Climate of Egypt

The prevailing northwesterly wind from the Mediterranean Sea continuously blows over the northern coast without the interposition of an eventual mountain range and thus, greatly moderates temperatures throughout the year. Because of the effect, average low temperatures vary from 9.5 °C (49.1 °F) in wintertime to 23 °C (73.4 °F) in summertime and average high temperatures vary from 17 °C (62.6 °F) in wintertime to 32 °C (89.6 °F) in summertime. Though temperatures are moderated along the coasts, the situation changes in the interior, which are away from the moderating northerly winds. Thus, in the central and the southern parts, nighttime temperatures are really really hot, especially in summers where average high temperatures can exceed 40 °C (104 °F) like in Aswan, Luxor, Asyut or Sohag which are located in the deserts of Egypt.

The Nile after the ″dragon storm″ in March 2020

Every year, sometime from March to May, an extremely hot, dry and dusty wind blows from the south or the southwest. This wind is called khamasīn. When the flow of dry air continuously blows over vast desert regions, it picks up fine sand and dust particles and finally results in a dusty wind which is generally felt in the periphery of the desert. When this wind blows over Egypt, it causes high temperatures to soar temporarily at dangerous levels, usually over 45 °C (113 °F), the relative humidity levels to drop under 5%. The khamasīn causes sudden, early heat waves and the absolute highest temperature records in Egypt.

Egypt receives between 20 mm (0.79 in) and 200 mm (7.87 in) of annual average precipitation along the narrow Mediterranean coast, but south to Cairo, the average drops to nearly 0 millimetres (0.00 inches) in the central and the southern part of the country. The cloudiest, rainiest places are in and around Alexandria and Rafah. The sunshine duration is high all over Egypt, ranging from a low of 3,300 hours along the northernmost part in places such as Alexandria to reach a high of over 4,000 hours farther in the interior, in most of the country.

Some mountainous locations in Sinai, such as Saint Catherine, have cooler night temperatures, due to their high elevations. It usually snows on the Sinai mountains, but it almost never snows in the cities of Giza, Cairo, and Alexandria. For example, in December 2013, Cairo received a single overnight snowfall for the first time since 1901.

Topography map

Snow in Saint Catherine, Sinai Peninsula (1 March 2009)

Notable climatic features

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• Rafah and Alexandria are the wettest places
• Asyut is the driest city
• Aswan and Luxor are the cities with the hottest summer days
• Saint Catherine has the coldest nights and coldest winters

Cities or resorts with coolest summer days

• Mersa Matruh
• Port Said

Places with least temperature fluctuation

• Port Said
• Kosseir
• Ras El Bar
• Baltim
• Damietta
• Alexandria

Wettest places

• Rafah
• Alexandria
• Abu Qir
• Rosetta
• Baltim
• Kafr El Dawwar
• Mersa Matruh

Cities or resorts with warmest winter nights

• Marsa Alam
• El Qoseir
• Sharm El Sheikh

Cities with most temperature fluctuation between days and nights

• Luxor
• Minya
• Sohag
• Qena
• Asyut

• Geography of Egypt