Cultural influence of Gilbert and Sullivan

For nearly 150 years, Gilbert and Sullivan have pervasively influenced popular culture in the English-speaking world.[1] Lines and quotations from the Gilbert and Sullivan operas have become part of the English language, such as "short, sharp shock", "What never? Well, hardly ever!", "let the punishment fit the crime", and "A policeman's lot is not a happy one".[2][3]

The Savoy operas heavily influenced the course of the development of modern musical theatre. They have also influenced political style and discourse, literature, film and television and advertising, and have been widely parodied by humorists. Because they are well-known, and convey a distinct sense of Britishness (or even Victorian Britishness), and because they are in the public domain,[4] songs from the operas appear "in the background" in many movies and television shows.

The operas have so pervaded Western culture that events from the "lives" of their characters from the operas are memorialized by major news outlets. For instance, a 29 February 1940 article in The New York Times noted that Frederic, from The Pirates of Penzance, was finally out of his indentures (having reached his 21st birthday, as described in that opera).[5]

Musical theatre and comedy

The American and British musical owes a tremendous debt to Gilbert and Sullivan, who introduced innovations in content and form that directly influenced the development of musical theatre through the 20th century.[6][7] According to theatre writer John Bush Jones, Gilbert and Sullivan were "the primary progenitors of the twentieth century American musical" in which book, music and lyrics combine to form an integrated whole, and they demonstrated "that musicals can address contemporary social and political issues without sacrificing entertainment value".[8]

Gilbert's complex rhyme schemes and satirical lyrics served as a model for Edwardian musical comedy writers such as Adrian Ross and Owen Hall, and for such 20th century Broadway lyricists as P. G. Wodehouse,[9] Cole Porter,[10] Ira Gershwin,[11] Yip Harburg,[12][13] Lorenz Hart,[14] Oscar Hammerstein II[6] and Sheldon Harnick.[7][15] Even some of the plot elements from G&S operas entered subsequent musicals; for example, 1937's Me and My Girl features a portrait gallery of ancestors that, like the portraits in Ruddigore, come alive to remind their descendant of his duty.[16] Johnny Mercer said, "We all come from Gilbert." Alan Jay Lerner wrote that Gilbert "raised lyric writing from a serviceable craft to a legitimate popular art form," and, despite professing not to be a Gilbert fan, Stephen Sondheim wrote "Please Hello" for Pacific Overtures (1976), a song that has been called "an homage" to Gilbert.[14] Yip Harburg said, "Perhaps my first great literary idol was W. S. Gilbert. ... Gilbert's satirical quality entranced us [Harburg and Ira Gershwin] – his use of rhyme and meter, his light touch, the marvelous way his words blended with Sullivan's music. A revelation!"[12] In the number "Right Hand Man" from the 2015 musical Hamilton by Lin-Manuel Miranda, George Washington refers to himself with irony as "The model of a modern major general", which he rhymes with "men are all" and "pedestal". Miranda commented: "I always felt like 'mineral' wasn't the best possible rhyme."[17]

Sullivan was also admired and copied by early composers such as Ivan Caryll, Lionel Monckton, Victor Herbert, George Gershwin,[18] Jerome Kern, Ivor Novello, and Andrew Lloyd Webber.[1][19] Noël Coward wrote:

I was born into a generation that still took light music seriously. The lyrics and melodies of Gilbert and Sullivan were hummed and strummed into my consciousness at an early age. My father sang them, my mother played them, my nurse, Emma, breathed them through her teeth while she was washing me, dressing me and undressing me and putting me to bed. My aunts and uncles, who were legion, sang them singly and in unison at the slightest provocation....[20]

— Introduction to The Noël Coward Song Book

According to theatre historian John Kenrick, H.M.S. Pinafore, in particular, "became an international sensation, reshaping the commercial theater in both England and the United States."[21] Adaptations of The Mikado, Pinafore and The Gondoliers have played on Broadway or the West End, including The Hot Mikado (1939; Hot Mikado played in the West End in 1995), George S. Kaufman's 1945 Hollywood Pinafore, the 1975 animated film Dick Deadeye, or Duty Done and, more recently,Gondoliers (2001; a Mafia-themed adaptation) and Pinafore Swing (2004), each of which was first produced at the Watermill Theatre, in which the actors also served as the orchestra, playing the musical instruments.[22][23] Shows that use G&S songs to tell the story of the Gilbert and Sullivan partnership include a 1938 Broadway show, Knights of Song,[24] and a 1975 West End show called Tarantara! Tarantara![25][26] Many other musicals parody or pastiche the operas.[27]

However, the influence of Gilbert and Sullivan goes beyond musical theatre to comedy in general. Professor Carolyn Williams notes: "The influence of Gilbert and Sullivan – their wit and sense of irony, the send ups of politics and contemporary culture – goes beyond musical theater to comedy in general. Allusions to their work have made their way into our own popular culture".[28] According to Gilbert and Sullivan expert and enthusiast Ian Bradley:

The musical is not, of course, the only cultural form to show the influence of G&S. Even more direct heirs are those witty and satirical songwriters found on both sides of the Atlantic in the twentieth century like Michael Flanders and Donald Swann in the United Kingdom and Tom Lehrer in the United States. The influence of Gilbert is discernible in a vein of British comedy that runs through John Betjeman's verse via Monty Python and Private Eye to... television series like Yes, Minister... where the emphasis is on wit, irony, and poking fun at the establishment from within it in a way which manages to be both disrespectful of authority and yet cosily comfortable and urbane.

— Oh Joy! Oh Rapture! The Enduring Phenomenon of Gilbert and Sullivan

Effect on amateur theatre

Cellier and Bridgeman wrote, in 1914, that prior to the creation of the Savoy operas, amateur actors were treated with contempt by professionals. After the formation of amateur Gilbert and Sullivan troupes in the 1880s licensed to perform the operas, professionals recognised that the amateur groups "support the culture of music and the drama. They are now accepted as useful training schools for the legitimate stage, and from the volunteer ranks have sprung many present-day favourites."[29] Cellier and Bridgeman attributed the rise in quality and reputation of the amateur groups largely to "the popularity of, and infectious craze for performing, the Gilbert and Sullivan operas".[30] The National Operatic and Dramatic Association was founded in 1899. It reported, in 1914, that nearly 200 British amateur troupes were producing Gilbert and Sullivan operas that year.[30] There continue to be hundreds of amateur groups or societies performing the Gilbert and Sullivan works worldwide.[31][32]

Politics, government, and law
Political parody celebrating the bicentennial of Albany, New York

It is not surprising, given the focus of Gilbert on politics, that politicians, cartoonists and political pundits have often found inspiration in these works.[33] The phrase "A short, sharp shock," from the Act I song "I am so proud" in The Mikado, has been used in political manifestos. Likewise "Let the punishment fit the crime," from the title character's Act II song, is particularly mentioned in the course of British political debates.[2] Political humour based on Gilbert and Sullivan's style and characters continues to be written. For example, in 1996, Virginia Bottomley, heritage secretary under John Major, sent up Tony Blair in a parody of "When I Was a Lad" from Pinafore.[34] In October 2010, Ron Butler released a YouTube video pastiche of the Major-General's Song in character as, and mildly lampooning, President Obama.[35]

US Supreme Court Justice William Rehnquist, a lifelong fan of Gilbert and Sullivan, quoted lyrics from the operas in law cases, parodied the lyrics in his writings at the Court and added gold stripes to his judicial robes after seeing them used by the Lord Chancellor in a production of Iolanthe.[36][37] The Lord Chancellor Lord Falconer, on the other side of the Atlantic, objected so strongly to Iolanthe's comic portrayal of Lord Chancellors (like himself) that he supported moves to disband the office.[2] British politicians, beyond quoting some of the more famous lines, have also delivered speeches in the form of Gilbert and Sullivan parodies. These include Conservative Peter Lilley's pastiche of "I've got a little list" from The Mikado, listing those he was against, including "sponging socialists" and "young ladies who get pregnant just to jump the housing queue".[2]

In 2010 a parody version of the Major-General's song was posted as an op-ed piece in the Richmond Times-Dispatch mocking actions of the Attorney General of Virginia, Ken Cuccinelli.[38] Other government references to Gilbert and Sullivan include postage stamps issued to memorialize the operas and various other uses by government entities. For instance, the arms granted to the municipal borough of Penzance in 1934 contain a pirate dressed in Gilbert's original costuming.[39]

