Cordillera Blanca

The Cordillera Blanca (Spanish for "white range") is a mountain range in Peru that is part of the larger Andes range and extends for 200 kilometres (124 mi) between 8°08' and 9°58'S and 77°00' and 77°52'W, in a northwesterly direction.[1] It includes several peaks over 6,000 metres (19,690 ft) high and 722 individual glaciers.[1] The highest mountain in Peru, Huascarán, at 6,768 metres (22,205 ft) high, is located there.[1][2]

Cordillera Blanca
Huandoy (6,360 m)
Highest point
PeakHuascarán
Elevation6,768 m (22,205 ft)
Coordinates9°07′17″S 77°36′32″W 
Dimensions
Length180 km (110 mi) N-S
Width21 km (13 mi)
Geography
Location of Cordillera Blanca inside Peru.
CountryPeru
RegionAncash
Range coordinates9°10′S 77°35′W
Parent rangeAndes

The Cordillera Blanca lies in the Ancash region and runs parallel to the Santa River valley (also called Callejón de Huaylas in its upper and midsections) on the west. Huascarán National Park, established in 1975, encompasses almost the entire range of the Cordillera Blanca.[2]

Snowmelt from the Cordillera Blanca provides part of northern Peru with its year-round water supply, while 5% of Peru's power comes from a hydro-electrical plant located in the Santa River valley. The area of permanent ice cover shrank by about a third between the 1970s and 2006.[3]

Geography
One of the Llanganuco Lakes, with snow-covered Yanapaccha in the background.
See also: Cordillera Blanca Batholith

The Cordillera Blanca is the most extensive tropical ice-covered mountain range in the world and has the largest concentration of ice in Peru.[1] It is part of the Cordillera Occidental (the westernmost part of the Peruvian Andes), and trends in a northwesterly direction for 200 km between 8°08' and 9°58'S of latitude and 77°00' and 77°52' W of longitude.[1] It has five of the most spectacular peaks above 6,000 m in the Peruvian Andes; the highest peak, Huascarán, rises to an elevation of 6,768 m above sea level.[1] The Cordillera Blanca also acts as a continental divide: the Santa River on the west drains into the Pacific Ocean, whereas the Marañón River on the east drains into the Atlantic Ocean.[1]

Glaciers

Until the 1990s a total of 722 individual glaciers were recognized in this mountain range, covering an area of 723.4 km2.[1] Most were on the western side of the range, where 530 glaciers covered an area of 507.5 km2, while on the eastern side 192 glaciers covered an area of 215.9 km2.[1] Most of the glaciers, 91% of the total, were classified as mountain glaciers (they are generally short and have extremely steep slopes); the rest were classified as valley glaciers, except for one ice cap.[1]

Like all Andean glaciers, the Cordillera Blanca has witnessed a major retreat of its glaciers during the 20th century due to global climate change. Studies have shown a retreat of over 15% since the 1970s.[4] Based on analysis of satellite imagery, in 2003 there were 485 glaciers left, covering an area of 569.6 km2.[5]

From left to right: Huandoy, Huascarán (highest mountain in the range) and Chopicalqui.

Lakes

Among the most important lakes in the range are the Llanganuco Lakes,[6] which are located on the northern side of Huascarán, and are accessible from the town of Yungay;[2] the deep-turquoise Lake Parón (the biggest lake in the Cordillera Blanca), located just north of Huandoy, accessible from the town of Caraz;[2][7][8] Lakes Ichiccocha and Jatuncocha,[8] which are near Artesonraju and Alpamayo and are accessible only by trekking or on horseback from Caraz.

Some other notable lakes are Lake 69, Lake Allicocha,[9] Lake Auquiscocha,[10] Lake Palcacocha, Lake Querococha, and Lake Conococha.[8]

Peaks
Taulliraju (5830 m)

There are several 6,000 m peaks in the Cordillera Blanca with a 400 m topographic prominence, and several other peaks over 5,500 m.[11] Huascarán Sur, the highest, has two commonly quoted heights: 6,746 m from the Peruvian National Geographic Institute (IGN) map and 6,768 m from the Austrian Alpine Club (OeAV) survey map.[12] Some of the highest peaks in the Cordillera Blanca are listed below.[13]

Chopicalqui (6354 m)
Part of the Cordillera Blanca as seen from the International Space Station in 2006.

Hot springs

Among the most important hot springs in the area are Monterrey and Chancos, which have been transformed into thermal bath facilities. They are 7 and 27 km respectively from the regional capital, Huaraz.[14][15]

Musho
Climate chart (explanation)
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Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
Precipitation totals in mm
Source: Climate-Data.org

Climate

The dry season extends from May through September, June and July having the least rain and more stable weather.[16] The data on the chart correspond to the village of Musho (elevation: 3084 m),[17] located at the foot of Huascarán.[18]

Ecology
The papery bark of Polylepis racemosa, protects the tree from low temperatures.

