Claes Oldenburg

Claes Oldenburg was born on January 28, 1929 in Stockholm, the son of Gösta Oldenburg[2] and his wife Sigrid Elisabeth née Lindforss.[3] His father was then a Swedish diplomat stationed in New York and in 1936 was appointed Consul General of Sweden to Chicago where Oldenburg grew up, attending the Latin School of Chicago. He studied literature and art history at Yale University[4] from 1946 to 1950, then returned to Chicago where he took classes at The School of the Art Institute of Chicago. While further developing his craft, he worked as a reporter at the City News Bureau of Chicago. He also opened his own studio and, in 1953, became a naturalized citizen of the United States. In 1956, he moved to New York, and for a time worked in the library of the Cooper Union Museum for the Arts of Decoration, where he also took the opportunity to learn more, on his own, about the history of art.[5]

Oldenburg's first recorded sales of artworks were at the 57th Street Art Fair in Chicago, where he sold 5 items for a total price of $25.[6] He moved back to New York City in 1956. There he met a number of artists, including Jim Dine, Red Grooms, and Allan Kaprow, whose happenings incorporated theatrical aspects and provided an alternative to the abstract expressionism that had come to dominate much of the art scene. Oldenburg began toying with the idea of soft sculpture in 1957, when he completed a free-hanging piece made from a woman's stocking stuffed with newspaper. (The piece was untitled when he made it but is now referred to as Sausage.)[7]

By 1960, Oldenburg had produced sculptures containing simply rendered figures, letters and signs, inspired by the Lower East Side neighborhood where he lived, made out of materials such as cardboard, burlap, and newspapers; in 1961, he shifted his method, creating sculptures from chicken wire covered with plaster-soaked canvas and enamel paint, depicting everyday objects – articles of clothing and food items.[8] Oldenburg's first show that included three-dimensional works, in May 1959, was at the Judson Gallery, at Judson Memorial Church on Washington Square.[9] During this time, artist Robert Beauchamp described Oldenburg as "brilliant", due to the reaction that the pop artist brought to a "dull" abstract expressionist period.[10]

In the 1960s, Oldenburg became associated with the pop art movement and created many so-called happenings, which were performance art related productions of that time. The name he gave to his own productions was "Ray Gun Theater". The cast of colleagues who appeared in his Performances included artists Lucas Samaras, Tom Wesselmann, Carolee Schneemann, Oyvind Fahlstrom and Richard Artschwager, dealer Annina Nosei, critic Barbara Rose, and screenwriter Rudy Wurlitzer.[7] His first wife (1960–1970) Patty Mucha, who sewed many of his early soft sculptures, was a constant performer in his happenings. This brash, often humorous, approach to art was at great odds with the prevailing sensibility that, by its nature, art dealt with "profound" expressions or ideas. But Oldenburg's spirited art found first a niche then a great popularity that endures to this day. In December 1961, he rented a store on Manhattan's Lower East Side to house "The Store", a month-long installation he had first presented at the Martha Jackson Gallery in New York, stocked with sculptures roughly in the form of consumer goods.[7]

Oldenburg moved to Los Angeles in 1963 "because it was the most opposite thing to New York [he] could think of".[7] That same year, he conceived AUT OBO DYS, performed in the parking lot of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics in December 1963. In 1965 he turned his attention to drawings and projects for imaginary outdoor monuments. Initially these monuments took the form of small collages such as a crayon image of a fat, fuzzy teddy bear looming over the grassy fields of New York's Central Park (1965)[11] and Lipsticks in Piccadilly Circus, London (1966).[12] In 1967, New York city cultural adviser Sam Green realized Oldenburg's first outdoor public monument; Placid Civic Monument took the form of a Conceptual performance/action behind the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, with a crew of gravediggers digging a 6-by-3-foot rectangular hole in the ground.[4] In 1969, Oldenberg contributed a drawing to the Moon Museum. Geometric Mouse-Scale A, Black 1/6, also from 1969, was selected to be part of the Governor Nelson A. Rockefeller Empire State Plaza Art Collection in Albany, NY.[13]