The law, judges and lawyers are frequently subjects in the operas (Gilbert briefly practiced as a lawyer) and the operas have been quoted and otherwise mentioned in a large number of legal rulings and opinions.[40] Some courts appear to reach approximately the same conclusions as Gilbert and Sullivan: "Where does this extraordinary situation leave the lower... Courts and State Courts in their required effort to apply the decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States...? Like the policeman in Gilbert and Sullivan's The Pirates of Penzance, their 'lot is not a happy one.'"[41] A few refer to the law as shown in Gilbert and Sullivan as being archaic.[42] The pronouncements of the Lord Chancellor in "Iolanthe" appear to be a particular favourite in legal quotations.[43] One U.S. Supreme Court case even discussed a contempt citation imposed on a pro se defendant who, among other conduct, compared the judge to something out of Gilbert and Sullivan.[44]

Phrases from the operas

Aside from politics, the phrase "A short, sharp shock" has appeared in titles of books and songs (most notably in samples of Pink Floyd's "The Dark Side of the Moon"). Likewise "Let the punishment fit the crime" is an often-used phrase in popular media. For instance, in episode 80 of the television series Magnum, P.I., entitled "Let the Punishment Fit the Crime," Higgins prepares to direct a selection of pieces from The Mikado to be staged at the Estate.[45] The phrase and the Mikado's song also are featured in the Dad's Army episode, "A Soldier's Farewell." In the movie The Parent Trap (1961) the camp director quotes the same phrase before sentencing the twins to the isolation cabin together.

The character of Pooh Bah in The Mikado, who holds numerous exalted offices, including "First Lord of the Treasury, Lord Chief Justice, Commander-in-Chief, Lord High Admiral... Archbishop of Titipu, and Lord Mayor" and Lord High Everything Else, has inspired the use of the term Pooh-Bah as a mocking title for someone self-important or high-ranking and who either exhibits an inflated self-regard or who has limited authority while taking impressive titles.[46] The term "Grand Poobah" has been used on the television shows, including The Flintstones and Happy Days as the title of a high-ranking official in a men's club, spoofing clubs like the Freemasons, the Shriners, and the Elks Club.[47]

Songs and parodies

The works of Gilbert and Sullivan, filled as they are with parodies of their contemporary culture, are themselves frequently parodied or pastiched.[48][49] A notable example of this is Tom Lehrer's "The Elements", which consists of Lehrer's rhyming rendition of the names of all the chemical elements set to the music of the "Major-General's Song" from Pirates. Lehrer also includes a verse parodying a G&S finale in his patchwork of stylistic creations Clementine ("full of words and music and signifying nothing", as Lehrer put it, thus parodying G&S and Shakespeare in the same sentence).[50]

Comedian Allan Sherman sang several parodies and pastiches of Gilbert and Sullivan songs in the 1960s, including:

  • "When I was a lad I went to Yale" (about a young advertising agent, based on the patter song from H.M.S. Pinafore, with a Dixieland arrangement – at the end, he thanks old Yale, he thanks the Lord, and he thanks his father "who is chairman of the board")[51]
  • "Little Butterball" (to the tune of "I'm Called Little Buttercup" from H.M.S. Pinafore), about Sherman's admitted corpulence.[52] This was actually a response to a song on the same subject by Stanley Ralph Ross (who was parodying Sherman's G&S routines) called "I'm Called Little Butterball", on the album My Son, the Copycat.[53]
  • "You need an analyst, a psychoanalyst" (from Allan in Wonderland) which is a variant of "I've got a little list" from The Mikado presenting, with a samba accompaniment, reasons why one might want to seek psychiatric help.
  • "The Bronx Bird Watcher" (from My Son, the Celebrity) - a parody of the song "Titwillow" from The Mikado, in which the bird sings with a stereotypical Yiddish accent. Sherman is so impressed by the bird's singing that he takes him "down from his branch", and home "to mein shplit-level ranch". His wife, "Blanch", misinterprets the gift and fricassees the bird, whose last words are, "Oy! Willow! Tit-willow! Willow!"

Anna Russell performed a parody called "How to Write Your Own Gilbert and Sullivan Opera."[54] The Two Ronnies' Gilbert and Sullivan parodies include their 1973 Christmas special.[55] In addition, numerous G&S song parodies and other references to G&S are made in the animated TV series, Animaniacs, such as the "HMS Yakko" episode, which includes its well-known parody of the Major-General's Song, "I Am the Very Model of a Cartoon Individual",[56] as well as pastiches of "With Cat Like Tread" (Pirates) and "I am the Captain of the Pinafore" and "Never Mind the Why and Wherefore" (H.M.S. Pinafore).[57] Animaniacs also presented a version of "Three Little Maids" used as an audition piece in the episode "Hello Nice Warners". Disney's Mickey, Donald, Goofy: The Three Musketeers (2004) features four songs from The Pirates of Penzance[58] and part of the overture to Princess Ida.[59] Other comedians have used Gilbert and Sullivan songs as a key part of their routines, including Hinge and Bracket.[60] From 1968 to 1978 Iain Kerr and Roy Cowen toured as "Goldberg & Solomon", including their two-man show, Gilbert & Sullivan Go Kosher, which they recorded.[61]

News outlets continue to refer to the operas in news commentaries and to parody songs from the operas.[62] Theatre parodies include a 1925 London Hippodrome revue called Better Days included an extended one-act parody entitled, A "G. & S." Cocktail; or, A Mixed Savoy Grill, written by Lauri Wylie, with music by Herman Finck. It was also broadcast by the BBC. It concerned a nightmare experienced by a D'Oyly Carte tenor.[63][64] Gilbert and Sullivan songs are sometimes used in popular music. The popular song, "Hail, Hail, the Gang's All Here," is set to the tune of "With cat-like tread" from The Pirates of Penzance (in particular, the segment that starts, "Come, friends who plough the sea"). The musical group Peter, Paul and Mary included the song, "I have a song to sing, O!" from The Yeomen of the Guard on one of their children's albums, Peter, Paul and Mommy (1969).[65] Oscar Brand and Joni Mitchell recorded "Prithee Pretty Maiden" for the Canadian folk music TV program Let's Sing Out, broadcast by CBC Television in 1966.[66] Todd Rundgren, Taj Mahal and Michele Gray Rundgren performed "Never Mind the Why and Wherefore" on Night Music (Sunday Night) in 1989.[67] The songs have also been used in musicals and other entertainments. For example, the song, "My eyes are fully open" (often referred to as the "Matter Patter Trio") from Ruddigore is used (with some changed lyrics) in Papp's Broadway production of The Pirates of Penzance, and the tune of the song is used as "The Speed Test" in the musical Thoroughly Modern Millie and is heard in a season 5 episode of Spitting Image where Labour leader Neil Kinnock is portrayed singing a self-parody to the tune.[68]

Other references to songs in The Mikado

In The Producers, a terrible auditioner for the musical Springtime for Hitler begins his audition with Nanki-Poo's song, "A Wand'ring Minstrel I." After only nine words, the director cuts him off abruptly, saying "THANK YOU!" In at least two episodes of Blackadder Goes Forth, parts of "A Wand'ring Minstrel I" are played. "There Is Beauty in the Bellow of the Blast" is performed by Richard Thompson and Judith Owen on the album 1000 Years of Popular Music.[69] The movie poster for The Little Shop of Horrors, shown to the right, parodies the song title, "The Flowers that Bloom in the Spring, tra la!" changing the word "bloom" to "kill".[70]

References to "Three Little Maids":

References to "Tit-Willow" ("On a tree by a river"): Allan Sherman's parody is described above. In one of his appearances on The Dick Cavett Show, Groucho Marx and Cavett sang the song. Groucho interrupted at the line "...and if you remain callous and obdurate, I shall perish as he did..." to quiz the audience on the meaning of the word "obdurate". The song is featured in the 2003 TV movie And Starring Pancho Villa as Himself.[78] An episode of Perry Como's TV show did a parody titled "Golf Widow". A Muppet Show season 1 episode (aired on 22 November 1976) featured Rowlf the Dog and Sam Eagle singing the song, with Sam clearly embarrassed at having to sing the word 'tit' (also asking the meaning of "obdurate"). The song is played during the film Music for Ladies in Retirement (1941)[79] In the 1971 film Whoever Slew Auntie Roo?, Shelley Winters as the title character sings "Tit-Willow" just before she is murdered.[80] In John Wayne's last movie The Shootist, made in 1976, Wayne and Lauren Bacall sing several lines from "Tit-Willow", before he departs with the intention of dying in a gunfight instead of from cancer.[81]

