Effects of Hurricane Matthew in Florida

Map plotting the track and the intensity of the storm, according to the Saffir–Simpson scale

Tropical Storm Matthew developed on September 28 from a tropical wave moving through the southern Lesser Antilles. Low wind shear and warm waters favored strengthening,[1] and the storm intensified into a hurricane on September 29.[2] Early on October 1, following a period of rapid deepening, Matthew reached Category 5 on the Saffir-Simpson scale, with peak sustained winds of 270 km/h (165 mph) while off northern Colombia.[2] By October 3, the hurricane was moving northward through the Caribbean Sea around the western periphery of a large ridge, having weakened slightly.[2] On the next day, Matthew re-intensified to attain a minimum central pressure of 934 mbar (27.6 inHg), along with winds of 240 km/h (150 mph) around its well-defined eye.[2] After striking Haiti, Cuba and the Bahamas, Matthew moved parallel to the coast of Florida, coming within just 20 miles (32 km) or so from coming ashore. Nonetheless, effects were still widespread across the Sunshine State.

On September 30, Governor Rick Scott made a statement to residents, urging them to be vigilant of the approaching hurricane.[3] Forecasts the following day indicated that Matthew had the potential to be the most powerful hurricane to threaten the state since Wilma in 2005. The state's Division of Emergency Management urged residents to not be complacent and urged those living along the east coast to prepare accordingly.[4] Governor Scott began regular phone conferences with Rick Knabb—the director of the National Hurricane Center—and officials in all 67 counties on October 2. Although the center of Matthew was forecast to remain offshore, Scott stated: "This storm is catastrophic, and if it hits our state, we could see impacts that we have not seen in many years".[5] All counties were placed under a state of emergency on October 3 in accordance with Executive Order 16-230. This enabled the allocation of federal funds for emergency preparations to ensure the safety of residents. The Florida National Guard was placed on standby and fuel trucks were placed along the Florida Turnpike for quick deployment anywhere in the state.[6] About 200 National Guardsmen were deployed on October 4.[7]

Grade schools and universities across the east Coast announced closures for October 6–9.[8] A further 1,200 members of the Florida National Guard were deployed on this day,[9][10] and another 2,000 on October 6.[8][11] The state government opened 130 shelters while the American Red Cross opened 97 of their own.[12][13] The Florida Department of Transportation suspended all construction projects on interstates, limited access facilities, coastal, and evacuation route roadways. Bridges along the Intracoastal Waterway were to be shut down prior to the onset of gale-force winds.[9] All tunnels in the Miami Metropolitan Area were closed and the Tri-Rail suspended service for the duration of Matthew's passage.[8] Service at Fort Lauderdale-Hollywood International Airport, North Perry Airport, and Orlando Sanford International Airport was suspended on October 6, resulting in the cancellation of hundreds of flights. A further 600 flights were cancelled at Miami International Airport; however, the airport remained open.[14] Numerous flights to aforementioned airports were diverted to Tampa International to compensate for closures.[15]

In preparation for heavy rainfall, the United States Army Corps of Engineers maximized water discharges in Lake Okeechobee while the South Florida Water Management District lowered canal levels.[9] More than 50 state parks and campgrounds were closed across the state.[8]

On October 5, Port Canaveral was closed by the U.S. Coast Guard, the first closure since 2004. Eight cruise ships and four cargo ships were scheduled to visit the port between October 5–9.[16] On Cape Canaveral, home to both civilian and military spaceflight facilities, no rockets or spacecraft were in vulnerable positions; at the time of Matthew's approach, the next launch was scheduled for November 4.[17] The Kennedy Space Center began preparations of the facilities on October 5. Older buildings at the KSC were designed to withstand winds of 105–125 mph (170–200 km/h); buildings constructed after 1992, when Category 5 Hurricane Andrew struck the Miami area, are built to withstand 130 mph (210 km/h) winds.[18] At Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, the U.S. Air Force's 45th Space Wing began disconnecting electric power to non-essential facilities on October 4.[17]

• Volusia, including mandatory curfew
• Seminole curfew

Watches and warnings

National Hurricane Center Director Richard Knabb (pictured) regularly filmed briefings on the forecast and expected impacts of Hurricane Matthew in the United States.

