Chrysler Airflow

A restored '34 Airflow

Front-opening rear doors aided entry into the back of the '34 Airflow

The '34 Airflow had functional hood cooling vents

The '34 Airflow had no trunk; one was bolted on starting in 1936

The highly stylized dashboard of a '34 Airflow

Carl Breer, along with fellow Chrysler engineers Fred Zeder and Owen Skelton, began a series of wind tunnel tests, with the cooperation of Orville Wright, to study which forms were the most efficient shape created by nature that could suit an automobile. Chrysler built a wind tunnel at the Highland Park site, and tested at least 50 scale models by April 1930. Their engineers found that then-current two-box automobile design was so aerodynamically inefficient that it was actually more aerodynamic when tested as if being driven backwards. Applying what they had learned about shape, the engineers also began looking into unibody construction to achieve rigidity with less weight than could be achieved with the conventional separate frame and body. The strengthening was demonstrated in a publicity reel.[2] The car thus represented a breakthrough in lightweight-yet-strong construction, as well as increasing the power-to-drag ratio, since the lighter, more streamlined body allowed air to flow around it instead of being caught against upright forms such as radiator grilles, headlights and windshields.

Traditional automobiles of the day were the typical two-box design, with about 65% of the weight over the rear wheels. When loaded with passengers, the weight distribution tended to become further imbalanced, rising to 75% or more over the rear wheels, resulting in unsafe handling characteristics on slippery roads. Spring rates at the rear of traditional vehicles were therefore necessarily higher, and passengers were subjected to a harsher ride.

Innovative weight distribution in the new Chrysler Airflow stemmed from the need for superior handling dynamics. The engine was moved forward over the front wheels compared with traditional automobiles of the time, and passengers were all moved forward so that rear seat passengers were seated within the wheelbase, rather than on top of the rear axle. The weight distribution had approximately 54% of the weight over the front wheels, which evened to near 50:50 with passengers[3] and resulted in more equal spring rates, better handling, and far superior ride quality.

Prior to the Airflow's debut, Chrysler did a publicity stunt in which they reversed the axles and steering gear of a conventional 1933 model, which allowed the car to be driven "backwards" throughout Detroit. The stunt caused a near panic, but the marketing department felt that this would call attention to the poor aerodynamics of current cars, and send a hint that Chrysler was planning something big. The car that emerged was like no other American production car to date.

The Airflow, which was heavily influenced by the streamlining design movement, was sleek and low compared to other cars on American roads. The car's grille work cascaded forward and downward forming a waterfall look[1] where other makes featured fairly upright radiators. Headlights were semi-flush to areas immediate to the grille.[1] The front fenders enclosed the running surface of the tire tread. In the rear, Airflows encased the rear wheels through the use of fender skirts.

Instead of a flat panel of glass, the windshield comprised two sheets of glass that formed a raked "vee" both side to side,[1] and top to bottom. All the windows were made of safety glass.[4] Passengers were carried in a full steel body (at a time when automakers like General Motors, Ford and even Chrysler itself continued to use wood structural framing members in their car bodies) that rested between the wheels instead of upon them.[5] The front seat was wider than in other cars and the rear seat was deeper. Overall, the car possessed a better power-to-weight ratio, and its structural integrity was stronger than other like models of the day.

The car was introduced months (in January, 1934)[6] before it was put in production, and production peaked at only 6,212 units in May 1934 — very late in the year and barely enough to give every dealer a single Chrysler Airflow. The factory had not accounted for significant manufacturing challenges and expense due to the unusual new Airflow design, which required an unprecedented number and variety of welding techniques. The early Airflows arriving at dealerships suffered from significant problems, mostly the result of faulty manufacturing. According to Fred Breer, son of Chrysler Engineer Carl Breer, the first 2,000 to 3,000 Airflows to leave the factory had major defects, including engines breaking loose from their mountings at 80 mph (130 km/h).