References to the "Little List" song: Sherman also did a variant on the song, described above. In a Eureeka's Castle Christmas special called "Just Put it on the List," the twins, Bogg and Quagmire, describe what they'd like for Christmas to the tune of the song. Richard Suart and A.S.H. Smyth released a book in 2008 called They'd None of 'em Be Missed, with 20 years of little list parodies by Suart, the English National Opera's usual Ko-Ko.[82] In the Family Guy episode "Lois Kills Stewie", Stewie, after taking over the world, sings the "little list" song about those he hates, including Bill O'Reilly's dermatologist (only on the DVD edition).[83]

References to "The sun whose rays": In addition to the poignant inclusion of the song near the end of Topsy-Turvy (1999; see below), the song has been heard in numerous film and TV soundtracks, including in the 2006 films The Zodiac and Brick and the UK TV series Lilies, in the 2007 episode "The Tallyman."[71]

Other uses of songs in H.M.S. Pinafore

Songs from Pinafore are featured in a number of films. "When I Was A Lad" is sung by characters in the 2003 fantasy movie Peter Pan; "A British Tar" is sung in Star Trek: Insurrection (1998) and briefly sung in Raiders of the Lost Ark (1981);[84] "For he is an Englishman" is sung in Chariots of Fire (1981), An Englishman Abroad (1983),[85] and in the 2009 episode "Broken" of House.[86] Matt Damon, as a young Edward Wilson, plays Little Buttercup in a Yale production and sings "I'm Called Little Buttercup" falsetto in The Good Shepherd (2006).[87]

Songs from Pinafore are also pastiched or referred to in television episodes, including episode #3 of Animaniacs, "HMS Yakko";[58] "Cape Feare" episode of The Simpsons;[73] Family Guy's episode 3.1 "The Thin White Line," among others; and the 1959 Leave it to Beaver episode #55, "The Boat Builders." "For he is an Englishman" is referred to both in the title's name and throughout The West Wing episode "And It's Surely to Their Credit" (sic), where several staffers sing along to a recording of the song to brighten up the White House counsel's day.[88] In the 1987 Moonlighting episode "Cool Hand Dave, Part 2", a prison chain gang sings its advice to Sam to the tune of "When I was a Lad".[89] In the 2014 episode "Daisy" of How I Met Your Mother, the Captain sings most of the recit "My Gallant Crew, Good Morning" with choral responses by his maids, and later in the episode the "what never?" joke is used.[90]

Other references to songs in The Pirates of Penzance

The "Major-General's Song" is frequently parodied, pastiched and used in advertising.[91][92][93] Its challenging patter has proved interesting to comics, as noted above, and has been used in numerous film and television pastiches and in political commentary.[38] In many instances, the song, unchanged, is simply used in a film or on television as a character's audition piece, or seen in a "school play" scene. For example, in the 1983 film Never Cry Wolf, the hero sings the song.[94] Similarly, in Kate & Leopold, Leopold sings the song while accompanying himself on the piano; however, the scene is anachronistic in that The Pirates of Penzance premiered in 1879, after Leopold had already left his own time of 1876.[95] In the Two and a Half Men episode "And the Plot Moistens" (Season 3, Episode 21), Alan sings a verse of the song to encourage Jake to join a school musical. Similarly, in season 2 of Slings & Arrows, Richard Smith-Jones uses the song as an audition piece for a musical.[96] In the Mad About You episode "Moody Blues", Paul directs a charity production of Penzance starring his father, Burt, as the Major-General. Parts of rehearsal and performance of the song are shown. When the lyrics slip Burt's mind, he improvises a few lines about his son.[58]

The song is parodied or pastiched in other media: In the video games Mass Effect 2 and Mass Effect 3, the character Mordin Solus sings a short pastiche, "I am the very model of a scientist Salarian".[97] Another pastiche of the song (among many on YouTube), also inspired by "The Elements", is the "Boy Scout Merit Badge Song", listing all the merit badges that can be earned from the Boy Scouts of America.[98] In 2012, the webcomic xkcd published a pastiche of the song that lists the faults associated with undergraduate majors, called "Every Major's Terrible".[99] This comic then became the subject of various musical adaptations.[100] A nonsense pastiche of the song in 2017 film Despicable Me 3, sung by Minions, was uploaded to YouTube by Illumination Entertainment as a singalong challenge; the video has been viewed more than 15 million times.[101]

Other examples of television renditions of the song, in addition to the Animaniacs example mentioned above, include The Muppet Show (season 3, episode 61),[102] which staged a scene in which comedian Gilda Radner and a 7-foot-tall (2.1 m) talking carrot each assayed the Major-General's song and also sampled "A Policeman's Lot" and "Poor Wand'ring One". Radner told Kermit that she had written to request a 7-foot-tall talking parrot, but he misread her handwriting: she wanted to present The Parrots of Penzance.[88] In an episode of "Home Improvement", Al Borland, thinking he was in a sound-proof booth, belts out the first stanza but is heard by everyone.[103] Others include the Babylon 5 episode "Atonement"; the Star Trek: The Next Generation episode Disaster; the episode of Frasier titled Fathers and Sons;[58] the episode of The Simpsons entitled "Deep Space Homer";[96] two VeggieTales episodes: "The Wonderful World of Auto-Tainment"[104] and "A Snoodle's Tale"; the Married... with Children episode "Peggy and the Pirates" (Season 7, Episode 18);[96] and the 2012 Family Guy episode "Killer Queen".[105] In the first episode of the 2020 British miniseries Quiz, about the Charles Ingram cheating scandal, Ingram and another Army officer sing the Major-General's Song.[106]

Parodies or pastiches of the song in television programs have included the computer-animated series ReBoot, which ended its third season with a recap of the entire season, set to the song's tune. In the Studio 60 on the Sunset Strip episode "The Cold Open" (2006), the cast of Studio 60 opens with a parody: "We'll be the very model of a modern network TV show".[107][108] In the Doctor Who Big Finish Productions audio, Doctor Who and the Pirates, the Doctor sings, "I am the very model of a Gallifreyan buccaneer"[109] (and other songs, from Pirates, Pinafore and Ruddigore, are parodied). When he hosted Saturday Night Live, David Hyde Pierce's monologue was a parody of the song.[110] In the 2007 Scrubs episode "My Musical", Dr. Cox sings a patter song in the style of the Major-General's song about why he hates J.D.[111]

Other songs from Pirates that have been referred to frequently include the chorus of With cat-like tread, which begins "Come, friends, who plough the sea," which was used in the popular American song, "Hail, Hail, the Gang's All Here," popularized by Fred Astaire. For instance, the song is featured in Chariots of Fire (1981; discussed in more detail below). As noted above, the song was also pastiched in the "HMS Yakko" episode of Animaniacs, in a song about surfing a whale.[57] In the movie "An American Tail," Fievel huddles over a copy of the score to "Poor Wandering One," and as he wanders the streets of New York, the song plays in the background. The Smothers Brothers, beginning in 1975 on their show, occasionally performed a parody version of Poor Wand'ring One, which they repeated in the 1980s with the Boston Pops (John Williams conducting).[112] The theme song of the cartoon character Popeye bears some similarity to "For I am a Pirate King". The pirate king's song is heard on the soundtrack of the 2000 film The Last of the Blonde Bombshells.[71] "Ah, leave me not to pine alone" is featured on the soundtrack of the sentimental 1998 British film Girls' Night[71] as well as the 1997 film Wilde.[57] In the pilot episode of the 2008 CBS series, Flashpoint, a police officer and his partner sing the policeman's song. In the 2009 Criminal Minds episode "The Slave of Duty", Hotch quotes "Oh dry the glist'ning tear".[113]

