon davisi
		†Aenocyon Merriam, 1918	† Dire wolf (Aenocyon dirus)
Cerdocyonina Tedford et al., 2009	The South American, fox-shaped canines. [3]	Speothos Lund, 1839	bush dog (Speothos venaticus) †Speothos pacivorus
		Atelocynus Cabrera, 1940	short-eared dog (Atelocynus microtis)
		Chrysocyon Smith, 1839	maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus)
		†Dusicyon C. E. H. Smith, 1839	†Dusicyon australis †Dusicyon avus †Dusicyon cultridens
		Lycalopex Burmeister 1854	Culpeo or Andean fox, Lycalopex culpaeus Darwin's fox, Lycalopex fulvipes South American gray fox, Lycalopex griseus Pampas fox, Lycalopex gymnocercus Sechuran fox, Lycalopex sechurae Hoary fox, Lycalopex vetulus
		Cerdocyon C. E. H. Smith, 1839	crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous)
		†Nurocyon Sotnikova, 2006	†Nurocyon chonokhariensis
		†Protocyon Giebel 1855	†P. orcesi Hoffstetter 1952 †P. tarijensis Ameghino 1902 †P. troglodytes Lund 1838, type
		†Theriodictis Mercerat, 1891	†Theriodictis platensis

Common names of most of the South American canines include "fox", based on resemblance, but they are more closely related to wolves than to vulpini, the Eurasian and North American foxes.

Ventral portion of grey wolf and crab-eating fox skulls. Note how the palatine bone extends past the tooth row of the latter.

The cladogram below is based on the phylogeny of Lindblad-Toh et al. (2005),[4] modified to incorporate recent findings on Canis species,[5] Lycalopex species,[6] and Dusicyon.[7]

Canini

Canina

	Canis lupus familiaris (domestic dog)

	Canis lupus (gray wolf)

Canis latrans (coyote)

Canis anthus (African golden wolf)

Canis simensis (Ethiopian wolf)

Canis aureus (Golden jackal)

Cuon alpinus (dhole)

Lycaon pictus (African wild dog)

	Lupulella adusta (side-striped jackal)

	Lupulella mesomelas (black-backed jackal)

Cerdocyonina

Speothos venaticus (bush dog)

	Chrysocyon brachyurus (maned wolf)

	† Dusicyon australis (Falkland Islands wolf)

Lycalopex

Lycalopex vetulus (hoary fox)

Lycalopex sechurae (Sechuran fox or Peruvian desert fox)

	Lycalopex fulvipes (Darwin's fox)

	Lycalopex gymnocercus (pampas fox)

	Lycalopex griseus (South American gray fox or chilla)

	Lycalopex culpaeus (culpeo or Andean fox)

Cerdocyon thous (crab-eating fox)

Atelocynus microtis (short-eared dog)

References

Tedford, Richard H.; Wang, Xiaoming; Taylor, Beryl E. (2009). "Phylogenetic Systematics of the North American Fossil Caninae (Carnivora: Canidae)" (PDF). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 325: 1–218. doi:10.1206/574.1. hdl:2246/5999.
Fischer de Waldheim, G. 1817. Adversaria zoological. Memoir Societe Naturelle (Moscow) 5:368–428. p372
Wayne, Robert K. (June 1993). "Molecular evolution of the dog family". Trends in Genetics. 9 (6): 218–224. doi:10.1016/0168-9525(93)90122-x. PMID 8337763.
Lindblad-Toh, Kerstin; Wade, Claire M.; Mikkelsen, Tarjei S.; Karlsson, Elinor K.; Jaffe, David B.; Kamal, Michael; et al. (2005). "Genome sequence, comparative analysis and haplotype structure of the domestic dog". Nature. 438 (7069): 803–819. Bibcode:2005Natur.438..803L. doi:10.1038/nature04338. PMID 16341006.
Koepfli, Klaus-Peter; Pollinger, John; Godinho, Raquel; Robinson, Jacqueline; Lea, Amanda; Hendricks, Sarah; et al. (2015). "Genome-wide evidence reveals that African and Eurasian Golden Jackals are distinct species". Current Biology. 25 (16): 2158–2165. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2015.06.060. PMID 26234211.
Tchaicka, Ligia; de Freitas, Thales Renato Ochotorena; Bager, Alex; Vidal, Stela Luengos; Lucherini, Mauro; Iriarte, Agustín; et al. (2016). "Molecular assessment of the phylogeny and biogeography of a recently diversified endemic group of South American canids (Mammalia: Carnivora: Canidae)" (PDF). Genetics and Molecular Biology. 39 (3): 442–451. doi:10.1590/1678-4685-GMB-2015-0189. PMC 5004827. PMID 27560989.
Slater, G.J.; Thalmann, O.; Leonard, J.A.; Schweizer, R.M.; Koepfli, K.-P.; Pollinger, J.P.; et al. (2009). "Evolutionary history of the Falklands wolf". Current Biology. 19 (20): R937–R938. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2009.09.018. hdl:10261/58562. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 19889366.

External links

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[Tedford2009-1] Tedford, Richard H.; Wang, Xiaoming; Taylor, Beryl E. (2009). "Phylogenetic Systematics of the North American Fossil Caninae (Carnivora: Canidae)" (PDF). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 325: 1–218. doi:10.1206/574.1. hdl:2246/5999.

[2] Fischer de Waldheim, G. 1817. Adversaria zoological. Memoir Societe Naturelle (Moscow) 5:368–428. p372

[wayne1993-3] Wayne, Robert K. (June 1993). "Molecular evolution of the dog family". Trends in Genetics. 9 (6): 218–224. doi:10.1016/0168-9525(93)90122-x. PMID 8337763.

[LindbladToh2005-4] Lindblad-Toh, Kerstin; Wade, Claire M.; Mikkelsen, Tarjei S.; Karlsson, Elinor K.; Jaffe, David B.; Kamal, Michael; et al. (2005). "Genome sequence, comparative analysis and haplotype structure of the domestic dog". Nature. 438 (7069): 803–819. Bibcode:2005Natur.438..803L. doi:10.1038/nature04338. PMID 16341006.

[Koepfli2015-5] Koepfli, Klaus-Peter; Pollinger, John; Godinho, Raquel; Robinson, Jacqueline; Lea, Amanda; Hendricks, Sarah; et al. (2015). "Genome-wide evidence reveals that African and Eurasian Golden Jackals are distinct species". Current Biology. 25 (16): 2158–2165. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2015.06.060. PMID 26234211.

[6] Tchaicka, Ligia; de Freitas, Thales Renato Ochotorena; Bager, Alex; Vidal, Stela Luengos; Lucherini, Mauro; Iriarte, Agustín; et al. (2016). "Molecular assessment of the phylogeny and biogeography of a recently diversified endemic group of South American canids (Mammalia: Carnivora: Canidae)" (PDF). Genetics and Molecular Biology. 39 (3): 442–451. doi:10.1590/1678-4685-GMB-2015-0189. PMC 5004827. PMID 27560989.

[7] Slater, G.J.; Thalmann, O.; Leonard, J.A.; Schweizer, R.M.; Koepfli, K.-P.; Pollinger, J.P.; et al. (2009). "Evolutionary history of the Falklands wolf". Current Biology. 19 (20): R937–R938. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2009.09.018. hdl:10261/58562. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 19889366.