Drug court

Drug courts are judicially supervised court dockets that provide a sentencing alternative of treatment combined with supervision for people living with serious substance use and mental health disorders. Drug courts are problem-solving courts that take a public health approach using a specialized model in which the judiciary, prosecution, defense bar, probation, law enforcement, mental health, social service, and treatment communities work together to help addicted offenders into long-term recovery.

By country

Australia
Main article: Drug courts in Australia

In Australia, drug courts operate in various jurisdictions, although their formation, process and procedures differ. The main aim of the Australian courts is to divert illicit drug users from incarceration into treatment programs for their addiction.[1] Drug courts have been established in New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Victoria, and Western Australia. People appearing in Australian drug courts often fall outside the parameters for other pre-court services

Canada

Drug treatment courts (DTCs) are a recent phenomenon in the Canadian criminal justice system. The first Canadian DTC commenced in Toronto in 1998. The Federal Government currently supports Edmonton (December 2005), Winnipeg (January 2006), Ottawa (March 2006), Regina (October 2006), Toronto (1998), and Vancouver (2001). Hamilton, Calgary and Durham have also recently initiated DTCs.[2]

New Zealand

A five-year pilot Alcohol and Other Drug Treatment Court was opened in Auckland, New Zealand, in 2012, the first of its type for the country.[3] Since the pilot was established, 46% of participants have graduated.[4] According to the New Zealand Drug Foundation, this rate is six times higher than that achieved by most ‘voluntary’ rehabilitation programmes.[5] Graduates were 62% less likely to reoffend and 71% less likely to return to prison in the first 12 months after treatment [6] When non-graduates were included in the analysis, 54% (of participants overall) were less likely to reoffend and 58% less likely to go back to prison in the following 12 months.

United Kingdom

In the UK, drug courts are currently being tested in various places.[7] In December 2005, the United Kingdom began a pilot scheme of dedicated drug courts.[8] Family Drug and Alcohol Court are in operation in various locations throughout the country, including London, Gloucestershire and Milton Keynes where the service is run by the Tavistock and Portman NHS Foundation Trust.[9] In February 2015 it was announced that more would open in East Sussex, Kent and Medway, Plymouth, Torbay and Exeter, and West Yorkshire.[10]

United States
Main article: Drug courts in the United States

The first drug court in the US took shape in Miami-Dade County, Florida in 1989 as a response to the growing crack cocaine problem plaguing the city.[11] Chief Judge Gerald Wetherington, Judge Herbert Klein, then State Attorney Janet Reno, and Public Defender Bennett Brummer designed the court for nonviolent offenders to receive treatment. In the United States, according to the National Association of Drug Court Professionals, as of December 31, 2014, there are 3,057 drug courts representing all 50 states, the District of Columbia, Guam, Puerto Rico, Northern Mariana Islands, and various tribal regions.[12]

Effectiveness in the United States

Drug court are often touted as the single most successful intervention in US history for leading people struggling with serious addiction out of the justice system and into lives of health and long-term recovery. Numerous studies show that punishment simply does not solve the problem of addiction; in fact, 70% of those released from prison return to drug use.[13] The punitive approach has produced disastrous societal and economic consequences for our communities, resulting in 1.5 million seriously addicted people behind bars[14] and more than $80 billion spent annually on corrections.[15] Drug courts seek to connect participants with treatment and to help them stay in treatment long enough to be successful. Drug courts now refer more people to treatment than any other intervention in America. Often Drug courts are the only avenue for entry into treatment in the United States, which doesn't have adequate health services. While the average national completion rate for drug court participants in one study was nearly 60% (two-thirds higher than probation and more than twice the rate of probationers with severe substance use disorders) different courts will show different outcomes. There is also some evidence of reduced recidivism through Drug courts.[16]

Drug Courts are a relatively new form of 'punishment' in the justice system with roots that date back to earlier centuries. Drug Courts are meant to keep offenders in the real world, instead of in jail or prison. By keeping minor offenders on the street, they can continue being effective members of society, hold down jobs, pay taxes, and often receive better drug treatment than they would in prison or jail. Drug Court is assigned by a judge who sees an offender who has the opportunity to become a successful functioning citizen in society. Drug Court is sentenced by an offender agreeing to a guilty plea to the offense they committed. As long as the offender successfully completes drug court, the offense is often removed from their record. Drug Court is completed along with probation, with mandatory drug and alcohol urine analysis, treatment programs, counseling, mandatory work, and often educational training. Drug Courts are incredibly successful so far with reducing recidivism amongst offenders by solving the issue causing the criminal activity: the drug and alcohol addiction.