Literature

In addition to reminiscences, picture books and music books by performers, conductors and others connected with, or simply about, the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company, the Light Opera of Manhattan, the J. C. Williamson Gilbert and Sullivan Opera Company and other Gilbert and Sullivan repertory companies,[114] numerous fictional works have been written using the G&S operas as background or imagining the lives of historical or fictional G&S performers.[115] Recent examples include Cynthia Morey's novel about an amateur Gilbert and Sullivan company, A World That's All Our Own (2006);[116] Bernard Lockett's Here's a State of Things (2007), a historical novel that intertwines the lives of two sets of London characters, a hundred years apart, but both connected with the Gilbert and Sullivan operas;[117] and The Last Moriarty (2015) by Charles Veley, about an actress from D'Oyly Carte who seeks the help of Sherlock Holmes.[118] Secret Words by Jonathan Strong uses a local production of Utopia, Limited as a background.[119] In The Getaway Blues by William Murray, the main character names all his racehorses after Gilbert and Sullivan characters and constantly quotes G&S.[120] Gilbert and Sullivan Set Me Free is a novel by Kathleen Karr based on a historical event in 1914, when the inmates of Sherborn Women's Prison in Massachusetts, U.S., put on a performance of The Pirates of Penzance.[121] In the novel, the prison's chaplain uses the transformative power of music and theater to help reform the inmates, bringing them together to work on the show as a spirited community.[122] "The Mikado" is a villainous vigilante in the comic book superhero series The Question, by Denny O'Neil and Denys Cowan. He dons a Japanese mask and kills malefactors in appropriate ways – letting "the punishment fit the crime".[123] A humorous illustrated booklet, A Parody on Iolanthe, was written and published by D. Dalziel in 1883 and concerns the Chicago & Alton Railway.[124]

Psmith in Blandings (Leave it to Psmith) ed. 1936

There are many children's books[125] retelling the stories of the operas,[126] or stories about the history of the famous partnership,[127] including two by Gilbert himself.[128][129] There are also children's biographies or fictionalisations about the lives of the two men[130] or the relationship between the two, such as the 2009 book, The Fabulous Feud of Gilbert & Sullivan.[131] P. G. Wodehouse makes dozens of references to Gilbert and Sullivan in his works.[132][133] Wodehouse sometimes referred to Gilbert at length,[134] and he based his Psmith character on Rupert D'Oyly Carte or his brother. Wodehouse also parodied G&S songs.[135] In Jerome K Jerome's Three Men in a Boat (1889), a description is given of Harris's attempts to sing a comic song: "the Judge's song out of Pinafore – no, I don't mean Pinafore – I mean – you know what I mean – the other thing, you know.", which turns out to be a mixture of "When I, good friends" from Trial by Jury and "When I was a lad" from Pinafore.[136]

Several novels have used the Savoy operas as backdrop for a detective story. Death at the Opera by Gladys Mitchell (1934) involves a murder during a production of The Mikado.[137] In Pirate King by Laurie R. King (2011), one of the Mary Russell/Sherlock Holmes series, a production company is making a silent film of The Pirates of Penzance.[138] Other murder mysteries include The Ghosts' High Noon by John Dickson Carr (1969), named for the song of the same name in Ruddigore;[139] The West End Horror, by Nicholas Meyer, a Sherlock Holmes pastiche involving a production of The Grand Duke (1976);[140] The Plain Old Man by Charlotte MacLeod (1985; The Sorcerer);[141] Perish in July by Mollie Hardwick (1989; Yeomen)[142] Ruddy Gore by Kerry Greenwood (a Phryne Fisher book, 1995; Ruddigore);[143] Murder and Sullivan by Sara Hoskinson Frommer (1997; Ruddigore);[144] Death of a Pooh-Bah by Karen Sturges (2000; Mikado).[145] and Vengeance Dire by Roberta Morrell (2001; Pirates);[146]

Other mystery books and stories involve Gilbert and/or Sullivan to a lesser degree. The Dalziel and Pascoe books of Reginald Hill contain many references to G&S. One of the recurring characters, Sergeant Wield is a G & S fan. In the Ruth Rendell mysteries, Chief Inspector Wexford likes to sing G&S in the shower. A series of seven novels by Tom Holt, written from 2003 to 2011, concern young sorcerers who join the firm of "J. W. Wells & Co", including In Your Dreams (2004).[147] Death's Bright Angel, by Janet Neel, is named for a line in Sullivan's "The Lost Chord", which figures in the story.[148] Mark Twain's The Man That Corrupted Hadleyburg prominently features a pastiche from "The criminal cried" in the climactic scene.[149] In scenes 2 and 7 of The Glass Menagerie Laura discusses that Jim had a starring role in a high school production of Pirates.[150]

Wallpaper showing characters from the Savoy operas

Science fiction author Isaac Asimov, a fan of Gilbert & Sullivan, found inspiration for his famous Foundation Trilogy while reading Iolanthe.[151] Asimov was fascinated by some of the paradoxes that occur in their works and mysteries surrounding their manuscripts. He wrote several stories exploring these, including one about a time-traveller who goes back in time to save the score to Thespis.[152] Another, called "The Year of the Action" (1980), concerns whether the action of Pirates took place on 1 March 1873, or 1 March 1877. That is, did Gilbert forget, or not know, that 1900 was not a leap year? In "Runaround", a story in I, Robot, a robot, while in a state similar to drunkenness, sings snippets of "There Grew a Little Flower" (from Ruddigore), "I'm Called Little Buttercup" (from Pinafore), "When I First Put This Uniform On" (from Patience), and "The Nightmare Song" (from Iolanthe). He also wrote a short story called "The Up-To-Date Sorcerer" that is a parody of and homage to The Sorcerer. In addition, Asimov wrote "The Author's Ordeal" (1957), a pastiche of a Gilbert and Sullivan patter song similar to the Lord Chancellor's Nightmare Song from Iolanthe, depicting the agonies that Asimov went through in thinking up a new science fiction story. Another such pastiche is "The Foundation of S.F. Success" (1954). Both are included in his collection of short stories Earth Is Room Enough. The Rats, Bats and Vats series also includes numerous G&S character names and phrases, since the D'Oyly Carte recordings of their work provide a portion of the language material for the genetically engineered and cybernetically enhanced "rats" in the stories. Another science fiction author, Robert A. Heinlein, referred to the "Little List" song in his Hugo Award-winning 1961 novel, Stranger in a Strange Land. There, when a character discovers the protagonist's ability to make objects and people disappear, mulls: "I've got a little list... they'd none of them be missed." Anne McCaffrey also seems fond of The Pirates of Penzance—several characters pass the time with it in Power Play, and references to "When the foeman bares his steel" appear in Crystal Line.

Film
Film references

Aside from film adaptations of Gilbert and Sullivan operas, several films have treated the G&S partnership.[153] Mike Leigh's film Topsy-Turvy (1999) is an award-winning film depiction of the team and the creation of their most popular opera, The Mikado. Another G&S film is the 1953 The Story of Gilbert and Sullivan (or The Great Gilbert and Sullivan in the U.S.), starring Robert Morley as Gilbert and Maurice Evans as Sullivan, with Martyn Green as George Grossmith. In a short 1950 film called The Return of Gilbert and Sullivan, Gilbert and Sullivan return to Earth to protest the jazz treatment of their work.[154] In the 1951 film The Magic Box Sir Arthur Sullivan, played by the film conductor, Muir Mathieson, conducts a choral concert of the Bath Choral Society.[155]

Film adaptations of the operas have included a 1926 D'Oyly Carte Opera Company short promotional film of The Mikado that featured some of the most famous Savoyards, including Darrell Fancourt, Henry Lytton, Leo Sheffield, Elsie Griffin, and Bertha Lewis.[156] In 1939, Universal Pictures released a ninety-minute technicolor film adaptation of The Mikado.[157] The film stars Martyn Green as Ko-Ko and Sydney Granville as Pooh-Bah. The music was conducted by Geoffrey Toye, who was credited with the adaptation. William V. Skall received an Academy Award nomination for Best Cinematography. Similarly, in 1966, the D'Oyly Carte produced a film version of The Mikado, which showed much of their traditional staging at the time, although there are some minor cuts. It stars John Reed (Ko-Ko), Kenneth Sandford (Pooh-Bah), Valerie Masterson (Yum-Yum), Donald Adams (the Mikado), Peggy Ann Jones (Pitti-Sing), and Philip Potter (Nanki-Poo).[158]