While Matthew was crossing the Gulf of Gonave on October 4, the National Hurricane Center issued a hurricane watch for eastern Florida from Deerfield Beach north the Volusia–Brevard county line; a tropical storm watch was also raised for southeastern Florida from Seven Mile Bridge in the Florida Keys to Deerfield Beach as well as Lake Okeechobee.[23] The watch over Lake Okeechobee was upgraded to a hurricane watch hours later.[24] As Matthew crossed Cuba, hurricane warnings were raised for areas between Golden Beach and Sebastian Inlet as well as Lake Okeechobee; the hurricane watch was extended north to include Flagler County; furthermore, a tropical storm warning was issued for areas between Chokoloskee to Golden Beach, including the Florida Keys and Florida Bay.[25] With Matthew posing a threat to the entire east coast of Florida, the hurricane watch was further extended to the Florida–Georgia border early on October 5.[26] The hurricane warning area expanded farther north throughout the day, extending to the Flagler–Volusia county line at 15:00 UTC,[27] and the Florida–Georgia border at 03:00 UTC on October 6.[28] Furthermore, a new tropical storm watch was raised for areas along the Gulf Coast from Chokoloskee to Suwannee River.[29] A tropical storm warning was later issued on October 6 along the Gulf Coast for areas between the Anclote River to Suwannee River.[30] As Matthew tracked along the Florida coast, watches and warnings were steadily discontinued from south to north on October 7 and 8.[31][32]

Property damage directly related to Hurricane Matthew reached at least $1.173 billion across Florida[37][38] with an additional $318.5 million incurred to the power grid,[39] for a damage total of at least $1.492 billion. By March 2017, more than 119,000 property damage claims were filed, with Brevard, Duval, Flagler, St. Johns, and Volusia accounting for the majority of these claims.[37][40] Approximately 1.36 million people—6.8 percent of the Florida's population—lost power across 39 counties, 1.2 million of whom were Florida Power & Light customers.[39]

Enhanced infrared satellite loop of Matthew passing east of Florida on October 7

Matthew brought tropical storm conditions to parts of Broward, Miami-Dade, Palm Beach counties resulting in scattered power outages—71,000 customers in Broward, 43,160 in Palm Beach,[41] and 16,000 in Miami-Dade lost power—and some wind damage.[42] Winds across the three counties peaked at 67 miles per hour (108 km/h) at Jupiter Inlet and 51 miles per hour (82 km/h) at Palm Beach International Airport. Sustained tropical storm-force winds were observed in coastal areas of Palm Beach County.[43][44] Winds across interior Broward reached 40 miles per hour (64 km/h).[45] Storefront awnings were blown down in parts of downtown West Palm Beach,[43] and U.S. Route 1 was blocked by a downed tree in Jupiter.[46] Damage from winds in these counties reached $2 million, of which $1.3 million occurred in Palm Beach.[44] A total of 6,387 people in Palm Beach County and approximately 700 residents in Miami sought refuge in shelters during the storm.[43][47] Peak gusts winds in the city reached 50 miles per hour (80 km/h), downing multiple trees,[47] while sustained winds generally averaged 25 to 35 miles per hour (40 to 56 km/h).[48] Power outages led to an accident in the Flagami neighborhood of Miami when two vehicles collided in an intersection while the traffic lights were out. Nine people were involved, including five children and a police officer, and all were hospitalized.[49][50] Slick roads may have been a factor in another accident in Boca Raton that left one person injured.[51] One person was injured in Broward while putting up hurricane shutters.[52]

Rough seas caused moderate coastal damage and beach erosion; Singer Island and Tequesta suffered the greatest damage.[42] The greatest inundation was observed in Lake Worth at 1.49 feet (0.45 m). On average, beaches lost 11 feet (3.4 m) of sand with Deerfield Beach and Hillsboro Beach hardest hit. Damage between the two totaled $1.9 million. Deerfield Beach International Fishing Pier experienced some damage and was temporarily closed.[53] Approximately 800 sea turtle nests monitored by the Loggerhead Marinelife Center in Palm Beach County were lost during the storm.[54] Severe erosion relocated up to 75 feet (23 m) of sand in Miami Beach. Ironically, beaches part of a renourishment project benefited from the storm.[55] Damage across the three counties reached $34 million,[42] with beach erosion in Palm Beach County accounting for $21 million.[56] Two people died while after falling from ladders while preparing their homes for the hurricane in Miami-Dade County.[57] Another person suffered injuries in Broward County for the same reason after the storm.[58]

