Capture of the Dutch fleet at Den Helder

Capture of the Dutch fleet at Den Helder
	Part of the War of the First Coalition
	; Capture of the Dutch fleet by the French cavalry
Date	23 January 1795
Location	Between Texel and Den Helder, Dutch Republic
Result	French victory
Belligerents
Dutch Republic	French Republic
Commanders and leaders
Hermanus Reintjes	Jan Willem de Winter; Louis Lahure;
Strength
14 warships;	1 hussar regiment; 1 infantry battalion;
Casualties and losses
14 warships captured	None

The Capture of the Dutch fleet at Den Helder on the night of 23 January 1795 presents a rare occurrence of a tactical interaction between warships and cavalry, in which a French Revolutionary Hussar regiment surrounded a Dutch fleet frozen at anchor between the 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) stretch of sea that separates the mainland port of Den Helder and the island of Texel.[1][2] After a charge across the frozen Zuiderzee,[Note 1] the French cavalry captured all 14 Dutch warships lying at anchor.[3] A capture of ships by horsemen is an extremely rare feat in military history.[4][5][6]

The French units were the 8th Hussar Regiment and the 15th Line Infantry Regiment of the French Revolutionary Army. Jean-Charles Pichegru was the leader of the French army that invaded the Dutch Republic. The Dutch fleet was commanded by captain Hermanus Reintjes. The actual capture was accomplished by Louis Joseph Lahure. The action happened during the War of the First Coalition, which was part of the French Revolutionary Wars.

Background

Den Helder is located at the tip of the North Holland peninsula, south of the island of Texel, by an inlet to what was then the shallow Zuiderzee bay (Southern Sea). The Zuiderzee has been closed off and partly drained in the 20th century, and what is left of it now forms the freshwater IJsselmeer.

In the fall of 1794, during the War of the First Coalition of the French Revolutionary Wars, general Jean-Charles Pichegru commanded the French forces during the conquest of the Dutch Republic. The French entered Amsterdam on 19 January 1795 to stay there over winter. Well informed, the general found out that a Dutch fleet was anchored at Den Helder, approximately eighty kilometers north from Amsterdam.

The winter of 1794–1795 was exceptionally cold, causing the Zuiderzee to freeze.[7] Pichegru ordered General of Brigade Jan Willem de Winter to lead a squadron of the 8th Hussar. De Winter had been serving with the French since 1787, and would later command the Dutch fleet in the disastrous Battle of Camperdown.

Capture

The prize of the Dutch fleet, stopped by ice in the Texel sea in the winter of 1795, by Charles Louis Mozin

General de Winter arrived at Den Helder with his troops during the night of 23 January 1795.[Note 2] The Dutch fleet was there as expected, trapped by ice. Each hussar carried an infantryman of the 15th Line Infantry Regiment on his horse. After a careful approach to avoid awakening the Dutch sailors (the hussars had covered the horses' hooves with fabric[8]), Lieutenant-Colonel Louis Joseph Lahure launched the assault. The ice did not break, and the hussars and infantrymen were able to board the Dutch ships. The French captured the Dutch admiral and the vessels' crews; neither side suffered any casualties.[8]

Outcome

With the capture of 14 warships, 850 guns, and several merchant ships, the French conquest of the Netherlands was brought to an end.[8] It is one of the only instances in recorded military history wherein cavalry captured a fleet;[3][4] José Antonio Páez's cavalry attack across the Apure River in 1818 is another example.[9][10]

Prizes

The ships of the line, frigates, and corvettes received French crews in February 1795. France returned all her prizes to the Batavian Republic in May 1795 under the Treaty of The Hague; one of its other provisions was an indemnity of ƒ100 million.

Ships of the line[11][12]

Admiraal De Ruyter – built 1776–1778; captured by British in 1799
Gelderland – built 1781; captured by British in 1799
Frederik Willem – built 1788; captured by British in 1797
Princes Louisa – captured by the British in 1799
Admiraal Piet Heyn – built 1774; sold to be broken up in 1799

Frigates[13][12]

Monnikendam – built in 1782; captured by the British 1797
Argo – launched in 1791; captured by the British in 1796
Alliantie – launched in 1788; captured by the British in 1795

Hulks[14][12]

Admiraal-Generaal – built in 1763–1764; sold 1795
Amsterdam – built in 1763; sold 1795

Corvettes[15][12]

Enkhuizen – built in 1778–1780; broken up 1800
Venus – built in 1768; captured by the British 1796
Echo – built in 1789; wrecked and wreck sold 1796
Dolphijn – completed in 1780; burnt or captured by British 1799
Pallas – built in 1781; captured by the British 1797
Zeepard – launched in 1782; wrecked or broken up 1805

Cutters[16][12]

Lynx – built in 1784; prize to HMS Circe October 1799
Snelheid – built in 1782; captured by the British 1795
Valk – built in 1770; captured 1799
Twee – 8 guns

Subsequent events

In the Vlieter Incident on 30 August 1799, a squadron of the navy of the Batavian Republic under the command of Rear-Admiral Samuel Story surrendered to the British Royal Navy. The incident occurred during the Anglo-Russian invasion of Holland. It took place in a tidal trench in the channel between Texel and the mainland that was known as De Vlieter, near Wieringen. Two of the vessels that were handed to the British were Admiral de Ruyter and Gelderland.