Several film scores draw heavily on the G&S repertoire, including The Matchmaker (1958; featuring Pinafore and Mikado music), I Could Go On Singing (1963; featuring Pinafore music), The Bad News Bears Go to Japan (1978; the score features many excerpts from The Mikado), The Adventures of Milo and Otis (1989; using several G&S themes), The Browning Version (1994; features music from The Mikado), The Hand that Rocks the Cradle (1992; featuring songs from Pinafore and Pirates) and The Pirate Movie (1982; featuring spoofs of songs from Pirates; in fact, the whole movie itself is a spoof of Pirates!). In Chariots of Fire, the protagonist, Harold Abrahams, marries a woman who plays Yum-Yum in The Mikado with the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company. Abrahams and his friends from Cambridge sing "He is an Englishman" (H.M.S. Pinafore).[85][159] The soundtrack of Chariots also features "Three Little Maids from School Are We" (The Mikado), "With Catlike Tread" (Pirates), "The Soldiers of Our Queen" (Patience), and "There Lived a King" (The Gondoliers).[57][160] In The Girl Said No (1937), which uses songs from the operas, a dance hall girl is forced to join a Gilbert and Sullivan troupe.[161] In The Naughty Victorians, an X-rated film subtitled A Man with a Maid, the entire score is G&S music, and many musical puns are made, with the G&S music underlining the dialogue appropriately for those familiar with G&S.[162][163] In The White Countess (2005), the overture to H.M.S. Pinafore is used in the soundtrack.[164]

In other films, characters sing songs from the operas. In Star Trek: Insurrection (1998), Captain Picard and Lt. Commander Worf sing lines from "A British Tar" from Pinafore to distract a malfunctioning Lt. Commander Data.[95] In Kate & Leopold (2001), among other Pirates references, Leopold sings the "Major-General's Song", accompanying himself on the piano. In The Good Shepherd (2006), Matt Damon's character sings Little Buttercup's song falsetto in an all-male version of Pinafore at Yale University.[165] In another Matt Damon film, The Talented Mr. Ripley (1999), the song "We're Called Gondolieri" is featured in the soundtrack.[71] In Raiders of the Lost Ark (1981), the character Sallah sings Pinafore tunes, including "A British Tar".[84][166] In the 2003 fantasy movie Peter Pan, the Darling family sings "When I Was A Lad".[95] The 1969 film Age of Consent featured the song "Take a Pair of Sparkling Eyes" from The Gondoliers. In the 1971 film Whoever Slew Auntie Roo?, Shelley Winters as the title character sings the song just before she is murdered.[80] In the 1988 drama Permanent Record, a high school class performs Pinafore.[167][168] Judy Garland sings "I am the monarch of the sea" in the film, I Could Go On Singing.[169]

In a number of films, a significant part of the action is set during a G&S opera. With Words and Music (1937) involves a bookie who revives a washed-up troupe of Savoyards by mounting a production of The Mikado. Foul Play (1978) features an assassination attempt that culminates during a showing of The Mikado. The thwarted assassin falls into the rigging used as a backdrop for H.M.S. Pinafore. Similarly, in Disney's cartoon Mickey, Donald, Goofy: The Three Musketeers (2004), the finale occurs at the Paris Opéra during a G&S performance. The score features "With cat-like tread", "The Major General's Song", "Climbing over rocky mountain", "Poor wandering one", and part of the overture from Princess Ida.[59] The plot concerns a performance of The Pirates of Penzance that becomes the setting for the climactic battle between the Musketeers and Captain Pete.

In other films, there have simply been prominent references to one or more of the operas. For instance, in Pretty Woman, Edward Lewis (Richard Gere) covered a social gaffe by prostitute Vivian Ward (Julia Roberts), who said that the opera La Traviata was so good that she almost "peed in [her] pants" by saying that she had said that she liked it almost as much as "The Pirates of Penzance." In Making Love (1982), Michael Ontkean and Kate Jackson are a happy G&S-loving couple until he leaves her for another man (Harry Hamlin).

Television

Gilbert and Sullivan, and songs from the operas, have been included in numerous TV series, including The Simpsons in several episodes, including "Cape Feare",[73] "Deep Space Homer", and "Bart's Inner Child"; numerous Frasier episodes; Kavanagh QC, in the episode "Briefs Trooping Gaily", Angel in the fifth season episode "Conviction", where Charles Gunn becomes a good lawyer, and learns a lot of G&S, because it's "great for elocution"; numerous references in Animaniacs; the episode "The Cold Open" (1x02) of Studio 60 on the Sunset Strip;[108] the episode "Atonement" of Babylon 5; in the Australian soap opera Neighbours, Harold Bishop often makes G&S references; references in the VeggieTales episodes "Lyle the Kindly Viking," "The Wonderful World of Auto-Tainment",[104] "The Star of Christmas" (a Christmas special entirely devoted to spoofing G&S and their operas), and "Sumo of the Opera";[170] Family Guy referred to and parodied G&S a number of times, especially in season four (beside the examples named above and below, see "Patriot Games", which includes the song from The Sorcerer, "If you'll marry me"); and Batman sings a verse of "I'm called little Buttercup" in a 1966 episode.[171] In the UK series Lilies, in the 2007 episode "The Tallyman" both "When I Was a Lad" and "The Sun Whose Rays" are heard.[172] An episode of Car 54, Where Are You? has parodies of several G&S songs.[58] In 1988, episodes of Australian soap opera Home and Away featured a school production of The Mikado.[173] A second-season (1998) episode of the TV show Millennium titled "The Mikado" is based on the Zodiac case.[174]

Gilbert and Sullivan references often appear in The West Wing. Some incidents include an episode-long argument over whether "He is an Englishman" is from H.M.S. Pinafore or The Pirates of Penzance, after one character's invocation of "duty," in the episode And It's Surely to Their Credit; President Bartlet's gift of a CD of The Yeomen of the Guard to his aide Charlie in Stirred; references to The Pirates of Penzance in Mandatory Minimums and Inauguration, Part I; and an excerpt from "A Wand'ring Minstrel I" in A Change Is Gonna Come. Character Sam Seaborn, the Deputy Communications Director, is the former recording secretary of the Princeton Gilbert and Sullivan Society. Creator Aaron Sorkin has stated that the characters' love for Gilbert and Sullivan is part of his attempt to avoid referring to current political and entertainment personalities and to set it in a "parallel universe."[175]

The following are examples of references to some of the best-known G&S operas:

Other media
Advertisement featuring Mikado characters

The operas and songs from the operas have often been used or parodied in advertising.[49][186] According to Jones, "Pinafore launched the first media blitz in the United States" beginning in 1879.[187] For example, Gimbels department store had a campaign sung to the tune of the Major-General's Song that began, "We are the very model of a modern big department store."[91] in a 2011 Geico commercial, a couple that wants to save money, but still listen to musicals, finds a roommate, dressed as the Major General, who awkwardly begins the song while dancing on a coffee table.[188] Similarly, Martyn Green sang a pastiche of the song listing all of the varieties of Campbell's Soup.[92] Another prominent example is the elaborate illustrated book, called My Goodness! My Gilbert and Sullivan! of parodies of Gilbert's lyrics advertising Guinness stout.[189] The likenesses (often in costume) of, or endorsements by, numerous Gilbert and Sullivan performers were used in advertising throughout the decades.[190] Trading cards were also created, using images from some of the operas to advertise various products.[191] There was also a series of Currier and Ives prints. Several series of cigarette cards were issued by Player's cigarette company depicting characters from the Savoy operas wearing the costumes used by the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company.[192] Numerous postcards were published with photos or illustrations of D'Oyly Carte and other performers and scenes from the operas and other Gilbert plays.[193] More recently, television ads for Terry's Chocolate Orange from the 2000s featured a pastiche of "When I Was a Lad" from Pinafore.[194]

Both Nelson Eddy and Danny Kaye recorded albums of selections from the Gilbert and Sullivan operas. Al Goodman[195] and Groucho Marx also released Gilbert and Sullivan recordings.[196] The operas are referred to in other popular media, including video games. For example, in Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas, a casino is called "Pirates in Men's Pants", a crude play on Pirates of Penzance. The 1970s popular music singer Gilbert O'Sullivan adopted his stage name as a pun on "Gilbert and Sullivan" when his manager suggested that it would be good marketing.[197] In the 1950s, the British radio show Take It From Here featured parodies of Gilbert and Sullivan songs with lyrics about the buses in London.[198]

