Charanjit Singh (musician)

Charanjit Singh (1940 – 5 July 2015) was an Indian musician from Mumbai, who performed as a session musician,[3] often as a guitarist or synthesizer player,[4] in numerous Bollywood soundtrack orchestras from the 1960s to 1980s,[3] working with filmi composers such as Shankar-Jaikishan, R.D. Burman, S.D. Burman, and Laxmikant–Pyarelal.[5]

This article is about the musician. For the hockey player, see Charanjit Singh. For the politician, see Charanjit Singh Atwal.

Charanjit Singh
Born1940
Bombay, British India
Died5 July 2015(2015-07-05) (aged 75)[1][2]
Mumbai, India
GenresBollywood, electronica, filmi
Occupation(s)Composer, guitarist, Session musician, songwriter
Instrumentsviolin, keyboards, bass, lap steel guitar
Years active1960s–1980s
LabelsGramophone Company of India, Sa Re Ga Ma
Associated actsShankar-Jaikishan, S.D. Burman, Laxmikant–Pyarelal, Raju Singh

In the 21st century, Singh became known for his 1983 album Synthesizing: Ten Ragas to a Disco Beat, which has been described as pioneering the electronic dance style later known as acid house.[3] It received re-release in 2010 on the Bombay Connection label.[6]

Biography

Singh led a wedding band and recorded and released a number of albums covering popular film songs.[7] These were a form of instrumental elevator music, some of which have since been re-released by Sublime Frequencies,[8] such as his steel guitar renditions of "Manje Re" from Bandhe Haath in 1973 and "Chura Liyaa Hai Tumne" from Yaadon Ki Baaraat in 1975.[9] In 1981, he produced synthesizer-based electronic renditions of the Silsila soundtrack in his record Charanjit Singh: Plays Hit Tunes on Synthesizer of Silsila.[7]

Synthesizing: Ten Ragas to a Disco Beat, an album of original electronic disco compositions Singh recorded in 1982, was a commercial failure at the time of its original release, but its re-discovery in 2002 and re-issue in early 2010 garnered attention due to comparisons with acid house from the mid to late 1980s.[3][10] Since then, certain commentators in the music press have recast Singh as an originator of acid house music.[3][10][11] He also used the same drum machine and synthesizers for his experimental electronic calypso record, Experiments in Calypso.[12] His son Raju Singh is a composer, who has scored for films and television shows.[5]

Charanjit Singh died of cardiac arrest in his sleep during the midnight of 4 July 2015 at his home in Bandra, Mumbai.[13]

Synthesizing: Ten Ragas to a Disco Beat
Synthesizing: Ten Ragas to a Disco Beat
Studio album by
Charanjit Singh
Released1982, 1983, 2010
Recorded1982
GenreElectro-disco, Indi-pop
LabelGramophone Company of India,
Sa Re Ga Ma,
Bombay Connection[6]
ProducerCharanjit Singh
Charanjit Singh chronology
Charanjit Singh: Plays Hit Tunes on Synthesizer of Silsila
(1981)		 Synthesizing: Ten Ragas to a Disco Beat
(1982)		 Experiments in Calypso
Professional ratings
Review scores
SourceRating
Mojo[12]
Spin[14]

In the 21st century, Charanjit Singh gained attention for his 1982 release Synthesizing: Ten Ragas to a Disco Beat, an album originally intended as a fusion of electronic disco music with Indian classical ragas. Singh's use of both the TR-808 drum machine and TB-303 bass synthesizer has led some music journalists to suggest that it is perhaps the earliest example of acid house music; predating Phuture's seminal Chicago acid house record "Acid Tracks" (1987) by five years.[3][10] Comparisons have also been made with the work of other electronic dance musicians who were inspired by acid house such as Ceephax, Phuture 303, and Aphex Twin.[15] According to The Guardian writer Stuart Aitken, Singh's record was "far ahead" of its time.[10] Aitken also discussed the importance of the record on US radio station PRI's The World.[16]

Production

Singh produced Ten Ragas using three electronic musical instruments made by the Roland Corporation: the Jupiter-8 synthesizer, Roland TR-808, and Roland TB-303.[3] It was one of the first records to use the TB-303, a machine that has become synonymous with acid house. Singh had bought his TB-303 in Singapore soon after its introduction in late 1981. He didn't know much about the three machines at first, so he spent much time in figuring out how to use them, and eventually discovered that it was possible to synchronise the TR-808 and TB-303 with the Jupiter-8 keyboard. According to Singh: "At home I practised with the combination and I thought 'It sounds good – why not record it'."[10] While the TB-303 was originally designed to fill in for a bass guitar, it was awkward when it came to reproducing conventional basslines, so he found a different way to employ the machine, particularly its glissando function which made it suitable for reproducing the Indian raga melodies.[11]

Besides Indian raga music, he also took inspiration from contemporary Bollywood music, or filmi music, specifically the Indian electronic disco scene that had only just become popular in the early 1980s (sparked by the success of Pakistani pop singer Nazia Hassan and Indian producer Biddu), at a time when disco's popularity had declined in the United States. In parallel to the Euro disco scene at the time, the continued relevance of disco in India and the increasing reliance on synthesizers led to experiments in minimalist, high-tempo, electronic disco, such as R.D. Burman's "Dil Lena Khel Hai Dildar Ka" (Zamane Ko Dikhana Hai, 1981) which had a "futuristic electro feel" and Bappi Lahari's "Yaad Aa Raha Hai" (Disco Dancer, 1982). Such developments eventually culminated in the work of Singh, who increased the tempo and made the sounds more minimalistic, while pairing them with instrumental Indian ragas using his new equipment setup.[11][17][18]

