Croydon Canal

The Croydon Canal ran 9 1⁄4 miles (15 km) from Croydon, via Forest Hill, to the Grand Surrey Canal at New Cross in south London, England. It opened in 1809 and closed in 1836, the first canal to be abandoned by an Act of Parliament.

Croydon Canal
A short section of the canal remains in Betts Park, Anerley
Specifications
Locks28
Statusmostly destroyed
History
Date of act1801
Date of first use1809
Date closed1836
Geography
Start pointCroydon
End pointNew Cross
Connects toGrand Surrey Canal
Croydon Canal
 Grand Surrey Canal
1
 lock
2
 lock
 bridge at New Cross Gate Station
3
 lock
4-10
 New Cross locks (7)
 Brockley Cross bridge
11-26
 Honor Oak (17)
Dacres Wood
(Nature reserve)
Sydenham Resr and feeder
 Penge Wharf
 Anerley Tea Rooms section
 Betts Park concrete trough
 Norwood Resr and feeder
 Norwood Wharf
 steam pumping station
27-28
 Croydon Common locks (2)
 dock
 West Croydon basin

History

Authorised by an Act of Parliament in 1801, the canal was originally intended to extend northwards to Rotherhithe, but the simultaneous construction of the Grand Surrey Canal provided a convenient access route. It was 9 1⁄4 miles (15 km) long, and opened on 22 October 1809.[1]

The Croydon Canal linked to the Croydon, Merstham and Godstone Railway (itself connected to the Surrey Iron Railway), enabling the canal to be used to transport stone and lime from workings at Merstham. The canal was never extended further south-west, as was initially intended, to reach Epsom.

The canal was originally planned with two inclined planes but 28 locks, arranged in two flights, were used instead. To keep the canal supplied with water, reservoirs were constructed at Sydenham and South Norwood; the latter still exists as South Norwood Lake in a public park.

The canal was 34 feet (10 m) wide. It had a maximum depth of 5 feet (1.5 m). By 1811, 22 barges plied the canal. The barges were 60 feet (18 m) long and 9 feet (2.7 m) wide and could carry about 30 tons. The main cargo was timber.

After the initial flights of locks, most of the canal followed the 161 feet (49 m) contour. [2]

The final two locks at Croydon Common raised the canal to the 174 feet (53 m) contour, and because there was no natural source of water a steam pumping station was built at the foot of the locks to pump water up to the summit pound.[3] In June 1830 a new pumping engine was installed on Croydon Common which was the first commercial installation of Samuel Brown's gas vacuum engine, and quite probably the first commercial internal combustion engine in the world. The economics of the gas engine were interesting as the gas it consumed was made by turning coal into coke. The value of the resulting coke and coal tar by-products of making the gas substantially exceeded the cost of the coal, ground rent, repairs etc, so the gas vacuum engine made a profit of over £100 a year before considering the useful work it was doing.[4]

The canal was never a success and closed in 1836,[1] the first canal to be abandoned by an Act of Parliament. Much of the alignment was used by the London & Croydon Railway Company, which had bought the canal for £40,250,[1] for part of the railway between London Bridge and West Croydon station, which is on the site of the canal basin. The gas vacuum engine appears to have been in full working order when offered for sale in 1837.[5] It was described as able to lift water a height of 11 feet (3.4 m) at a rate of 2,000 imperial gallons per minute (9.1 m3/min). Tenders for its purchase (including the 18-foot (5.5 m) diameter gasometer) were to be sent to the offices of the Croydon Railway Company, which shared the same address as the London and Croydon Railway Company and dealt with the acquisition of the canal and disposal of any unwanted assets.

Today

After the canal closed, sections were retained for leisure use, and some remained in water for a considerable time. The section at Betts Park in Anerley was used as a boating lake, and the area was called Anerley Tea Rooms. The canal was turned into a concrete trough in 1934, and can be seen at the northern corner of Betts Park. Another section exists as a long curved pond in the Dacres Wood Nature Reserve[6] in Dacres Road, Forest Hill. This was considered for redevelopment in 1989, but research by Lewisham Council resulted in its identity being confirmed and it now forms an attractive wetland, having been returned to its former width.[7][8] There is a high pavement in David's Road, Forest Hill, which is thought to be part of the towpath. Part of the wall below the path has been rebuilt with murals depicting transport in Forest Hill.[9] The Norwood reservoir is now preserved as South Norwood Lake.[10]

Points of interest
  • Modern roads built over and named for the canal
  • Anerley, 1860. This part of the canal remained, after closure, for pleasure boating

See also

Bibliography
  • Hadfield, Charles (1969). The Canals of South and South East England. David and Charles. ISBN 978-0-7153-4693-8.
  • Russell, Ronald (1971). Lost canals of England and Wales. David and Charles. ISBN 978-0-7153-5417-9.

References
  1. Hadfield 1969, p. 374
  2. "Croydon: Honor Oak". London Canals. Archived from the original on 29 July 2010.
  3. "Croydon: Norwood". London Canals. Archived from the original on 29 July 2010.
  4. Brown's Gas Vacuum Engine, Evening Mail, 27 July 1832
  5. Gas Vacuum Engine, Morning Advertiser, 17 May 1837
  6. "Dacres Wood Nature Reserve". Dacres Wood Nature Reserve. Archived from the original on 10 April 2020. Retrieved 28 October 2020.
  7. "Croydon: Dacres Wood". London Canals. Archived from the original on 1 August 2010.
  8. "Conservation: Dacres Wood". Lewisham Council. Archived from the original on 18 March 2012. Retrieved 29 July 2011.
  9. "Croydon: Davids Road". London Canals. Archived from the original on 20 February 2009.
  10. Russell 1971, p. 55.

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