Notes
  1. See Bradley, Ian (2005), Chapter 1 and this article at the musicals101 website Archived 5 January 2010 at the Wayback Machine
  2. Green, Edward. "Ballads, songs, and speeches", BBC News, 20 September 2004, accessed 30 September 2009.
  3. Lawrence, Arthur H. "An illustrated interview with Sir Arthur Sullivan" Part 3, from The Strand Magazine, Vol. xiv, No.84 (December 1897), accessed 21 May 2007.
  4. Fishman, Stephen. The Public Domain: How to Find Copyright-Free Writings, Music, Art & More, Ch. 1. Nolo Press. 3rd ed., 2006.
  5. "Frederic Goes Free", The New York Times, 29 February 1940, p. 18
  6. Downs, Peter. "Actors Cast Away Cares". Hartford Courant, 18 October 2006. Available for a fee at courant.com archives.
  7. Bargainnier, Earl F. "W. S. Gilbert and American Musical Theatre", pp. 120–33, American Popular Music: Readings from the Popular Press by Timothy E. Scheurer, Popular Press, 1989 ISBN 978-0-87972-466-5
  8. Jones, J. Bush. Our Musicals, Ourselves, pp. 10–11, 2003, Brandeis University Press: Lebanon, N.H. (2003) ISBN 978-1-58465-311-0
  9. PG Wodehouse (1881–1975). The Guardian, accessed 20 May 2011
  10. Millstein, Gilbert. "Words Anent Music by Cole Porter", The New York Times, 20 February 1955; and "Lesson 35 – Cole Porter: You're the Top", PBS.org, American Masters for Teachers, accessed 21 May 2007.
  11. Furia, Philip. Ira Gershwin: The Art of a Lyricist Oxford University Press, accessed 21 May 2007.
  12. Meyerson, Harold and Ernest Harburg Who Put the Rainbow in the Wizard of Oz?: Yip Harburg, Lyricist, pp 15-17 (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1993, 1st paperback edition 1995)
  13. Kaplan, Peter W. "Yip Harburg, Beyond the Rainbow", The Washington Post, 28 February 1981, accessed 11 July 2017
  14. Kenrick, John. "G&S in the USA" at the musicals101 website The Cyber Encyclopedia of Musical Theatre, TV and Film (2008), accessed 4 May 2012.
  15. Gordon, David. "Sheldon Harnick, Mark Lamos, David Loud to Take Part in 2013 Lyrics & Lyricists Series", TheaterMania.com, 3 May 2012
  16. Wren, Gayden (2006). A Most Ingenious Paradox: The Art of Gilbert and Sullivan. Oxford University Press. p. 203. ISBN 9780195301724.
  17. Mead, Rebecca. "All About the Hamiltons", The New Yorker, 9 February 2015 Issue, 2 December 2015
  18. Noting Gilbert and Sullivan's influence on Wodehouse and the Gershwins
  19. Bradley (2005), p. 9
  20. Coward, p. 9
  21. Kenrick, John. "Gilbert & Sullivan 101: The G&S Canon", The Cyber Encyclopedia of Musical Theatre, TV and Film (2008), accessed 18 July 2008.
  22. The adaptations were by John Doyle and orchestrated and arranged Sarah Travis. Gondoliers transferred to the Apollo Theatre in the West End in 2001. See The Gondoliers Archived 17 September 2010 at the Wayback Machine. Albemarle of London, 2009, accessed 14 August 2010
  23. Other adaptations and parody versions of G&S shows include The Swing Mikado.
  24. "Knights of Song" at the IBDB database
  25. Lewis, David. "Tarantara! Tarantara!" at The Guide to Musical Theatre, accessed 20 November 2009
  26. See also Sullivan and Gilbert and Dr Sullivan and Mr Gilbert for examples of other stage shows about the Gilbert and Sullivan partnership.
  27. The first parody of a Savoy Opera was Ruddy George, or Robin Redbreast, a burlesque with words by H.G.F. Taylor and music by Percy Reeve; it premiered at Toole's Theatre on 26 March 1887 and ran for about 36 performances. See Moss, Simon. Other Items, Gilbert & Sullivan: a selling exhibition of memorabilia, c20th.com, accessed 30 April 2012. The first Pinafore parody was a short-lived burlesque presented at the Opera Comique in 1882, called The Wreck of the Pinafore by H. Lingard and Luscombe Searelle; the opera's characters are shipwrecked on a desert island. It was described by The Era as "chiefly remarkable for its impudence". See"The Opera Comique Theatre" – a valedictory summary in The Era, 15 October 1898, p. 11. Other Pinafore parodies and pastiches include: The Pirates of Pinafore, with book and lyrics by David Eaton; The Pinafore Pirates Archived 9 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine, by Malcolm Sircom; Mutiny on the Pinafore, by Fraser Charlton; and H.M.S. Dumbledore Archived 4 June 2004 at Archive.today, by Caius Marcius, accessed 18 July 2008. Gilbert and Sullivan themselves referred to Pinafore in the "Major-General's Song" (from The Pirates of Penzance), and an older "Captain Corcoran, KCB" appears in Utopia, Limited (the only recurring character in the G&S canon).
  28. Schwab, Michael. "Why Gilbert and Sullivan Still Matter" Archived 2 September 2006 at the Wayback Machine, Rutgers Today, 26 March 2012
  29. Cellier and Bridgeman, p. 393
  30. Cellier and Bridgeman, p. 394
  31. See Bradley (2005), pp. 30 and 68.
  32. Saturday review of literature, vol. 33, issue 1, p. 27, Saturday Review Associates, 1950; Foreman, Edward. Authentic Singing: The history of singing. Pro Musica Press, 2001, vol. 1, p. 392; and Library review. Vol. 22, p. 62, MCB University Press Ltd., 1970
  33. "Collection of political cartoons based on G&S themes". Archived from the original on 10 December 2008. Retrieved 10 October 2007.
  34. Bradley (2005), p. 166
  35. Butler, Ron. "Obama! A Modern U.S. President" (musical spoof), YouTube, 11 October 2010
  36. Sporting stripes set Rehnquist apart Archived 28 June 2008 at the Wayback Machine, 4 September 2005, Journal Sentinel Online. Downloaded 26 May 2007.
  37. Barrett, John Q."A Rehnquist Ode on the Vinson Court", Archived 10 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine The Green Bag, Second Series, vol. 11, no. 3, p. 289, Spring 2008
  38. Hinkle, A. Barton. "Hinkle: The Attorney General's Song", Richmond Times-Dispatch, 10 May 2010, accessed 14 November 2013
  39. "Civic heraldry of the United Kingdom: Pirates", Heraldry of the World, jaccessed 14 November 2013
  40. See, for example, Allied Chemical Corp. v. Daiflon, Inc., 449 U.S. 33, 36 (1980) (Noting that courts' attitudes toward writs of mandamus approximates "What never? Well, hardly ever."); U.S. v. Weaver, 1992 U.S. App. Lexis 14552, 27 (4th Cir. 1992): "Throughout history, the object of sentencing has been 'to let the punishment fit the crime'"; De Sole v. United States, 947 F.2d 1169, 1176 (4th Cir. 1991) ("It, therefore, is instructive to take a lesson from the law described by Gilbert and Sullivan as that of the monarch of the sea."); Borer v. American Airlines, Inc., 19 Cal.3d 441 (1977) ("The majority raise the spectre of liability not only to the victim's spouse but also to a Gilbert and Sullivan parade of 'his sisters and his cousins, whom he reckons up by dozens'", Dissent of Justice Mosk); Ayers v. Landow, 666 A.2d 51, 57 (D.C. 1995) (referring to the Mikado's "disfavored 'billiard sharp'"); and Gallimore v. Children's Hosp. Med. Center, 67 Ohio St. 3d 244, 252 (1993) (limiting consortium damages to parents only, not "a Gilbert and Sullivan cavalcade of 'his sisters and his cousins... and his aunts'").
  41. Wagonheim v. Maryland State Board of Censors, 255 Md. 297, 321 (1969); see also Banks v. District of Columbia Dep't of Consumer & Regulatory Affairs, 634 A.2d 433, 441 fn. 1 (D.C. 1993) (citing Ruddigore's admonition to "blow your own trumpet"); In re Stevens, 119 Cal.App.4th 1228, 15 Cal.Rptr.3d 168 (2d Dist. 2004) ("a felon's 'capacity for innocent enjoyment' is just as great as any honest man's.")
  42. E.g., Askew v. Askew, 22 Cal.App.4th 942 (4th Dist. 1994), which uses an extensive reference to Trial By Jury as an introduction to a discussion of suits for breach of promise and "the potential for abuse inherent in such lawsuits".
  43. See, for example, Richmond Newspapers, Inc. v. Virginia, 448 U.S. 555, 604 (1980) (dissent of Justice Rehnquist); Spriggs v. United States, 962 F. Supp. 68, 69 fn. 1 (E.D. Va. 1997) (disapproving the conduct of a prosecutor after making a plea bargain); and Storch v. Zoning Bd. of Howard County, 267 Md. 476, 485 (1972).
  44. Mayberry v. Pennsylvania, 400 U.S. 455, 457-61 (1971).
  45. See Wikipedia List of Magnum, P.I. episodes and TV.com Magnum, P.I. Episode Guide
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  48. "Links to reviews and analysis of many G&S parody recordings". Archived from the original on 2 September 2006. Retrieved 17 June 2007.
  49. Bradley (2005) devotes an entire chapter (chapter 8) to parodies and pastiches of G&S used in advertising, comedy and journalism.
  50. Review and analysis of Lehrer's G&S parodies Archived 12 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine
  51. Sherman, Allan. My Son, the Celebrity (1963).
  52. Sherman, Allan. Track listing from Allan in Wonderland (1964).
  53. Ross, Stanley Ralph and Bob Arbogast. My Son, the Copycat (1964)
  54. Shepherd, Marc. Review and analysis of Russell's G&S parody Archived 25 October 2006 at the Wayback Machine, the Gilbert and Sullivan Discography
  55. The Two Ronnies' G&S parodies in their 1973 Christmas special
  56. "Animaniacs - Cartoon Individual", Youtube video, accessed 15 February 2010
  57. "G&S in Popular Culture", Manchester Universities Gilbert and Sullivan Society, accessed 11 January 2017
  58. The Pirates of Penzance, The Gilbert and Sullivan Very Light Opera Company, accessed 10 September 2016
  59. YouTube clip of the Mickey Mouse Princess Ida music
  60. "Dame Hilda Brackett and Dr Evadne Hinge". BBC h2g2 guide, 17 July 2002, accessed 29 November 2010
  61. Shepherd, Marc. Gilbert & Sullivan Go Kosher, A Gilbert and Sullivan Discography, 14 July 2009
  62. See for example Wolfers, Justin. "Gilbert and Sullivan, Economists", The New York Times, 1 September 2008
  63. Photo of libretto Archived 21 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine, David B. Lovell, bookseller
  64. Listing for A "G. & S." Cocktail at Open Library
  65. Video of Peter, Paul and Mary singing "I have a song to sing, O!" at Sydney Opera House in 1970
  66. "Prithee, Pretty Maiden", JoniMitchell.com, accessed 21 June 2015
  67. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5m33BXNHIHM YouTube recording of "Never mind the why and Wherefore", sung by Todd Rundgren, Taj Mahal and Michele Rundgren, on 29 October 1989