Onshore flow in Monroe County led to minor street flooding in Key Largo, with water rise reaching 1.5 feet (0.46 m).[59] Tropical storm-force gusts affected several counties along the Gulf Coast, resulting in minor damage.[60] In New Port Richey, a car was crushed by a tree; a mobile home suffered the same fate in Dade City, as did a home in Croom-A-Coochee.[61][62][63] Effects along the western coast of Florida were limited with heavy rain and storm surge virtually non-existent; damage was estimated at $50,000.[64]

Melbourne radar loop of Matthew on October 7 as the eye passed east of the Central Florida

A storm surge of 3 to 6 feet (0.91 to 1.83 m) affected coastal areas from the Indian River–St. Lucia county line to the Volusia–Flagler county line, with the highest values of 5 to 6 feet (1.5 to 1.8 m) concentrated north of Daytona Beach in Volusia. Rainfall in Seminole and Volusia counties reached 7 to 9 inches (18 to 23 cm), with accumulations of 2 to 6 inches (5.1 to 15.2 cm) in other central Florida counties, leading to minor street flooding.[65]

During the suspension of emergency services, two people died—one from cardiac arrest—as they were either unable to reach a hospital in time or at all.[66][67] Two deaths from carbon monoxide poisoning also took place in the county.[68] Damage in St. Lucie County reached $9.3 million.[69]

An elderly woman in Orange County died when a medical device she was wearing failed due to a power outage.[70]

• St. Lucie county deaths
• Indian River
• Indian River building codes

Brevard County

Damage to the roofs of Operations Support Building I (top) and II (bottom) at Kennedy Space Center

Hurricane Matthew made its closest approach to Florida as it paralleled Brevard County, tracking just 25 miles (40 km) to the east. This brought sustained Category 1–2-force winds[lower-alpha 1] to areas along the immediate coast and hurricane-force gusts to much of the county. Sustained winds reached 53 mph (85 km/h) at Melbourne International Airport, while gusts clocked in at 87 mph (140 km/h) at Satellite Beach, 81 mph (130 km/h) at Merritt Island, and 77 mph (124 km/h) at Cocoa Beach. Hundreds of homes suffered structural damage from either the wind itself or fallen trees. Damage from wind alone was primarily confined to barrier islands and areas along large bodies of water. A total of 11 homes were destroyed, 140 experienced major damage, 549 had minor damage, and roughly 1,500 homes were otherwise affected. Downed trees and power lines caused widespread power outages, leaving 227,000 customers—75 percent of the county—without electricity at the height of the storm. One person was injured by flying debris in Port Canaveral. Storm-induced fires destroyed two homes as emergency services were suspended at the time.[71] Storm surge and breaking waves inflicted significant damage to beachfront property, leaving behind extensive erosion and compromised foundations.[72] Damage across the county reached $100 million: $40 million from public structures, $35 million from residential structures,[71] and $25 million from coastal establishments and beaches.[72]

At Kennedy Space Center, winds reached 80 mph (130 km/h) at ground level while a gust of 136 mph (219 km/h) was observed atop a 500 ft (150 m) tower. The facility suffered several million dollars-worth of damage, though overall impacts were less than anticipated. The roof of Operations Support Building II broke and rainwater damaged the interior,[73] while piece of metal at the Vehicle Assembly Building was torn off.[74] Air conditioning was lost throughout Launch Complex 39 as well.[73] An orbiter access arm—used from April 1981 to July 2011—on display outside Launch Complex 39 was toppled by the storm. Similarly, a Navaho missile display at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station was knocked over. A portion of the Thor-Delta rocket, on display at the Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex, was blown off and the famous Astronaut beach house suffered roof loss.[75] The planned launch NOAA's next generation weather satellite, GOES-R as well as the launch of CYGNSS, a cluster of smaller satellites which study hurricanes, were delayed due to suspension of operations during Matthew.[76][77][78] Costs to repair damage at Kennedy Space Center reached $74 million.[79]