Flora and fauna in the range have adapted to the climate and elevational range of mountainous areas. Almost all of the Cordillera Blanca is protected by Huascarán National Park.[2]

Flora

The main types of plant communities present in the area are the vegetation of inter-Andean valleys (xerophytic plants in the lower elevations and shrubs and grassland at the higher elevations) and high-altitude vegetation (Puna grasslands and patches of high Andean forest).[19]

Plants in the range have adapted to the intense solar radiation, low temperatures, and water availability. Most plant species have pubescent leaves, an adaptation that protects the plants from water loss due to the intense solar radiation and low nighttime temperatures of the mountain climate.[20]

Examples of typical vegetation of this area include Polylepis racemosa, Escallonia resinosa, Alnus acuminata, Senna birostris, Vallea stipularis, Lupinus spp., Vaccinium floribundum, Puya raimondii, Calamagrostis vicunarum, Festuca dolichophylla, Jarava ichu, Azorella spp., and Ranunculus macropetalus.[20]

Fauna

More than 120 bird species have been reported in Huascarán National Park.[2] The most notable include the Andean condor, the torrent duck, the puna tinamou, the brown pintail, the Andean crested duck, the white-tufted grebe, the giant coot, and the Andean gull.[2]

Among the mammals reported in the same area are the colocolo, the Andean mountain cat, the spectacled bear, the taruca deer, the vicuña, the white-tailed deer, the puma, the northern viscacha, the long-tailed weasel, the hog-nosed skunk, and the Andean fox.[2]

See also

References
  1. "Peruvian Cordilleras". USGS. Retrieved August 16, 2014.
  2. "Huascarán - Servicio Nacional de Áreas Naturales Protegidas por el Estado". www.sernanp.gob.pe (in Spanish). Retrieved 2016-05-29.
  3. Painter, James (2007-03-12). "Peru's alarming water truth". BBC News Online: Americas. News.BBC.co.uk. Archived from the original on 2007-03-14.
  4. Lynas, Mark: High tide: the truth about our climate crisis, pg. 230, ISBN 978-0-312-30365-5
  5. Juřicová, Anna; Fratianni, Simona (May 2018). "Climate change and its relation to the fluctuation in glacier mass balance in the Cordillera Blanca, Peru: a review". AUC Geographica. 51 (1): 106–118. doi:10.14712/23361980.2018.10. Retrieved August 25, 2018.
  6. "Laguna de Llanganuco". Inventario Turistico del Peru (in Spanish). MINCETUR. Retrieved 24 January 2016.
  7. "Laguna Parón". Inventario Turistico del Peru (in Spanish). MINCETUR. Retrieved 5 November 2016.
  8. Portocarrero, César; Engility Corp. (2014). The Glacial Lake Handbook (PDF). USAID. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-03-19. Retrieved 2016-11-06.
  9. "Laguna Allicocha". MINCETUR. Retrieved July 4, 2016.
  10. "Laguna Auquiscocha". Inventario Turistico del Peru (in Spanish). MINCETUR. Retrieved 5 November 2016.
  11. Biggar, John; et al. "Andes Peak Lists". Andes.
  12. Jonathan de Ferranti; et al. "South American Prominence Lists". Peaklist.org.
  13. Taken from Mountaineering in the Andes by Jill Neate, RGS-IBG Expedition Advisory Centre, 2nd edition, May 1994
  14. "Baños Termales de Monterrey". Inventario Turístico del Perú (in Spanish). MINCETUR. Retrieved 2016-06-01.
  15. "Baños Termales de Chancos". Inventario Turístico del Perú (in Spanish). MINCETUR. Retrieved 2016-06-01.
  16. Biggar, John (2005). "Northern Peru". The Andes: A Guide for Climbers. Andes. ISBN 978-0-9536087-2-0.
  17. "Clima: Musho - Climograma, Diagrama de temperatura, Tabla climática - Climate-Data.org". es.climate-data.org. Retrieved 2016-07-17.
  18. Peru 1:100 000, Carhuás (19-h). IGN (Instituto Geográfico Nacional - Perú).
  19. Villanueva, Ricardo (2011). Características de la Cuenca del Río Santa (PDF) (in Spanish). UICN SUR.
  20. Smith, David N. (1988). Flora and vegetation of the Huascarán National Park, Ancash, Peru: with preliminary taxonomic studies for a manual of the flora (Ph.D. Thesis). Iowa State University.
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