  68. "Neil Kinnock in Spitting Image - Series 5", 1988, YouTube, uploaded 26 March 2009, accessed 16 January 2012. The number lampoons Kinnock, dressed as Sir Joseph from Pinafore and supported by members of his shadow cabinet, explaining that "If you ask what I believe in I have simply no idea/Which is why I'm rather given to this verbal diarrhoea".
  69. "Song-o-matic – There is Beauty" Archived 10 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine, BeesWeb – the official site of Richard Thompson
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  71. W.S. Gilbert at the IBDB database
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  113. "The Slave of Duty", Criminal Minds, Season 5, Episode 10, 2009 (TV.com, accessed 24 June 2015). Hotch notes, at her funeral, that he met his slain ex-wife at tryouts for a high school production of The Pirates of Penzance. He quotes from Iolanthe and then quotes the opening lines of "Oh dry the glist'ning tear", up to "... to see their father weep".
  114. "The Gilbert and Sullivan Library", the Gilbert and Sullivan Archive, 3 September 2011, accessed 31 August 2020; and Bradley (2005), chapters 1 and 8
  115. See Dillard, passim, listing hundreds of books, both fiction and non-fiction, about G&S or based on G&S.
  116. Morey, Cynthia. A World That's All Our Own, Rothersthorpe: Paragon Publishing (2006)
  117. Lockett (2007)
  118. "The Last Moriarty (A Sherlock Holmes and Lucy James Mystery)", Goodreads.com, accessed 11 October 2016
  119. Strong, Jonathan. Secret Words, Zoland Books, 1992 ISBN 978-0-944072-19-6
  120. Murray (1990)
  121. "Women 'Doing Time' Give The Pirates of Penzance", The New York Times, 21 June 1914; see also Stone, David. "Perle Dudley". Who Was Who in the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company, 23 June 2003, accessed 7 August 2011
  122. Karr, Kathleen. Gilbert and Sullivan Set Me Free, Hyperion Books, 2003 ISBN 978-0-7868-1916-4
  123. 'Who's Who in the DC Universe, update 1987, vol. 4, p.8
  124. Dalziel, D. A Parody on Iolanthe (1883), reprinted at Gutenberg.org, accessed 17 June 2014
  125. A list of children's books about Gilbert and Sullivan is found in Dillard, pp. 103–05
  126. Examples include picture books on Pinafore, Mikado and The Gondoliers by Robert Lawrence, illustrated by Sheilah Beckett, published by Grosset & Dunlap in 1940
  127. See, for example, Miller, Margaret J. "W. S. Gilbert" in Seven Men of Wit, pp. 91–107, London: Hutchinson (1960)
  128. Gilbert, W. S. The Pinafore Picture Book, London: George Bell and Sons (1908)
  129. Gilbert, W. S. The Story of The Mikado, London: Daniel O'Connor (1921)
  130. See, e.g., Harris, Paula. The Young Gilbert and Sullivan, illustrated by Gloria Timbs, London: Max Parrish (1965)
  131. Taylor, Mark. "The Fabulous Feud of Gilbert & Sullivan", Book Lover's Blog, Benjamin Branch Library, 7 May 2009
  132. Robinson, Arthur. References to Gilbert & Sullivan in the Works of P. G. Wodehouse. LaGrange College, 22 December 2006, accessed 21 May 2007.
  133. "He is the very model of the actor (managerial)" in "London Studies: Mr. Beerbohm Tree," The Books of To-day and the Books of To-morrow, March 1907, p. 5.
  134. Scene from Bring on the Girls (1954)
  135. "In the Air", Evening News, 26 March 1903; "The Emperor's Song", Daily Chronicle, 2 October 1903; and "The Bachelor's Song", Daily Chronicle, 20 February 1904.
  136. Chapter VIII from Wikisource
  137. Mitchell, Gladys. Death at the Opera, Grayson & Grayson (London:1934), ASIN: B0026QP6BO; a TV adaptation is included in The Mrs Bradley Mysteries.
  138. Cowles, Gregory. "Inside the List", The New York Times, 16 September 2011
  139. Carr, John Dickson. The Ghosts' High Noon, Harper & Row, 1969 ISBN 978-0-241-01863-7
  140. Meyer, Nicholas. The West End Horror, E. P. Dutton (1976) ISBN 978-0-525-23102-8
  141. MacLeod, Charlotte, The Plain Old Man, New York: Doubleday, 1985. See "The Sorcerer Plot", for an excerpt from the book's introduction reprinted at The Gilbert and Sullivan Archive, accessed 22 July 2020.
  142. Hardwick, Mollie. Perish in July, St. Martin's Press (1989) ISBN 031204402X
  143. Greenwood, Kerry. Ruddy Gore, Allen & Unwin (1995, reprinted 2004) ISBN 978-1-74114-314-0; this was made into episode six of Miss Fisher's Murder Mysteries (2012) starring Essie Davis. See "Miss Fisher's Murder Mysteries: Series 1–6. 'Ruddy Gore'", RadioTimes.com, accessed 16 January 2014
  144. Frommer, Sara Hoskinson. Murder and Sullivan: A Joan Spencer Mystery, St. Martin's Press, ISBN 978-0-312-15595-7
  145. Crutcher, Wendy. Review of Death of a Pooh-Bah Archived 15 April 2010 at the Wayback Machine, The Mystery Reader
  146. Morrell, Roberta. Vengeance Dire (2001) ISBN 978-0-9541645-0-8
  147. "J. W. Wells & Co. series", Goodreads.com, accessed 6 January 2014
  148. Neel, Janet. Death's Bright Angel, (1988), St. Martin's Press, ISBN 978-0-312-02568-7
  149. Twain, Mark The Man That Corrupted Hadleyburg, The man that corrupted Hadleyburg, and other essays and stories, p. 45, Harper, 1900
  150. Williams, Tennessee. "The Glass Menagerie", 1944
  151. White, Michael. Isaac Asimov: A Life of the Grand Master of Science Fiction, p. 83, Carroll & Graf Publishers, 2005 ISBN 978-0-7867-1518-3
  152. Asimov, Isaac. "Fair Exchange?", Asimov's SF Adventure Magazine, Davis Publications, Inc., Fall 1978, p. 56
  153. "Posters from several G&S-themed films". Archived from the original on 10 December 2008. Retrieved 10 October 2007.
  154. Shepherd, Marc. "The Return of Gilbert and Sullivan (Film, 1950)", Archived 25 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine A Gilbert and Sullivan Discography, accessed 2 June 2009
  155. scene from The Magic Box, 1951
  156. Shepherd, Marc. 1926 Mikado Archived 25 October 2006 at the Wayback Machine at A Gilbert and Sullivan Discography
  157. "From the G&S Discography". Archived from the original on 4 September 2006. Retrieved 9 June 2007.
  158. Sullivan, Dan. "The Mikado (1967)". The New York Times, 15 March 1967, accessed 22 March 2010
  159. Bradley (2005), pp. 11–12
  160. Track listing for Chariots of Fire, IMDB database, accessed 18 July 2008
  161. "The Girl Said No (1937)", Allmovie.com, accessed 27 September 2015
  162. IMDB listing for the film
  163. "Information about the film at the G&S Discography". Archived from the original on 28 January 2008. Retrieved 20 February 2008.
  164. Soundtrack information for The White Countess
  165. Track listing for The Good Shepherd, IMDB database, accessed 18 July 2008
  166. Perry, Michelle P. "Light-hearted, happy entertainment from HMS Pinafore", The Tech, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 12 October 1990, accessed 18 July 2008
  167. Tibbs, Kim. "Permanent Record explores the sad reality of teen suicide with a rockin' soundtrack", CliqueClack.com, 12 June 2014, accessed 12 June 2016
  168. "G&S Pop culture references" Archived 13 October 2006 at the Wayback Machine, MUGSS website, accessed 29 July 2008
  169. Krafsur, Richard P., Kenneth White Munden and American Film Institute (eds.) I Could Go On Singing in The American Film Institute Catalog of Motion Pictures Produced in the United States: Feature Films, 1961–1970, p. 514, Berkeley: University of California Press (1997) ISBN 978-0-520-20970-1
  170. Shulgasser-Parker, Barbara. "VeggieTales: 'Sumo of the Opera'" Archived 12 June 2020 at the Wayback Machine, Common Sense Media, accessed 12 June 2020
  171. "Caught in the Spider's Den", season 2, episode 56, "Batman, 1966
  172. The Tallyman soundtrack information
  173. "Home & Away 0098 Part 1" Archived 12 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Home and Away Episodes, accessed 22 April 2010
  174. "Millennium Episode Profile of 'The Mikado'". Millennium-This Is Who We Are, Graham P. Smith, accessed 16 August 2010
  175. Sorkin, Aaron. "'West Wing Tips", Los Angeles Magazine, December 2003, p. 42
  176. Bowman, Donna. "Robots Vs. Wrestlers', How I Met Your Mother, The A.V. Club, 10 May 2010, accessed 5 June 2018
  177. Arnold, p. 16; Bradley (2005), p. 14
  178. Arbuckle, Ian DVD Review: Animaniacs - Volume 1 Archived 9 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine, Chud.com, accessed 5 August 2008
  179. "Episode guide – The Thin White Line", Planet Family Guy
  180. "Episode guide – Stewie Griffin: The Untold Story" Archived 15 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Planet Family Guide (2006), accessed 18 July 2008
  181. The episode was first broadcast on 28 March 1986, the last episode of Season 2. "Mr. Belvedere: The Play", soundtrack details at the IMDB database, accessed 19 October 2009
  182. "The West Wing episode summary – And It's Surely to Their Credit", TV.com, CNET Networks, Inc
  183. Terrace, Vincent. Television Specials: 5,336 Entertainment Programs, 1936–2012, McFarland (2013), p. 381 (2d ed.) ISBN 0786474440
  184. "A Producer's Lot". TV.com, accessed 14 March 2011
  185. "The Understudy". Episode Summary, TV.com, accessed 26 July 2011
  186. See examples of American print advertisements using G&S characters and themes here Archived 10 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine and here Archived 10 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine.
  187. Jones, p. 8
  188. "Roommate - Easier Way to Save - GEICO Commercial," Geico, accessed 2 December 2011
  189. Illustrated book of parodies of Gilbert's lyrics advertising Guinness stout, The Gilbert and Sullivan Archive, accessed 21 May 2013
  190. Cannon, John. "Gilbert and Sullivan Celebrities in the World of Advertising", Gilbert & Sullivan News, pp. 10–14, Vol. IV, No. 13, Spring 2011
  191. See these pages describing G&S trading cards used in advertising: Mikado cards Archived 7 June 2008 at the Wayback Machine and Pinafore cards
  192. Player's Cigarette Cards (1925 and 1927), The Gilbert and Sullivan Archive, 19 January 2012, accessed 31 August 2020
  193. Cannon, John and Brian Jones. "Gilbert & Sullivan Postcards", The Gilbert and Sullivan Archive, 24 June 2008, accessed 31 August 2020
  194. Bradley (2005), p. 167
  195. Shepherd, Marc. "The Al Goodman G&S Recordings", Archived 26 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine A Gilbert and Sullivan Discography, 27 August 2002
  196. Shepherd, Marc. "The Bell Telephone Hour Mikado (1960)", Archived 25 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine A Gilbert and Sullivan Discography, 22 November 2000
  197. "Gilbert O'Sullivan", ClassicBands.com, accessed 9 January 2013
  198. Bailey, p. 4

