Competition Commission of India

The idea of Competition Commission was conceived and introduced in the form of The Competition Act, 2002 by the Vajpayee government. A need was felt to promote competition and private enterprise especially in the light of 1991 Indian economic liberalisation.[7]

The Competition Act, 2002, as amended by the Competition (Amendment) Act, 2007, follows the philosophy of modern competition laws. The Act prohibits anti-competitive agreements, abuse of dominant position by enterprises and regulates combinations (acquisition, acquiring of control and Merger and acquisition), which causes or likely to cause an appreciable adverse effect on competition within India.[8]

The objectives of the Act are sought to be achieved through the Competition Commission of India (CCI), which has been established by the Central Government with effect from 14 October 2003. CCI consists of a Chairperson and 6 Members appointed by the Central Government. It is the duty of the Commission to eliminate practices having adverse effect on competition, promote and sustain competition, protect the interests of consumers and ensure freedom of trade in the markets of India.[8] The Commission is also required to give an opinion on competition issues on a reference received from a statutory authority established under any law and to undertake competition advocacy, create public awareness and impart training on competition issues.[8]

The Commission comprises a Chairperson and not less than 2 and not more than 6 other members appointed by the Central Government. Ashok Kumar Gupta is the current Chairperson of the CCI.[9] The members of the Competition Commission of India are:

1. Dr. Sangeeta Verma
2. Bhagwant Singh Bishnoi

• In December 2010, CCI instituted a probe to examine if there was any cartelization among traders when onion prices touched 80 rupees, but did not find sufficient evidence of market manipulation.[10]
• In June 2012, CCI imposed a fine of ₹63.07 billion (US$880 million) 11 cement companies for cartelisation. CCI claimed that cement companies met regularly to fix prices, control market share and hold back supply which earned them illegal profits.[11][12]
• In January 2013, CCI modified clauses in agreements between real estate company DLF Limited and apartment buyers.[13] Business and finance Portal Moneycontrol.com welcomed the order saying that, "This is a landmark ruling and will benefit property owners across the country". Some of the important modifications were:
  • The Builder cannot undertake any additional construction beyond the approved building plan given to the buyers.[13]
  • The builder will not have complete ownership of open spaces within the residential project area not sold.[13]
  • Not just the buyer but the builder will be liable for any defaults.[14]
  • All payments made by the buyers must be based on construction milestones and not "on demand".[14]
  • The builder will not have the sole power to form the owner’s association.[14]
• On 8 February 2013, CCI imposed a penalty of ₹522 million (US$7.3 million) on the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI) for misusing its dominant position. The CCI found that IPL team ownership agreements were unfair and discriminatory and that the terms of the IPL franchise agreements were loaded in favor of BCCI and franchises had no say in the terms of the contract. The CCI ordered BCCI to "cease and desist" from any practice in future denying market access to potential competitors and not use its regulatory powers in deciding matters relating to its commercial activities.[15][16]
• In 2014, CCI imposed a fine of ₹10 million upon Google for failure to comply with the directions given by the Director General seeking information and documents.[17]
• On 25 August 2014, CCI imposed a fine of ₹2544 crores on 14 Indian car manufacturers for failure to provide branded spare parts and diagnostic tools to independent repairers, hampering their ability to repair and maintain certain car models. The companies fined were Maruti Suzuki, Mahindra & Mahindra, Tata Motors, Toyota, Honda, Volkswagen, Fiat, Ford, General Motors, Nissan, Hindustan Motors, Mercedes Benz and Skoda. [18]
• On 17 November 2015, CCI imposed a fine of ₹258 crores upon Three Airlines. Competition Commission of India (CCI) had penalized the three airlines for cartelization in determining the fuel surcharge on air cargo. A penalty of Rs 151.69 crores was imposed on Jet Airways, while that on InterGlobe Aviation Limited (Indigo) and SpiceJet are Rs 63.74 crores and Rs 42.48 crores respectively.[19]
• In May 2017, CCI ordered a probe into the functioning of the Cellular Operators Association of India following a complaint filed by Reliance Jio against the cartelization by its rivals Bharati Airtel, Vodafone India and Idea cellular.
• On 8 February 2018, it had fined Google's parent company, Alphabet Inc. for 135.86 cr rupees for 'search bias'.
• On August 12, 2018, the CCI approved the Disney-Fox deal.[20]
• In July 2018 the Commission imposed fines on the Federation of Gujarat State Chemists and Druggists Association, the Amdavad Chemist Association, the Surat Chemists and Druggists Association, the Chemists and Druggists Association of Baroda, Glenmark Pharmaceuticals, Hetero Healthcare Ltd, Divine Saviour and their staff and officers for breaches of the Competition Act 2002 by requiring No Objection Certificates before appointing stockists.[21]
• In May 2019, the commission ordered an antitrust probe against Google for abusing its dominant position with Android to block market rivals. This probe was ordered on basis of the analysis of a similar case in the EU where Google was found guilty and fined.[22]
• In June 2019, CCI issued letters to handset makers seeking details of terms and conditions of their agreement with Google. This is to ascertain if Google imposed any restrictions on them for using the company's apps in the past 8 years from 2011.[23]

• Official website
• The Competition Act, 2002
• Competition Law Bare Act & Articles