Many of Oldenburg's large-scale sculptures of mundane objects elicited ridicule before being accepted. For example, the 1969 Lipstick (Ascending) on Caterpillar Tracks, was removed from its original place in Beinecke Plaza at Yale University, and "circulated on a loan basis to other campuses".[14] With its "bright color, contemporary form and material and its ignoble subject, it attacked the sterility and pretentiousness of the classicistic building behind it". The artist "pointed out it opposed levity to solemnity, color to colorlessness, metal to stone, simple to a sophisticated tradition. In theme, it is both phallic, life-engendering, and a bomb, the harbinger of death. Male in form, it is female in subject..."[14] One of a number of sculptures that have interactive capabilities, it now resides in the Morse College courtyard.

From the early 1970s, Oldenburg concentrated almost exclusively on public commissions.[12] His first public work, Three-Way Plug came on commission from Oberlin College with a grant from the National Endowment for the Arts.[15] His collaboration with Dutch/American writer and art historian Coosje van Bruggen dates from 1976. Their first collaboration came when Oldenburg was commissioned to rework Trowel I, a 1971 sculpture of an oversize garden tool, for the grounds of the Kröller-Müller Museum in Otterlo, the Netherlands.[16] Oldenburg has officially signed all the work he has done since 1981 with both his own name and van Bruggen's.[7] In 1988, the two created the iconic Spoonbridge and Cherry sculpture for the Walker Art Center in Minneapolis that remains a staple of the Minneapolis Sculpture Garden as well as a classic image of the city. Typewriter Eraser, Scale X (1999) is in the National Gallery of Art Sculpture Garden. Another well known construction is the Free Stamp in downtown Cleveland.[17]

In addition to freestanding projects, they occasionally contributed to architectural projects, among them, two Los Angeles projects in collaboration with architect Frank Gehry: Toppling Ladder With Spilling Paint, which was installed at Loyola Law School in 1986, and the building-mounted sculpture Giant Binoculars, completed in Venice in 1991.[7] The couple's collaboration with Gehry also involved a return to performance for Oldenburg when the trio presented Il Corso del Coltello, in Venice, Italy, in 1985; other characters were portrayed by Germano Celant and Pontus Hultén.[18] "Coltello" is the source of Knife Ship, a large-scale sculpture that served as the central prop; it was later seen in Los Angeles in 1988 when Oldenburg, Van Bruggen and Gehry presented Coltello Recalled: Reflections on a Performance at the Japanese American Cultural & Community Center and the exhibition Props, Costumes and Designs for the Performance "Il Corso del Coltello" at Margo Leavin Gallery.[7]

In 2001, Oldenburg and van Bruggen created Dropped Cone, a huge inverted ice cream cone, on top of a shopping center in Cologne, Germany.[19] Installed at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts in 2011, Paint Torch is a towering 53 feet high pop sculpture of a paintbrush, capped with bristles that are illuminated at night. The sculpture is installed at a daring 60-degree angle, as if in the act of painting.[20]

Artists Claes Oldenburg, and Fay Peck, with Museum Director Jan van der Marck (August 1968)

Claes Oldenburg in Stedelijk Museum Amsterdam (1970)

Oldenburg's first one-man show in 1959, at the Judson Gallery in New York, had shown figurative drawings and papier-mâché sculptures.[12] He was honored with a solo exhibition of his work at the Moderna Museet (organized by Pontus Hultén), in 1966; the Museum of Modern Art, New York, in 1969; London's Tate Gallery in 1970 (chronicled in a 1970 twin-projection documentary by James Scott called The Great Ice Cream Robbery[21]); and with a retrospective organized by Germano Celant at the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum,[22] New York, in 1995 (travelling to the National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.; Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles; Kunst- und Ausstellungshalle der Bundesrepublik Deutschland, Bonn; and Hayward Gallery, London). In 2002 the Whitney Museum of American Art in New York held a retrospective of the drawings of Oldenburg and Van Bruggen; the same year, the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York exhibited a selection of their sculptures on the roof of the museum.[4]

Oldenburg is represented by The Pace Gallery in New York and Margo Leavin Gallery in Los Angeles.