References
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  • Baily, Leslie (1966). The Gilbert and Sullivan Book (new ed.). London: Spring Books. ISBN 0-500-13046-9.
  • Bradley, Ian (2005). Oh Joy! Oh Rapture!: The Enduring Phenomenon of Gilbert and Sullivan. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-516700-9.
  • Bordman, Gerald. American Operetta: From H. M. S. Pinafore to Sweeney Todd OUP 1981.
  • Coward, Noel (1953). The Noel Coward Song Book, London: Methuen
  • Cellier, François and Cunningham Bridgeman (1914). Gilbert and Sullivan and Their Operas. London: Sir Isaac Pitman & sons, ltd.
  • Dillard Philip H. How quaint the ways of paradox! Metuchen, N.J.: The Scarecrow Press, Inc. (1991) ISBN 978-0-8108-2445-4
  • Ganzl, Kurt. Ganzl's Book of the Broadway Musical: 75 Favorite Shows, from H.M.S. Pinafore to Sunset Boulevard, 1995 Schirmer/Simon & Schuster ISBN 978-0-02-870832-4
  • Lamb, Andrew. "From Pinafore to Porter: United States-United Kingdom Interactions in Musical Theater, 1879-1929" in American Music, Vol. 4, No. 1, British-American Musical Interactions (Spring, 1986), pp. 34–49 University of Illinois Press.
  • Lockett, Bernard (2007). Here's a State of Things, Melrose Books, Ely ISBN 978-1-905226-96-2
  • Murray, William (1990). The Getaway Blues, Bantam ISBN 978-0-553-07029-3
  • Reed, John (2006). Nothing Whatever to Grumble At: His Story, as told to Cynthia Morey. London: Xlibris Corporation. ISBN 978-1-4257-0256-4
  • Suart, Richard and Smyth, A.S.H. They'd none of 'em be missed, Pallas Athene. ISBN 978-1-84368-036-9
  1. by Andrew Vorder Bruegge. Published in Papers, Presentations and Patter: A Savoyards' Symposium, Ralph MacPhail, ed. York, PA: International Gilbert and Sullivan Association, 2012.
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