Factual authenticity

The traditional narrative of French cavalry storming and capturing the ships at Den Helder is primarily based on French sources. Dutch historian Johannes Cornelis de Jonge states that the Dutch fleet had already received orders on 21 January to offer no resistance. Instead, de Jonge states that a few French hussars merely crossed the ice to negotiate a handover by the Dutch officers.

Captain Hermanus Reintjes, the Dutch commanding officer, stayed aboard the Admiraal Piet Heyn to await the arrival of general De Winter, who was scheduled to arrive in three days. De Winter subsequently had the officers and crews of the ships pledge an oath that they would peacefully surrender — similar to the oath administered at the surrender of the fleet at Hellevoetsluis several days earlier. De Jonge states that the misconception stems from an 1819 publication by Swiss general Antoine-Henri Jomini, whose account was subsequently cited by French historians.[17]

References

Notes

De Jonge quoting correspondence with Lahure, notes that the French troops moved from Haarlem to Den Helder overland, which was more convenient, as there is no need to make a long detour across the Zuiderzee, whether there was ice on it or not; de Jonge, p. 187, note 1. Besides, on the basis of the testimony of eye witnesses he says that the ice on the Zuiderzee would not have been strong enough to carry a squadron of cavalry; de Jonge, p. 184.
De Jonge states that general de Winter arrived in Den Helder only three days later; p. 191.

Citations

Hérodote, La bataille "navale" du Texel
Eschner, Kat. "The Only Time in History When Men on Horseback Captured a Fleet of Ships". Smithsonian. Retrieved 15 October 2019.
Tony Jaques, Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: P-Z, p. 1009.
Gregory Fremont-Barnes, The French Revolutionary Wars, p. 36. Archived February 23, 2015, at the Wayback Machine
George McDonald, Frommer's Belgium, Holland and Luxembourg, p. 353.
"French Cavalry Defeats Dutch Fleet?". www.napoleon-series.org. Retrieved 5 August 2016.
Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie, Histoire humaine et comparée du climat Tome 2: Disettes et révolutions 1740–1860
Éditions Chronique, Chronique de la Révolution française
Mitre, Don Bartolome (1893). The Emancipation of South America. Argentina: Chapman & Hall. p. 383. Retrieved 8 December 2016.
The Spirit and Manners of the Age. London: Frederick Westley and AH Davis. 1828. p. 567. Retrieved 8 December 2016.
Demerliac, p. 199. no 1512
Van Maanen, unpublished manuscript.
Demerliac, p. 199. no 1513
Demerliac, p. 199. no 1516
Demerliac, p. 199. no 1514
Demerliac, p. 199. no 1515
de Jonge, pp. 185–193.

Sources

Demerliac, Alain (2004). La Marine de la Révolution: Nomenclature des Navires Français de 1792 A 1799 (in French). Éditions Ancre. ISBN 2906381241.
De Jonge, Johannes Cornelis (1862). Geschiedenis van het Nederlandsche Zeewezen, deel 5 (in Dutch). Kruseman.
Van Maanen, Ron, Preliminary list of Dutch naval vessel built or required in the period 1700–1799. Unpublished manuscript.

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[3] De Jonge quoting correspondence with Lahure, notes that the French troops moved from Haarlem to Den Helder overland, which was more convenient, as there is no need to make a long detour across the Zuiderzee, whether there was ice on it or not; de Jonge, p. 187, note 1. Besides, on the basis of the testimony of eye witnesses he says that the ice on the Zuiderzee would not have been strong enough to carry a squadron of cavalry; de Jonge, p. 184.

[9] De Jonge states that general de Winter arrived in Den Helder only three days later; p. 191.

[1] Hérodote, La bataille "navale" du Texel

[2] Eschner, Kat. "The Only Time in History When Men on Horseback Captured a Fleet of Ships". Smithsonian. Retrieved 15 October 2019.

[books.google.fr-4] Tony Jaques, Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: P-Z, p. 1009.

[D9IcnW4iSsC_p._36.-5] Gregory Fremont-Barnes, The French Revolutionary Wars, p. 36. Archived February 23, 2015, at the Wayback Machine

[6] George McDonald, Frommer's Belgium, Holland and Luxembourg, p. 353.

[Jonge-7] "French Cavalry Defeats Dutch Fleet?". www.napoleon-series.org. Retrieved 5 August 2016.

[8] Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie, Histoire humaine et comparée du climat Tome 2: Disettes et révolutions 1740–1860

[ReferenceA-10] Éditions Chronique, Chronique de la Révolution française

[11] Mitre, Don Bartolome (1893). The Emancipation of South America. Argentina: Chapman & Hall. p. 383. Retrieved 8 December 2016.

[12] The Spirit and Manners of the Age. London: Frederick Westley and AH Davis. 1828. p. 567. Retrieved 8 December 2016.

[13] Demerliac, p. 199. no 1512

[VM-14] Van Maanen, unpublished manuscript.

[15] Demerliac, p. 199. no 1513

[16] Demerliac, p. 199. no 1516

[17] Demerliac, p. 199. no 1514

[18] Demerliac, p. 199. no 1515

[19] Jonge, pp. 185–193.