According to Singh: "There was lots of disco music in films back in 1982. So I thought why not do something different using disco music only. I got an idea to play all the Indian ragas and give the beat a disco beat – and turn off the tabla. And I did it. And it turned out good."[10] The first track "Raga Bhairavi" also features a synthesised voice that says "Om Namah Shivaya" through a vocoder.[19]

Release

The album was released under the label Gramophone Company of India[20] (now Sa Re Ga Ma), having been recorded at their HMV Studio in Bombay (now Mumbai) in 1982.[6] Following the LP record's release in 1982,[21] it garnered some interest in India, finding its way onto Indian national radio, but it became a commercial failure and was largely forgotten until recent years.[3] However, Singh may have played a role in popularising electronic music in Bollywood at the time,[22] and a somewhat similar "techno-sounding interlude" had later appeared in Lahiri's song "Kasam Paida Karne Wale Ki" from the film of the same name in 1984.[18]

Live performance

From 2012 until his death in 2015, Singh performed the material from Ten Ragas to a Disco Beat live.[23][24]

Track listing

Both the original 1982[21] and 1983[20] LP records and the 2010 CD[6] and LP[25] re-releases contain the following five-minute-long tracks named after ragas:

  1. "Raga Bhairavi" – 4:59
  2. "Raga Lalit" – 4:55
  3. "Raga Bhupali" – 4:53
  4. "Raga Todi" – 4:52
  5. "Raga Madhuvanti" – 4:59
  6. "Raga Meghmalhar" – 5:01
  7. "Raga Yaman" – 5:06
  8. "Raga Kalavati" – 5:08
  9. "Raga Malkauns" – 5:02
  10. "Raga Bairagi" – 5:07

See also

References
  1. "Charanjit Singh, 'Inventor' of Acid House Music Dies". The Wire. Archived from the original on 5 July 2015. Retrieved 6 July 2015.
  2. "Charanjit Singh, Acid House Pioneer, Dead at 75". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 6 July 2015.
  3. Pattison, Louis (10 April 2010). "Charanjit Singh, acid house pioneer". The Guardian.
  4. Samrat B (10 December 2010). "A brief history of Indian electronic music". CNNGo. CNN. Archived from the original on 29 April 2012. Retrieved 1 August 2012.
  5. Vijayak, Rajiv (8 June 2012). "Coming to the foreground". Deccan Herald. Retrieved 22 June 2012.
  6. Charanjit Singh – Synthesizing: Ten Ragas To A Disco Beat at Discogs (2010 CD)
  7. Charanjit Singh discography at Discogs
  8. "Bollywood Steel Guitar CD SF043". Sublime Frequencies. Archived from the original on 5 August 2011. Retrieved 8 June 2011.
  9. Bollywood Steel Guitar at Discogs
  10. Stuart Aitken (10 May 2011). "Charanjit Singh on how he invented acid house ... by mistake". The Guardian.
  11. William Rauscher (12 May 2010). "Charanjit Singh – Synthesizing: Ten Ragas to a Disco Beat". Resident Advisor. Retrieved 3 June 2011.
  12. Ian Harrison (August 2010), "Future trax", Mojo (201), retrieved 13 June 2011
  13. http://www.huffingtonpost.in/suprateek-chatterjee/rip-charanjit-singh-the-m_b_7750646.html?1436343715
  14. Andrew Hultkrans (August 2010), "Charanjit Singh – Synthesizing: Ten Ragas to a Disco Beat", Spin, 26 (7), p. 88, ISSN 0886-3032, retrieved 4 June 2011
  15. "Top 10 Compilations and Re-Issues of the Year". Bleep Magazine. 2010. Retrieved 13 June 2011.
  16. "Indian Origins of American Acid House". PRI's The World. May 2011.
  17. Geeta Dayal (6 April 2010). "Further thoughts on '10 Ragas to a Disco Beat'". The Original Soundtrack. Archived from the original on 2 September 2010. Retrieved 3 June 2011.
  18. Geeta Dayal (29 August 2010). "'Studio 84′: Digging into the History of Disco in India". The Original Soundtrack. Archived from the original on 2 March 2012. Retrieved 3 June 2011.
  19. Geeta Dayal (5 April 2010). "Thoughts on '10 Ragas to a Disco Beat'". The Original Soundtrack. Archived from the original on 5 March 2012. Retrieved 3 June 2011.
  20. Charanjit Singh – Synthesizing: Ten Ragas to a Disco Beat at Discogs (1983 LP)
  21. Ten Ragas to a Disco Beat at AllMusic. Retrieved 3 June 2011.
  22. Adam MacGregor (3 January 2011). "Charanjit Singh – Synthesizing: Ten Ragas to a Disco Beat". Dusted Magazine. Retrieved 4 June 2011.
  23. Ghose, Rana. "For Love of Charanjit Singh: Disco Ragas On The Road". The Quietus. Retrieved 2 January 2014.
  24. "Charanjit Singh tour dates". Resident Advisor. Retrieved 6 July 2015.
  25. Charanjit Singh – Synthesizing: Ten Ragas To A Disco Beat at Discogs (2010 LP)
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