The city of Milan, Italy, commissioned the work known as Needle, Thread and Knot (Italian: Ago, filo e nodo) which is installed in the Piazzale Cadorna.

In 2018, The Maze was included in 1968: Sparta Dreaming Athens at Château de Montsoreau-Museum of Contemporary Art.[23]

In 1989, Oldenburg won the Wolf Prize in Arts. In 2000, he was awarded the National Medal of Arts.[24] Oldenburg has also received honorary degrees from Oberlin College, Ohio, in 1970; Art Institute of Chicago, Illinois, in 1979; Bard College, New York, in 1995; and Royal College of Art, London, in 1996, as well as the following awards: Brandeis University Sculpture Award, 1971; Skowhegan Medal for Sculpture, 1972; Art Institute of Chicago, First Prize Sculpture Award, 72nd American Exhibition, 1976; Medal, American Institute of Architects, 1977; Wilhelm-Lehmbruck Prize for Sculpture, Duisburg, Germany, 1981; Brandeis University Creative Arts Award for Lifetime Artistic Achievement, The Jack I. and Lillian Poses Medal for Sculpture, 1993; Rolf Schock Foundation Prize, Stockholm, Sweden, 1995. He is a member of the American Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters since 1975 and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences since 1978.[25]

Oldenburg and Coosje van Bruggen have together received honorary degrees from California College of the Arts, San Francisco, California, in 1996; University of Teesside, Middlesbrough, England, in 1999; Nova Scotia College of Art and Design, Halifax, Nova Scotia, in 2005; the College for Creative Studies in Detroit, Michigan, in 2005, and the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts, 2011. Awards of their collaboration include the Distinction in Sculpture, SculptureCenter, New York (1994); Nathaniel S. Saltonstall Award, Institute of Contemporary Art, Boston (1996); Partners in Education Award, Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New York (2002); and Medal Award, School of the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston (2004).[25]

In her 16-minute, 16mm film Manhattan Mouse Museum (2011), artist Tacita Dean captured Oldenburg in his studio as he gently handles and dusts the small objects that line his bookshelves. The film is less about the artist's iconography than the embedded intellectual process that allows him to transform everyday objects into remarkable sculptural forms.[26]

Patty Mucha was Oldenburg's first wife, from 1960 to 1970, first met Claes Oldenburg in after she moved to New York in 1957 to become an artist. When Oldenburg was painting portraits, Patty Mucha became one of his nude models;[27] an Oldenburg drawing of Patty titled Pat Reading in Bed, Lenox, 1959,[28] is in the collection of The Whitney Museum of American Art. She was a constant performer in Oldenburg's happenings and performed with The Druds.

Between 1969 and 1977, Oldenburg was in a relationship with the feminist artist and sculptor, Hannah Wilke, who died in 1993.[29] They shared several studios and traveled together, and Wilke often photographed him.

Oldenburg and his second wife, Coosje van Bruggen, met in 1970 when Oldenburg's first major retrospective traveled to the Stedelijk Museum in Amsterdam, where van Bruggen was a curator.[30] They were married in 1977.[31]

In 1992, Oldenburg and van Bruggen acquired Château de la Borde, a small Loire Valley chateau, whose music room gave them the idea of making a domestically sized collection.[30] Van Bruggen and Oldenburg renovated the house, decorating it with modernist pieces by Le Corbusier, Charles and Ray Eames, Alvar Aalto, Frank Gehry, Eileen Gray.[32] Van Bruggen died on January 10, 2009, from the effects of breast cancer.[16]

Oldenburg's brother, art historian Richard E. Oldenburg, was director of the Museum of Modern Art, New York, between 1972 and 1993,[7] and later chairman of Sotheby's America.[33]