• NWS Jacksonville

Prior to Matthew, rainfall from a nor'easter raised water levels along the St. Johns River, leading to greater flooding than would have otherwise been expected. Moderate flooding impacted portions of Putnam and St. Johns counties for nearly a week, prolonged by a seiche from continued onshore flow after Matthew passed.[81] Heavy rainfall affected all coastal counties, with peak accumulations exceeding 10 inches (250 mm) across the St. Johns River basin.[82] Farther inland, accumulations tapered off to 2–4 inches (51–102 mm) along the Interstate 75 corridor.[83]

Tropical storm-force winds in Putnam County led to widespread tree and power line damage. Near Crescent City, a woman was killed when a tree crushed the camper she sought refuge in.[81][84] Wind damage was primarily confined to areas in and around Palatka, and largely limited to trees and metal roofing. Storm surge in the county peaked at 3.85 ft (1.17 m) along Dunns Creek, a tributary of the St. Johns River; other nearby areas saw similar storm tides.[81] The surge damaged or destroyed docks and stranded boats along County Road 13.[85] Canals up to 0.25 mi (0.40 km) from the St. Johns River overflowed, leaving roadways impassible. Flooding impacted communities in Bostwick and East Palatka, with multiple homes inundated in the former town.[81]

Effects in Baker County were relatively limited, though 20 percent of the county—2,244 customers—lost power.[86] Forty-eight-hour rainfall accumulations reached 2.85 inches (72 mm) just south of Macclenny.[87] Farther inland in Alachua County, wind gusts reached 48 mph (77 km/h) at Gainesville Regional Airport. Localized wind damage took place around Santa Fe College and 3,559 customers lost electricity.[88][89] Neighboring Bradford County saw similar effects from strong winds;[83] downed trees and power lines left 2,038 customers without power,[86] primarily within Stark and Branford.[83]

Disaster declarations across the state

Businesses reopened and emergency services resumed normal operations in and around Miami on October 7, a day earlier than expected, owing to minimal damage. FP&L workers began restoring power once gusty winds subsided. Barrier islands remained inaccessible for much of the day, however.[94]

Four people died in the storm's aftermath across Volusia County: two by electrocution from downed power lines, one from carbon monoxide poisoning, and one from a debris removal accident.[65]

• Volusia County recovery
• post-storm fires in Volusia County
• Clay County evacuation plan revision
• Homes at risk in December
• Putnam County aftermath

To pay for the $318.5 million loss sustained during the hurricane, Florida Power & Light added a surcharge of $3.36 per month to all customers using 1,000 kilowatt-hours of electricity or more from February 2017 to February 2018.[39]

• relief funds
• Florida SitReps

Due to the severity of damage from Matthew, Florida governor Rick Scott requested on October 7 for an expedited major disaster declaration from the federal government. One day later, President Barack Obama declared a state of disaster for eight Florida counties – Brevard, Duval, Flagler, Indian River, Nassau, St. Johns, St. Lucie, and Volusia. This declaration allocated funds for debris removal and general hazard mitigation.[95] These counties, excluding St. Lucie but also including Putnam and Seminole counties, were also made eligible for individual and public assistance, while nine other counties were eligible for public assistance.[96] By early November 2016, nine Disaster Recovery Centers opened across Florida – in Daytona Beach, East Palatka, Fernandina Beach, Jacksonville, Palm Coast, Sanford, St. Augustine, Titusville, and Vero Beach – to help storm victims one-on-one with loans or public assistance.[97] Homeowners had 180 days from the time of Hurricane Matthew's passage to file insurance claims with the National Flood Insurance Program.[98] By March 2017, the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) approved 6,754 applications for individual assistance, totaling $19,936,013.23. The agency also approved of $20,665,898.05 in public assistance grants, mostly related to emergency work.[99]

• Hurricane Dorian- Another strong tropical cyclone that took a similar path to Matthew
• List of Florida hurricanes