1937

1937 Chrysler Airflow

In its final year, the Airflow was reduced to one model, the Airflow Eight, offered as a two-door coupe and four-door sedan. A total of 4,600 units were produced before the program was cancelled.[7] Flat dashboards with recessed controls, soft door handles, and padding on the back of the front seats were new safety features.[1][9]

It was in this year that an Airflow Custom Imperial, model CW*, limousine became the official car of Philippine president Manuel L. Quezon. The historic vehicle was restored in 1978 and is on display in Quezon City, Philippines Another major restoration was conducted in 2009 by Alfred Nobel Perez of the Vintage Car Club of the Philippines in time for the 131st birth anniversary of Quezon. It was first displayed at Doña Aurora Quezon replica house corner of San Luis and Rizal Streets, Poblacion, Baler, Aurora, Philippines. It later became part of the National Historical Commission of the Philippines collection for its Presidential Car Museum inaugurated on August 19, 2018 in partnership with the Quezon City government.[10]

Another 1937 Airflow Custom Imperial, model CW*, limousine was owned by radio personality Major Edward Bowes,[11] Chrysler was one of Bowes' radio show sponsors. The two Airflow Custom Imperials were actually leftover 1935 models and only the two were built for 1937; Imperials and Custom Imperials built for the U.S. market in 1937 were conventionally styled, and priced below and above the Airflow, respectively. The cars have a 140-inch wheelbase.

The 1936 Toyota AA was influenced by the Chrysler Airflow via the DeSoto Airflow[12]

Volvo PV 36 Carioca

While the Airflow may have signaled Chrysler's attempt to set itself apart from other manufacturers, the failure of the car in the marketplace caused the company to take a more conservative path with its future models. Until the debut of Virgil Exner's "Forward Look" cars of 1955, Chrysler's corporate styling was conservative and mainstream.

It is rumoured that Ferdinand Porsche imported an early Airflow coupe into Germany, and using this model for "inspiration", designed the first Volkswagen Beetle. The similarities between early Volkswagen Beetles and the Airflow coupes could be a testimony to this hypothesis.. However, the general lines of the KDF-Wagen were drawn as early as 1932, and the Czech Tatra T97 and the Tatra 77 are far more likely inspirations. German automaker Adler also introduced a streamlined sedan in 1937.

Regardless of any effect it may or may not have had with Dr. Porsche, the revolutionary benefits of the design were immediately evident to designers the world over. U.S. designers could not and did not ignore the benefits of all steel construction, aerodynamics and a rear seat forward of the rear axle. General Motors was quick to respond with all-steel " Turret Tops", and later introduced a fastback coupe appearance on all of their brands from 1942 until 1950, offering the appearance on the Chevrolet Fleetline, Pontiac Streamliner, Oldsmobile 88 Club Coupe, Buick Super Sedanette and Cadillac Series 61 Sedanette; other manufacturers either followed suit or went out of business.

In other countries, where gasoline was more expensive and practical considerations were therefore more important than styling, the flattery-by-imitation was even more sincere. Volvo was one of the first to get a smaller copy of the Airflow into production. The Peugeot 202 and the larger Peugeot 402 would become a major sales success (to Chrysler's chagrin), and imitating the Airflow would be the secret of the success of a brand-new venture in the auto business called Toyota.

After nearly a century, Chrysler created the Chrysler PT Cruiser which was a retro-style car with its styling having mixed elements from the 1949 Chevrolet Suburban and the Chrysler Airflow.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chrysler Airflow.

The Airflow was the inspiration for Claes Oldenburg's print/sculpture Profile Airflow, featuring a lithograph of the car beneath a superimposed aquamarine resin relief. The initial resin in the initial printing faded to an olive green colour and was thus recalled by Claes Oldenburg and Gemini G.E.L., the printmaking studio which fabricated Profile Airflow.

Profile Airflow is especially significant because it revolutionized the idea of a print, expanding it to include serialized sculpture.

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• Chrysler Airflow at the Internet Movie Cars Database