As a result of what are deemed good outcomes, a variety of court programs are now focused on treatment rather than incarceration for repeat DWI offenders,[17] parents whose children have been removed from the home due to substance use, juveniles facing criminal charges, tribal communities torn apart by addiction, and veterans struggling with the lingering effects of trauma.[18] These programs seek to lead people into recovery and to break the cycle of recidivism.

Women and Drug Courts in United States

There are many variations to Drug Courts and more recently some have opened up to deal specifically with women drug users.[19] Some even treat women who engage in prostitution because of their drug addiction.[20]

Juvenile Drug Courts in the United States

Drug courts also exist to treat juveniles with substance abuse issues. They work similar to adult drug courts but are tailored to meet the needs of children.[21]

Drug Courts in the News

Drug Courts have had many successful graduates. [22] Drug Courts have bi-partisan support in the political arena. [23]

See also

References
  1. "Australian responses to illicit drugs : Drug courts". Criminal justice system: Specialist courts. Australian Government: Australian Institute of Criminology. 6 September 2010. Archived from the original on 22 March 2012. Retrieved 26 February 2012.
  2. Addiction and Mental Health Research Laboratory. (2009). Drug treatment Courts (DTCs). Edmonton, AB: University of Alberta. Fact sheet.
  3. "NZ's first Alcohol and Drug Court launched". New Zealand Government. 1 November 2012. Archived from the original on 16 November 2012. Retrieved 7 November 2012.
  4. Ministry of Justice. (2019, June) Alcohol and Other Drug Treatment Court Outcomes Evaluation 2018-19: Summary Evaluation Report.
  5. Viewpoints: Should New Zealand introduce drug courts? New Zealand Drug Foundation, August 2011
  6. Thom, J. (2017). Exploring te whare whakapiki/The alcohol and other drug treatment court pilot: Theory, practice and known outcomes. NZ Criminal Law Review, Vol 11, NZCLR 180
  7. "DrugScope reporting on an example of two Scottish trials in Fife and Glasgow". DrugScope.org.uk. Archived from the original on 7 September 2008. Retrieved 19 February 2009.
  8. "UK Ministry of Justice reporting initial drug court trials". Ministry of Justice, UK. Archived from the original on 24 March 2009. Retrieved 19 February 2009.
  9. "Court is supporting families to stay together in Milton Keynes and Buckinghamshire". MK Web. 25 February 2015. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 20 March 2015.
  10. "Family Drug and Alcohol Courts to be extended in England". BBC News. 18 February 2015. Retrieved 20 March 2015.
  11. Kirchner, Lauren (April 25, 2014). "Remembering the Drug Court Revolution". Pacific Standard. Pacific Standard. Retrieved 2015-05-10.
  12. Marlowe, Douglas B., JD, PhD; Hardin, Carolyn D., MPA; Fox, Carson L., JD; Painting the Current Picture: A National Report on Drug Courts and Other Problem-Solving Courts in the United States Archived 2016-09-18 at the Wayback Machine. June 2016. National Drug Court Institute.
  13. Belenko & Peugh (1998). Behind bars: Substance abuse and America’s prison population. New York: Center on Addiction & Substance Abuse at Columbia University.
  14. Bhati, A., Chalfin, A., & Roman, J. (2008). To Treat or Not to Treat: Evidence on the Prospects of Expanding Treatment to Drug-Involved Offenders. Washington, DC: Urban Institute.
  15. Kyckelhahn, T. (2014). State Corrections Expenditures FY 1982–2010. Bureau of Justice Statistics, Office of Justice Programs, U.S. Department of Justice, Washington, DC.
  16. Finigan, M., Carey, S. M., & Cox, A. (2007). The impact of a mature drug court over 10 years of operation: Recidivism and costs. Portland, OR: NPC Research.
  17. "National Center for DWI Courts". DWIcourts.org.
  18. "Justice For Vets". justiceforvets.org.
  19. http://www.dispatch.com/content/stories/local/2014/03/31/dayton-judge-launches-drug-court-for-women.html
  20. Davis, Dave Mistich, Clark. "Huntington Gets Creative in Effort to Stop Prostitution". Retrieved 2018-08-26.
  21. "Juvenile Drug Court - West Virginia Judiciary". www.courtswv.gov. Retrieved 2018-08-26.
  22. writer, Caity Coyne Staff. "Ten years clean and sober, drug counselor gets clean record". Charleston Gazette-Mail. Retrieved 2018-08-26.
  23. Staff, WSAZ News. "Five People Graduate from Drug Court in Boone County, W.Va". Retrieved 2018-08-26.

Further reading
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