Oldenburg's sculpture Typewriter Eraser (1976), the third piece from an edition of three, was sold for $2.2 million at Christie's New York in 2009.[34]

• 
  Screw Arch, Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen, Rotterdam, Netherlands
• 
  Giant Balls (1977) by Claes Oldenburg and Coosje van Bruggen for Skulptur Projekte Münster, Münster
• 
  The Garden Hose, Freiberg, Saxony, Germany
• 
  Claes Oldenburg and Coosje van Bruggen, Eindhoven, Netherlands
• 
  Free Stamp, Willard Park, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
• 
  Shuttlecocks Claes Oldenburg and Coosje van Bruggen, Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
• 
  Spring 2006, Coosje van Bruggen and Claes Oldenburg, Cheonggyecheon, Seoul, Korea
• 
  Batcolumn, Harold Washington Social Security Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
• 
  Bottle O' Notes, Middlesbrough, North Yorkshire, England, UK
• 
  Dropped Cone 2001, Claes Oldenburg and Coosje van Bruggen, Neumarkt area, Cologne, Germany
• 
  Giant Binoculars, Chiat/Day Building, Venice, Los Angeles, California, USA

• Cupid's Span, San Francisco
• Coosje van Bruggen

• Axsom, Richard H., Printed Stuff: Prints, Poster, and Ephemera by Claes Oldenburg A Catalogue Raisonne 1958–1996 (Hudson Hills Press: 1997) ISBN 1-55595-123-6
• Busch, Julia M., A Decade of Sculpture: the New Media in the 1960s (The Art Alliance Press: Philadelphia; Associated University Presses: London, 1974) ISBN 0-87982-007-1
• Gianelli, Ida and Beccaria, Marcella (editors) Claes Oldenburg Coosje van Bruggen: Sculpture by the Way Fundació Joan Miró 2007
• Haskell, Barbara. Claes Oldenburg, Pasadena, CA: Pasadena Art Museum, 1971
• Höchdorfer, Achim, Claes Oldenburg: The Sixties (Prestel: USA, 2012) ISBN 3791352059
• Johnson, Ellen H. Claes Oldenburg, Penguin Books, (Harmondsworth, Middlesex, England; Baltimore, Maryland, USA; Ringwood, Victoria, Australia), 1971
• Oldenburg, Claes Log May 1974 – August 1976, Stuttgart: edition hansjorg mayer, 1976 (Two volume boxed set: "Photo Log" and "Press Log")
• Oldenburg, Claes Raw Notes: Documents and Scripts of the Performances: Stars, Moveyhouse, Massage, The Typewriter, with annotations by the author. (The Press of the Nova Scotia College of Art and Design: Halifax, 2005) ISBN 0-919616-43-7
• Thalacker, Donald W. "The Place of Art in the World of Architecture." Chelsea House Publishers, New York, 1980. ISBN 0-87754-098-5
• Valentin, Eric, Claes Oldenburg, Coosje van Bruggen. Le grotesque contre le sacré, Paris, collection Art et artistes, Gallimard, 2009. ISBN 978-2-07-078627-5
• Valentin, Eric, Claes Oldenburg et Coosje van Bruggen. La sculpture comme subversion de l'architecture (1981–1997), Dijon, collection Inflexion, Les Presses du réel, 2012 ISBN 978-2-84066-450-5

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Claes Oldenburg.

• Claes Oldenburg and Coosje van Bruggen's website
• The Pace Gallery
• Claes Oldenburg at the Museum of Modern Art
• Oldenburg page at the Guggenheim Museum site
• An anthology of Oldenburg's work, includes brief bio
• National Gallery of Art Claes Oldenburg: Making the Ordinary Extraordinary
• Pop Art Masters – Claes Oldenburg
• Biography of Claes Oldenburg
• Claes Oldenburg in the National Gallery of Australia's Kenneth Tyler collection
• An editorial of Oldenburg's work, highlighting five of his large-scale public sculptures