Delta set

In mathematics, a Δ-set S, often called a semi-simplicial set, is a combinatorial object that is useful in the construction and triangulation of topological spaces, and also in the computation of related algebraic invariants of such spaces. A Δ-set is somewhat more general than a simplicial complex, yet not quite as general as a simplicial set.

As an example, suppose we want to triangulate the 1-dimensional circle . To do so with a simplicial complex, we need at least two vertices (e.g. one at the top and one at the bottom), and two edges connecting them. But delta-sets allow for a simpler triangulation: thinking of as the interval [0,1] with the two endpoints identified, we can define a triangulation with a single vertex 0, and a single edge looping between 0 and 0.

Formally, a Δ-set is a sequence of sets together with maps

with for that satisfy

whenever .

This definition generalizes the notion of a simplicial complex, where the are the sets of n-simplices, and the are the face maps. It is not as general as a simplicial set, since it lacks "degeneracies."

Given Δ-sets S and T, a map of Δ-sets is a collection of set-maps

such that

whenever both sides of the equation are defined. With this notion, we can define the category of Δ-sets, whose objects are Δ-sets and whose morphisms are maps of Δ-sets.

Each Δ-set has a corresponding geometric realization, defined as

where we declare that

Here, denotes the standard n-simplex, and

is the inclusion of the i-th face. The geometric realization is a topological space with the quotient topology.

The geometric realization of a Δ-set S has a natural filtration

where

is a "restricted" geometric realization.

The geometric realization of a Δ-set described above defines a covariant functor from the category of Δ-sets to the category of topological spaces. Geometric realization takes a Δ-set to a topological space, and carries maps of Δ-sets to induced continuous maps between geometric realizations.

If S is a Δ-set, there is an associated free abelian chain complex, denoted , whose n-th group is the free abelian group

generated by the set , and whose n-th differential is defined by

This defines a covariant functor from the category of Δ-sets to the category of chain complexes of abelian groups. A Δ-set is carried to the chain complex just described, and a map of Δ-sets is carried to a map of chain complexes, which is defined by extending the map of Δ-sets in the standard way using the universal property of free abelian groups.

Given any topological space X, one can construct a Δ-set as follows. A singular n-simplex in X is a continuous map

Define

to be the collection of all singular n-simplicies in X, and define

by

where again is the -th face map. One can check that this is in fact a Δ-set. This defines a covariant functor from the category of topological spaces to the category of Δ-sets. A topological space is carried to the Δ-set just described, and a continuous map of spaces is carried to a map of Δ-sets, which is given by composing the map with the singular n-simplices.

An example

This example illustrates the constructions described above. We can create a Δ-set S whose geometric realization is the unit circle , and use it to compute the homology of this space. Thinking of as an interval with the endpoints identified, define

with for all . The only possible maps are

It is simple to check that this is a Δ-set, and that . Now, the associated chain complex is

where

In fact, for all n. The homology of this chain complex is also simple to compute:

All other homology groups are clearly trivial.

Pros and cons

One advantage of using Δ-sets in this way is that the resulting chain complex is generally much simpler than the singular chain complex. For reasonably simple spaces, all of the groups will be finitely generated, whereas the singular chain groups are, in general, not even countably generated.

One drawback of this method is that one must prove that the geometric realization of the Δ-set is actually homeomorphic to the topological space in question. This can become a computational challenge as the Δ-set increases in complexity.

See also

References

  • Friedman, Greg (2012). "Survey Article: An elementary illustrated introduction to simplicial sets". Rocky Mountain Journal of Mathematics. 42 (2): 353–423. arXiv:0809.4221. doi:10.1216/rmj-2012-42-2-353. MR 2915498.
  • Ranicki, Andrew A. (1993). Algebraic L-theory and Topological Manifolds (PDF). Cambridge Tracts in Mathematics. 102. Cambridge Univ. Press. ISBN 978-0-521-42024-2.
  • Ranicki, Andrew; Weiss, Michael (2012). "On The Algebraic L-theory of Δ-sets". Pure and Applied Mathematics Quarterly. 8 (2): 423–450. arXiv:math.AT/0701833. doi:10.4310/pamq.2012.v8.n2.a3. MR 2900173.
  • Rourke, Colin P.; Sanderson, Brian J. (1971). "Δ-Sets I: Homotopy Theory". Quarterly Journal of Mathematics. 22 (3): 321–338. Bibcode:1971QJMat..22..321R. doi:10.1093/qmath/22.3.321.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.